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A comparative study of how banks responded to a turbulent and chaotic environment in Zimbabwe, 2000 – 2008Mamvura, Douglas 06 1900 (has links)
The concept of strategy has advanced significantly from when the emphasis fell on comprehensive, systematic and rational planning. However, many of the assumptions that were embedded in traditional strategy models were deemed to be inadequate and outdated as we approached a new competitive milieu (Maritz, 2010).
Strategic Management is still a comparatively young field and the existing toolbox of concepts and techniques remains woefully inadequate (Grant, 2010). This reality should force a re-examination of the traditional strategy paradigms (Maritz, 2010). The literature review has confirmed the observations by Maritz (2010) and Grant (2010) that indeed current strategic management paradigms or approaches were inadequate for unique business environments obtaining in a developing country in Africa, such as Zimbabwe.
The motivation for this research, therefore, was to identify and recommend strategic management approaches or paradigms applicable to banks operating in a turbulent and chaotic environment.
Based on an extensive literature review, in-depth interviews were conducted with six commercial banks (three that survived the turbulence and three that failed) during the period under review.
The study established that the banks that survived the turbulence had a different strategic management approach from the traditional designed ones. It was also noted in this study that in turbulent environments, strategy-making is birthed through an emergent process. When events are moving at an unprecedented speed, as was happening in Zimbabwe, the time intervals between obtaining information, analysing information, taking decisions and implementing those decisions need to be tightly compressed. The researcher coined this process Strategic Intensity (SI).
On the other hand, diversification as a strategy was found to be very risky for businesses that did not have a strong foundation and that were lacking in the appreciation of the risk complexion of the businesses into which they were diversifying.
This research makes a significant contribution by identifying and recommending Strategic Management approaches applicable to businesses operating in a turbulent and chaotic environment in developing markets such as Zimbabwe.
Furthermore, this research also contributes towards the current debate in academic literature amongst practitioners of strategy, about how strategy is really made in organisations (Maritz, 2010). The debate centres around two opposing views: one associated with strategy-making as a formal, deliberate plan, and the other associated with strategies as evolving, ever-changing sets of outcomes that are eventually realised.
Finally, the researcher proposes that further studies be conducted at the end of this study. / Business Management / DBL
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South Africa's foreign policy of quiet diplomacy towards Zimbabwe : constructivism as a framework to highlight the contradictory norms of human rights and African solidarityCoetzee, Cari 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The downward spiral of Zimbabwe under President Robert Gabriel Mugabe and the
slide into lawlessness has excited international opinion. Perhaps even more
controversial, has been South African President Thabo Mbeki's obvious reticence to
condemn Mugabe's increasing authoritarianism and breach of human rights and
democratic standards. South Africa's foreign policy of 'quiet diplomacy' towards
Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe has received strong criticism. Whilst both
domestic and international audiences expected South Africa to take a stronger stance
towards Mugabe because of his increasing violation of human rights and democratic
standards, President Mbeki has been notably reticent to publicly criticise Mugabe.
Consequently, the South African government has been criticised for condoning
Mugabe's behaviour, which in turn has raised questions as to South Africa's
commitment to the advocacy of human rights and its attempts to establish a leadership
position in Africa.
Although both internal and external pressures have given rise to South Africa's strong
commitment to the international norm of human rights in 1994, this commitment seemed
to weaken as the years passed. The commitment to human rights, that was especially
prominent during the Nelson Mandela presidency, has given rise to foreign policy
tensions and contradictions within the South African government. South Africa's turn to
multilateral mechanisms as the main vehicle for South Africa's principled commitment to
human rights has been accompanied by a decline in the priority placed on this principle.
This loss of ardour in the commitment to the human rights advocacy, moreover, has
seemed to increase during the Mbeki presidency. President Mbeki's desire to playa
leadership role in Africa and his vision for African renewal and rebirth have been
accompanied by a stronger emphasis on African solidarity as a foreign policy principle.
South Africa's commitment to the norm of human rights, however, has thwarted South
Africa's attempts to strengthen African solidarity since it required a rejection of the
norms of 'state sovereignty' and 'not to speak out against each other'. Since high priority is attached to these norms in Africa, contradictions arose between the norms of human
rights advocacy and African solidarity.
This study argues that South Africa's policy of 'quiet diplomacy' towards Zimbabwe can
only be understood by focusing on the role of norms and identity on South Africa's
policy. It aims to illustrate how South Africa's aspiration for continental leadership has
constrained its commitment to human rights advocacy, as accentuated by the
Zimbabwean crisis. This study explores the role of norms and identity in South Africa's
foreign policy decisions towards Zimbabwe by drawing on constructivism as a
theoretical framework. The international relations theory of constructivism provides a
framework for analysing the potential influence of norms in international relations.
Constructivism illustrates that South Africa's freedom of action has been determined by
the interplay between policy actors and social forces with very different ideological
convictions about the country in the world, the pressures incumbent upon it and the
extent to which it can influence world affairs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Zimbabwe se toenemende ekonomiese en politieke agteruitgang onder die
presidentskap van Robert Gabriel Mugabe, asook die geleidelike oorgang na
wetteloosheid, het internasionale veroordeling voortgebring. President Thabo Mbeki van
Suid-Afrika se ooglopende teensinnigheid om Mugabe se toenemende outoriteit en
skending van menseregte en demokratiese standaarde te veroordeel, was selfs meer
omstrede. Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid van 'stille diplomasie' teenoor President
Mugabe van Zimbabwe het dus sterk kritiek uitgelok. Terwyl beide binnelandse en
internasionale sfere van Suid-Afrika verwag het om 'n sterker standpunt teenoor
Mugabe in te neem in die lig van Mugabe se toenemende skending van menseregte en
demokratiese standaarde, was President Mbeki merkbaar teensinnig om Mugabe
openlik te kritiseer. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering is gevolglik daarvan beskuldig dat dit
Mugabe se gedrag verskoon, wat weer aanleiding gegee het tot die bevraagtekening
van Suid-Afrika se verbintenis tot die bevordering van menseregte en pogings om 'n
leierskapsposisie in Afrika te vestig.
Alhoewel beide interne en eksterne druk tot Suid-Afrika se sterk verbintenis tot die
internasionale norm van menseregte in 1994 bygedra het, het hierdie verbintenis
mettertyd geleidelik vervaag. Hierdie verbintenis tot menseregte was veral prominent
gedurende die Mandela presidentskap en het spoedig aanleiding tot spanning en
teenstrydighede in Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid gegee. Suid-Afrika se wending tot
multilaterale meganismes as voertuig vir die bevordering van menseregte, het dus
gepaard gegaan met 'n afname in die prioriteit wat aan hierdie beginsel geheg word.
Hierdie afname in Suid-Afrika se dryfkrag in hul verbintenis tot die bevordering van
menseregte, het gedurende die Mbeki presidentskap vergroot. President Mbeki se
begeerte om 'n leiersposisie in Afrika in te neem, asook sy visie vir Afrika hernuwing en
herlewing, het dus gepaard gegaan met 'n sterker klem op die belang van Afrika
solidariteit as 'n buitelandse beleidsbeginsel. Suid-Afrika se verbintenis tot menseregte
het egter Suid-Afrika se pogings om Afrika solidariteit te bevorder, verhinder, aangesien 'n verbintenis tot menseregte die verwerping van die norme van 'staatsoewereiniteit' en
'nie teenoor mekaar uit te praat nie' vereis het. Aangesien hierdie twee laasgenoemde
norme steeds voorrang geniet in die Afrika konteks, het daar teenstrydighede tussen die
norme van menseregte en Afrika solidariteit ontstaan.
Hierdie studie argumenteer dat Suid-Afrika se beleid van 'stille diplomasie' teenoor
Zimbabwe slegs begryp kan word deur op die rol van norme en identiteit op Suid-Afrika
se beleid te fokus. Daar word gepoog om te illustreer hoe Suid-Afrika se aspirasie om 'n
leiersposisie in Afrika in te neem, beperk is deur die verbintenis tot die bevordering van
menseregte, soos beklemtoon deur die krisis in Zimbabwe. Hierdie studie ondersoek
dus die rol van norme en identiteit op Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleidsbesluite teenoor
Zimbabwe met behulp van konstruktivisme as 'n teoretiese raamwerk. Die
internasionale betrekkinge teorie van konstruktivisme bied 'n raamwerk vir die analise
van die potensiële invloed van norme in internasionale betrekkinge. Konstruktivisme
illustreer dat Suid-Afrika se vryheid van aksie bepaal word deur die wisselwerking
tussen beleidsakteurs en sosiale kragte met verskillende ideologiese oortuigings oor die
staat in die wêreld, die druk wat daarop inwerk en die mate waartoe dit wêreld gebeure
kan beïnvloed.
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Impact and implications of remittances : the case of Zimbabwe from 2000 - 2006Mawadza, Crispen Mauta 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Meer en meer mense werk buite hul land van herkoms as ooit tevore, en die geld wat hulle stuur
na hul tuislande kan bestempel word as ‘n belangrike ekonomiese krag. Hierdie geld kan ’n
belangrike rol speel in die ekonomie wat die geld ontvang. Die geld wat reiswerkers tuis stuur
word remise of geldsending genoem en oortref reeds Offisiële Ontwikkelingshulp en oortref
selfs Buitelandse Investering in sommige lande. Hierdie navorsingsverslag fokus op Zimbabwe,
’n land waarvan die ekonomie volgens sommiges reeds lank gelede moes ineengestort het. Die
studie ondersoek tot watter mate geldsending die Zimbabwe ekonomie beskerm teen
ineenstorting.
Die verslag gebruik ’n opname onder verskeie rolspelers om te wys hoe geldsending die
Zimbabwe ekonomie beskerm teen internasionale uitsluiting en sanksies. Zimbabweërs wat die
ekonomiese swaarkry vrygespring het in hul land van herkoms stuur voortdurend geld na vriende en
familie. Remise word deels gebruik as investering in kleinsake, terwyl deel van die buitelandse
valuta investeer word in komoditeite wat die land moeilik deur offisiële kanale sou kon bekom.
Die studie het bevind dat geldsending in 2005 en 2006 ongeveeer 25.5% en 25 persent
respektiewelik tot die Bruto Nasioanle Produk van Zimbabwe bygedra het.
Die studie het verder ’n paar interresante bevindinge gemaak. Een van hierdie is die
ongedokumenteerde verskynsel van defleksie van geldsending na meer stabiele ekonomieë of
geldeenhede. Sulke remise word dan in die land gehou waar dit gegenereer is, of dit word
gestuur in ’n stabiele geldeenheid, of dit word selfs in die vorm van produkte soos kos gestuur. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: More and more people are working outside their countries of citizenship than before. These
people are now a major economic force to their countries of origin as they are sending a lot of
money to relatives back home. This income plays a key role in receiving economies. The money
migrants send home is referred to as remittances and the amount transferred globally has
eclipsed official development assistance (ODA) and in some economies it is well ahead of
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). This research focuses on Zimbabwe, a country whose economy
has long been anticipated to collapse but has so far evaded that implosion. It explores to which
extent remittances are cushioning Zimbabwe’s economy from collapse.
This report uses a survey of a number of role players to show how remittances have cushioned
that economy from the effects of international isolation and sanctions. Zimbabweans who
“escaped” the economic hardships in their country of origin have been consistently sending
money home to their friends and relations. Money received has partly been invested in small
businesses and part of the forex has been used to procure commodities that the country has
struggled to acquire through official channels. The study found that the amount of remittances
sent for 2005 and 2006 has respectively contributed approximately 25.5 and 25 percent to the GDP of Zimbabwe.
The study further made a number of interesting findings. One of these seems to be the
undocumented phenomenon of the deflection of remittances to more stable economies or
currencies. Such remittances would be kept in the country where it is generated, or it would be
sent back in a stable country, or could even be in the form of products such as food.
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A comparative study of how banks responded to a turbulent and chaotic environment in Zimbabwe, 2000 – 2008Mamvura, Douglas 06 1900 (has links)
The concept of strategy has advanced significantly from when the emphasis fell on comprehensive, systematic and rational planning. However, many of the assumptions that were embedded in traditional strategy models were deemed to be inadequate and outdated as we approached a new competitive milieu (Maritz, 2010).
Strategic Management is still a comparatively young field and the existing toolbox of concepts and techniques remains woefully inadequate (Grant, 2010). This reality should force a re-examination of the traditional strategy paradigms (Maritz, 2010). The literature review has confirmed the observations by Maritz (2010) and Grant (2010) that indeed current strategic management paradigms or approaches were inadequate for unique business environments obtaining in a developing country in Africa, such as Zimbabwe.
The motivation for this research, therefore, was to identify and recommend strategic management approaches or paradigms applicable to banks operating in a turbulent and chaotic environment.
Based on an extensive literature review, in-depth interviews were conducted with six commercial banks (three that survived the turbulence and three that failed) during the period under review.
The study established that the banks that survived the turbulence had a different strategic management approach from the traditional designed ones. It was also noted in this study that in turbulent environments, strategy-making is birthed through an emergent process. When events are moving at an unprecedented speed, as was happening in Zimbabwe, the time intervals between obtaining information, analysing information, taking decisions and implementing those decisions need to be tightly compressed. The researcher coined this process Strategic Intensity (SI).
On the other hand, diversification as a strategy was found to be very risky for businesses that did not have a strong foundation and that were lacking in the appreciation of the risk complexion of the businesses into which they were diversifying.
This research makes a significant contribution by identifying and recommending Strategic Management approaches applicable to businesses operating in a turbulent and chaotic environment in developing markets such as Zimbabwe.
Furthermore, this research also contributes towards the current debate in academic literature amongst practitioners of strategy, about how strategy is really made in organisations (Maritz, 2010). The debate centres around two opposing views: one associated with strategy-making as a formal, deliberate plan, and the other associated with strategies as evolving, ever-changing sets of outcomes that are eventually realised.
Finally, the researcher proposes that further studies be conducted at the end of this study. / Business Management / DBL
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Appropriating Judean post-exilic literature in a postcolonial discourse : a case for ZimbabweRugwiji, Temba 06 1900 (has links)
The narratives about the postexilic Judean community are an ancient biblical account of the
socio-economic and political experiences of the Judeans when they were finally restored back to
Judah from Babylonian captivity. Although the Judean restoration was celebrated when they
were restored by King Cyrus’ decree, real freedom did not prevail in the Persian province of
Yehud; corruption, usury, greed, oppression, enslavement and loss of property impacted
negatively on the poor. The leadership expropriated from poor citizens land, vineyards, and
houses in exchange for food. In addition, the governors also charged heavy interest on money
borrowed by poor members of society. Parents and their children were subjected to enslavement.
In response to these corrupt practices, Nehemiah challenged the leadership to stop oppressing the
poor. Nehemiah went further to provide food to the starving Judeans and other people from
surrounding nations which served as a stimulus to strive towards alleviating poverty and starvation among communities.
By employing an approach known as hermeneutics of appropriation, this thesis
appropriates the experience of the postexilic Judean community to the post-independence
Zimbabwean context. Between the years 1999 and 2008 many people lost their lives due to
unemployment and lack of income, shelter, nutrition, and access to health-care facilities because
of the economic meltdown following the controversial fast-track land reform programme in
Zimbabwe. The majority of people are still experiencing the negative impact of the land reform
as people strive to make a living in the absence of jobs and income scarcity. Corruption by the
leadership has continued to further exacerbate starvation among the poor until today.This study attempts to employ the biblical Nehemiah’s social justice reforms (Neh 5) to
challenge the Zimbabwean leadership to focus on rebuilding the country which was ravaged by a
decade of both political and socio-economic crises. Lessons drawn from Nehemiah would be
used to stimulate the leadership in the Zimbabwean government and members of society at large,
to strive towards helping the poor and alleviating poverty. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Studies)
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Appropriating Judean post-exilic literature in a postcolonial discourse : a case for ZimbabweRugwiji, Temba 06 1900 (has links)
The narratives about the postexilic Judean community are an ancient biblical account of the
socio-economic and political experiences of the Judeans when they were finally restored back to
Judah from Babylonian captivity. Although the Judean restoration was celebrated when they
were restored by King Cyrus’ decree, real freedom did not prevail in the Persian province of
Yehud; corruption, usury, greed, oppression, enslavement and loss of property impacted
negatively on the poor. The leadership expropriated from poor citizens land, vineyards, and
houses in exchange for food. In addition, the governors also charged heavy interest on money
borrowed by poor members of society. Parents and their children were subjected to enslavement.
In response to these corrupt practices, Nehemiah challenged the leadership to stop oppressing the
poor. Nehemiah went further to provide food to the starving Judeans and other people from
surrounding nations which served as a stimulus to strive towards alleviating poverty and starvation among communities.
By employing an approach known as hermeneutics of appropriation, this thesis
appropriates the experience of the postexilic Judean community to the post-independence
Zimbabwean context. Between the years 1999 and 2008 many people lost their lives due to
unemployment and lack of income, shelter, nutrition, and access to health-care facilities because
of the economic meltdown following the controversial fast-track land reform programme in
Zimbabwe. The majority of people are still experiencing the negative impact of the land reform
as people strive to make a living in the absence of jobs and income scarcity. Corruption by the
leadership has continued to further exacerbate starvation among the poor until today.This study attempts to employ the biblical Nehemiah’s social justice reforms (Neh 5) to
challenge the Zimbabwean leadership to focus on rebuilding the country which was ravaged by a
decade of both political and socio-economic crises. Lessons drawn from Nehemiah would be
used to stimulate the leadership in the Zimbabwean government and members of society at large,
to strive towards helping the poor and alleviating poverty. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Biblical Studies)
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