Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2017-01-31T23:55:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o AASMascarenhas.pdf: 4377773 bytes, checksum: 10c12f338881fb85a504aa18896350f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T23:55:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o AASMascarenhas.pdf: 4377773 bytes, checksum: 10c12f338881fb85a504aa18896350f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / x / Zingiberales ? uma ordem de monocotiled?neas na qual est? inclu?da a fam?lia Heliconiaceae. Essa fam?lia inclui um ?nico g?nero, Heliconia L., com cerca de 250 a 300 esp?cies, cerca de 30-40 referidas para o Brasil. Essas esp?cies est?o presentes principalmente nas florestas tropicais, e tem na Floresta Amaz?nica e Mata Atl?ntica elevado grau de endemismo. As infloresc?ncias em Heliconia s?o tirsiformes, cada infloresc?ncia parcial correspondendo a um cincino, as br?cteas s?o cimbiformes ou lanceolado-conduplicadas, com colora??o vibrante. O presente estudo inclui o levantamento de Heliconiaceae para a Flora da Bahia, assim como an?lise da anatomia dos ?rg?os vegetativos dessas esp?cies, afim de auxiliar na taxonomia do g?nero. S?o aqui reconhecidas para o estado da Bahia sete esp?cies nativas: H. aemygdiana Burle-Marx, H. angusta Vell., H. episcopalis Vell., H. pendula Wawra, H. psittacorum L.f., H. richardiana Miq. H. spathocircinata Aristeg., e duas esp?cies subespont?neas: H. wagneriana Petersen e H. x rauliniana Barreiros. Foi utilizada para as an?llises anat?micas apenas as esp?cies nativas, com exce??o de H. aemygdiana j? que a mesma n?o foi encontrada em campo. Dentre as caracter?sticas anat?micas, a organiza??o e distribui??o dos feixes de fibras nas folhas e pec?olos foram muito importantes para agrupar as esp?cies nos respectivos subg?neros, H. subg. Stenochlamys Baker, H. subg. Griggsia L. Anderss. e H. subg. Heliconia L. Anderss. Al?m disso, a an?lise do exsudato produzido nos idioblastos dos rizomas em H. psittacorum e H. spathocircinata auxiliou bastante na delimita??o dessas esp?cies, sendo essa informa??o in?dita para a fam?lia.

Strelitziaceae is a tropical monocot family comprising three genera and seven species: Ravenala Adans and Phenkospermum Endl., which are monotypic, and five species of Strelitzia Aiton. All species produce woody capsular fruits that contain vibrantly colored arillate seeds. Arils of the Strelitzia species are orange, those of Phenakospermum are red, and those of Ravenala are blue. Unlike most plant pigments, which degrade after cell death, aril pigments in the family persist for decades. Chemical properties of the compounds are unusual, and do not match those of known pigment classes (carotenoids, flavonoids, betalains, and the chlorophylls). I isolated the orange pigment from the arils of Strelitzia nicolai, and performed HPLC-ESMS, UV-visible, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses to determine its chemical structure. These data indicated the pigment was bilirubin-IX, an orange-yellow tetrapyrrole previously known only in mammals and some other vertebrates as the breakdown product of heme. Although related tetrapyrroles are ubiquitous throughout the plant kingdom and include vital biosynthetic products such as chlorophyll and phytochromobilin, this is the first report of bilirubin in a plant, and evidence of an additional biosynthetic pathway producing orange coloration in flowers and fruits.

The interactions between plants and their insect herbivores are one of the main generators of biological diversity. A fundamental process generating this outstanding diversity is diet expansion to novel host plants. During the last four decades scientists accumulated evidence showing that co-adaptation between plants and herbivores is a major process assembling plant-herbivore interactions. However, rescent research suggests that adaptation is not always a prerequisite to generate novel plant-herbivore interactions. Novel associations between plants and insect herbivores may be assembled by ecological fitting - an ecological process whereby herbivores colonize novel host plants as a result of the suites of preadapted traits that they carry at the time of colonization. A widespread assumption concerning the architecture of insect herbivore genotypes is the "Jack of all trades master of none" principle. This principle proposes that there is a trade-off in genotype performances between host plants. The main prediction of this principle is that genotype performance will be negatively correlated among hosts. Genotypes displaying high performance on a given host will perform poorly on other hosts. This constraint of adaptation to multiple host plants implies that diet specialization will be selected over generalization. Contrary to these theoretical expectations, in most cases, genotypes that perform well in one host will also perform well in other host plants. Positive correlations in cross-host performance represent ecological and evolutionary dynamics opposite to the "Jack of all trades" principle. In this scenario genotypes with high performance on one host plant also have high performance on other plants, promoting generalization. The predictions of the current theory on the assemblage of novel plant-herbivore interactions focus on the fact that most insect herbivores are specialists. However, to fully understand the processes underlying the assembly of novel plant-insect interactions, it is necessary to study diet expansions in both specialist and generalist insect herbivores. This dissertation was performed at La Selva Biological Station, a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica, Central America. We studied a group of neotropical herbivores, the "rolled-leaf beetles" (Cephaloleia, Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) and their host plants, neotropical plants in the order Zingiberales. Cephaloleia beetles have evolved with neotropical Zingiberales for the last 40-60 MY. Four paleotropical and one South American members of the Zingiberales have been introduced to La Selva during the last decade. After these introductions, currently seven Cephaloleia beetles are expanding their diets to exotic Zingiberales. These incipient diet expansions represent an opportunity to understand: 1) the relative roles of adaptation vs ecological fitting on the demography and colonization success of novel hosts in generalist and specialist herbivores and 2) whether genotypic performance across original and novel hosts are negatively correlated, as predicted by the "Jack of all trades" principle, or genotype performances across original and novel hosts are positively correlated. For most of the experiments included in this dissertation, I focused on the performance of larvae and adults of two generalist (Cephaloleia belti, C. dilaticollis) and two specialist beetles (Cephaloleia dorsalis, C. placida) reared in the laboratory on native or exotic Zingiberales. Generalist and specialist species display similar responses when changing their diets to novel hosts. Larvae preferred and performed better in the original than in the novel hosts. Adults usually displayed the opposite pattern, i.e. higher preference for and longevity on the exotic than on the novel hosts. In most novel interactions between Cephaloleia beetles and exotic Zingiberales, larval performance required adaptation, but adult performance was pre-adapted to the novel hosts. Therefore, both adaptation and ecological fitting are playing a role during diet expansions to novel hosts. Vital rates estimated through experimental demography show that population growth is reduced on novel host plants for both generalist and specialist Cephaloleia. Although in some cases population growth on the novel hosts is negative, suggesting the potential outcome of extinction after colonization or source-sink dynamics, several beetle species displayed positive population growth in the novel host plants. Positive instantaneous population growth rates in novel hosts supports diet expansions without substantial initial evolutionary change through ecological fitting. In quantitative genetics experiments testing for cross-host genetic correlations in performance between the original and novel host plants, we did not find evidence for negative genetic correlations, as predicted by the "Jack of all trades" principle. Most genetic correlations in performance between original and novel hosts were either not significant or they were positive. These results represent very different ecological and evolutionary dynamics than those predicted by the "Jack of all trades" principle. In this case, genotypes with high performance on original hosts also displayed high performance on novel hosts, promoting generalization. In conclusion, interactions between Cephaloleia beetles and plants from the order Zingiberales are labile. In some cases diet expansions may occur without substantial evolutionary change. In addition the genetic architecture of genotypes promotes generalization during diet expansions to novel hosts.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-22T13:55:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Taciana Leite de Andrade Lima.pdf: 1340293 bytes, checksum: 65b48cb5084fc7dd8f71ef97d3b4f55f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T13:55:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taciana Leite de Andrade Lima.pdf: 1340293 bytes, checksum: 65b48cb5084fc7dd8f71ef97d3b4f55f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-22 / The cultivation and commercialization of tropical flowers in Pernambuco are increasing mainly of species of the Heliconia genus. Due to the great diversity of species and cultivars marketed, studies are necessary to provide information regarding the production and flower stem characteristics to use as an ornamental plant and cut flower. The objective of this study was to characterize and estimate the genetic parameters for cut flower in Heliconia bihai and Heliconia stricta of Federal Rural University of Pernambuco Heliconia Germoplasm Collection (CGH/UFRPE). The CGH/UFRPE is located in Camaragibe-PE, in full sun and distributed in a randomized block design with four replications. Were selected and evaluated four genotypes of Heliconia bihai (Hb1and; Hb2; Hb3 and HbNY) and Heliconia stricta (Hs1; HsFB, Hs3 and HsT) and the following agronomic characters: yield per plant, early flowering, number of days for emission of the first inflorescence, number of leaves on flowering stem, number of days to emission the inflorescence, number of days to harvest the inflorescence; productive cycle of the plant, inflorescence length and width, flower stem length and diameter, flower stem mass and post-harvest durability of the inflorescence. The genotypes of Heliconia HB1and Hb3 bihai were the most precocious and productive (260 and 311 days after planting; 45.08 and 42.31 flower stem/clump. year, respectively) and had shortest production cycle (204 and 211 days respectively) and floral stem mass (209 and 210 g, respectively). Regarding Heliconia stricta, HS1 genotype had the shortest production cycle (214.67 days) and floral stem mass (116 g). However the HST was most starting flowering 390 days after planting, and more productive (38.44 flower stem/clump. year). All the characters had heritability above 78% and demonstrate significant positive correlation between the number of days to harvest the inflorescence and post-harvest durability. For the graphical plot analysis, the characters days to inflorescence emission, the production cycle of plant, flower stem length and width of the inflorescence could be removed. The results indicate that there is variability between among genotypes Heliconia bihai and Heliconia stricta genotypes. Genotype Hb1could be indicated for the commercial cultivation of cut flower. / O cultivo e comércio de flores tropicais têm expressão econômica em Pernambuco, sendo espécies do gênero Heliconia algumas das mais comercializadas. Devido a grande diversidade de espécies e cultivares comercializadas, tornam-se necessários estudos que forneçam informações quanto à produção e às características da haste floral para utilização como planta ornamental e flor de corte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e estimar os parâmetros genéticos no uso para flor de corte em Heliconia bihai e Heliconia stricta da Coleção de Germoplasma de Helicônia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (CGH/UFRPE). A CGH/UFRPE está localizada em Camaragibe-PE, a pleno sol e distribuída sob delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram selecionados e avaliados quatro genótipos de Heliconia bihai (Hb1; Hb2; Hb3 e HbNY) e de Heliconia stricta (Hs1; HsFB; Hs3 e HsT) quanto as seguintes características agromorfológicas: produtividade por touceira; início do florescimento, período em dias para a emissão da primeira inflorescência; número de folhas na haste floral; número de dias para emissão da inflorescência; número de dias para a colheita da inflorescência; ciclo produtivo da planta; comprimento da inflorescência; largura da inflorescência; comprimento da haste floral; diâmetro da haste floral; massa fresca da haste floral e a durabilidade pós-colheita das inflorescências. Os genótipos Hb1 e Hb3 de Heliconia bihai foram os mais precoces e produtivos (260 e 311 dias após o plantio; 45,08 e 42,31 hastes florais/touceira/ano, respectivamente) e apresentaram menor ciclo produtivo (204 e 211 dias, respectivamente) e massa fresca da haste floral (209 e 210 g, respectivamente). Em relação à Heliconia stricta, o genótipo Hs1 obteve o menor ciclo produtivo (214,67 dias) e massa fresca da haste floral (116 g), entretanto o HsT foi o mais precoce, iniciando o florescimento 390 dias após o plantio, e o mais produtivo (38,44 hastes florais/touceira/ano). Todos os caracteres obtiveram herdabilidade acima de 78% e houve correlação positiva e significativa entre o número de dias para colheita da inflorescência e a durabilidade pós-colheita. Pela análise de dispersão gráfica, foi indicado o descarte dos caracteres número de dias para emissão da inflorescência, ciclo produtivo da planta, comprimento da haste floral e largura da inflorescência. Os resultados obtidos indicam que há variabilidade entre os genótipos de Heliconia bihai e entre os genótipos de Heliconia stricta, sendo o genótipo Hb1 indicado para o cultivo comercial de flor de corte.

CAPES / Neste trabalho foi investigado a composição química de metabólitos voláteis extraídos de quatro plantas Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Myrtaceae), Psidium cattleyanum (Myrtaceae), Hedychium coronarium (Zingiberaceae) e Costus spiralis (Zingiberaceae) através da cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/MS). São apresentados resultados relativos à composição química sazonal do óleo essencial obtido das folhas de Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus, em amostras coletadas bimestralmente de janeiro a novembro de 2009. Em novembro foram observadas as maiores concentrações relativas aos constituintes majoritários do óleo essencial das folhas dessa espécie, sendo o chavibetol (70,90%) e metileugenol (20,70%). Além disso, foram avaliadas as atividades antimicrobianas do óleo essencial das folhas de P. pseudocaryophyllus através de técnicas de difusão com discos e microdiluição em caldo. O chavibetol, composto majoritário mostrou-se o responsável pela maior atividade antifúngica. São apresentados também a sazonalidade do óleo essencial obtido do rizoma de Hedychium coronarium, em amostras coletadas bimestralmente de março a janeiro de 2012 a 2013. Em março foram observadas as maiores concentrações relativas aos constituintes majoritários do óleo essencial do rizoma dessa espécie, sendo β- pineno (31,82%) e 1,8 cineol (28,30%). O estudo populacional dos metabólitos voláteis das folhas do Psidium cattleyanum coletados em Curitiba-PR identificou vinte e oito componentes sendo majoritário o lavander lactona (12,26%). Por outro lado, trinta e um compostos foram identificados no óleo essencial dessa mesma espécie em ecossistema de restinga, sendo majoritário o α-tujeno (25,20%). A extração de metabólitos voláteis das flores H. coronarium e brácteas da C. spiralis foi efetuada através do processo de aeração, fornecendo o linalol (43,58%) e o β- pineno (23,25%), respectivamente como os compostos majoritários. / In this work we investigated the chemical composition of volatile metabolites extracted from four plants Pepper pseudocaryophyllus (Myrtaceae), Psidium cattleyanum (Myrtaceae), Hedychium coronarium (Zingiberaceae) and Costus spiralis (Zingiberaceae) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS). Results are presented relative to seasonal chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Pepper pseudocaryophyllus in samples collected bimonthly from January to November 2009. In November showed the highest concentrations on the major constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of this species, being chavibetol (70.90%) and methyleugenol (20.70%). Furthermore, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil from the leaves of P. pseudocaryophyllus through techniques of diffusion disk and broth microdilution. The chavibetol, major compound was shown to be responsible for the greatest antifungal activity. We present also the seasonality of the essential oil obtained from the rhizome of Hedychium coronarium in samples collected bimonthly from March to January 2012-2013. In March the highest concentrations were observed on the major constituents of the essential oil of the rhizome of this species, and β-pinene (31.82%) and 1,8 cineole (28,30%). The population study of volatile metabolites from the leaves of Psidium cattleyanum collected in Curitiba identified twenty-eight components, the majority being lavander lactone (12.26%). Conversely, thirty-one compounds were identified in the essential oil of the species ecosystem in restinga provided the major constituent being the α-tujeno (25.20%). The extraction of volatile metabolites of flowers H. coronarium and bracts of C. spiralis was effected through the aeration process, providing linalool (43.58%) and β-pinene (23.25%), respectively as the major compounds.

CAPES / Neste trabalho foi investigado a composição química de metabólitos voláteis extraídos de quatro plantas Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Myrtaceae), Psidium cattleyanum (Myrtaceae), Hedychium coronarium (Zingiberaceae) e Costus spiralis (Zingiberaceae) através da cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/MS). São apresentados resultados relativos à composição química sazonal do óleo essencial obtido das folhas de Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus, em amostras coletadas bimestralmente de janeiro a novembro de 2009. Em novembro foram observadas as maiores concentrações relativas aos constituintes majoritários do óleo essencial das folhas dessa espécie, sendo o chavibetol (70,90%) e metileugenol (20,70%). Além disso, foram avaliadas as atividades antimicrobianas do óleo essencial das folhas de P. pseudocaryophyllus através de técnicas de difusão com discos e microdiluição em caldo. O chavibetol, composto majoritário mostrou-se o responsável pela maior atividade antifúngica. São apresentados também a sazonalidade do óleo essencial obtido do rizoma de Hedychium coronarium, em amostras coletadas bimestralmente de março a janeiro de 2012 a 2013. Em março foram observadas as maiores concentrações relativas aos constituintes majoritários do óleo essencial do rizoma dessa espécie, sendo β- pineno (31,82%) e 1,8 cineol (28,30%). O estudo populacional dos metabólitos voláteis das folhas do Psidium cattleyanum coletados em Curitiba-PR identificou vinte e oito componentes sendo majoritário o lavander lactona (12,26%). Por outro lado, trinta e um compostos foram identificados no óleo essencial dessa mesma espécie em ecossistema de restinga, sendo majoritário o α-tujeno (25,20%). A extração de metabólitos voláteis das flores H. coronarium e brácteas da C. spiralis foi efetuada através do processo de aeração, fornecendo o linalol (43,58%) e o β- pineno (23,25%), respectivamente como os compostos majoritários. / In this work we investigated the chemical composition of volatile metabolites extracted from four plants Pepper pseudocaryophyllus (Myrtaceae), Psidium cattleyanum (Myrtaceae), Hedychium coronarium (Zingiberaceae) and Costus spiralis (Zingiberaceae) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS). Results are presented relative to seasonal chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Pepper pseudocaryophyllus in samples collected bimonthly from January to November 2009. In November showed the highest concentrations on the major constituents of the essential oil from the leaves of this species, being chavibetol (70.90%) and methyleugenol (20.70%). Furthermore, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oil from the leaves of P. pseudocaryophyllus through techniques of diffusion disk and broth microdilution. The chavibetol, major compound was shown to be responsible for the greatest antifungal activity. We present also the seasonality of the essential oil obtained from the rhizome of Hedychium coronarium in samples collected bimonthly from March to January 2012-2013. In March the highest concentrations were observed on the major constituents of the essential oil of the rhizome of this species, and β-pinene (31.82%) and 1,8 cineole (28,30%). The population study of volatile metabolites from the leaves of Psidium cattleyanum collected in Curitiba identified twenty-eight components, the majority being lavander lactone (12.26%). Conversely, thirty-one compounds were identified in the essential oil of the species ecosystem in restinga provided the major constituent being the α-tujeno (25.20%). The extraction of volatile metabolites of flowers H. coronarium and bracts of C. spiralis was effected through the aeration process, providing linalool (43.58%) and β-pinene (23.25%), respectively as the major compounds.