Orientador: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Banca: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Banca: Marcos Lucca Jr. / Resumo: A produção de etanol combustível a partir de resíduos lignocelulósicos, como tecnologia emergente, conhecida como bioetanol de segunda geração, está sendo bastante pesquisada em virtude de uma preocupação com o desenvolvimento de fontes energéticas renováveis e mais limpas. Neste contexto as indústrias vinícolas têm destaque, já que o subproduto gerado por elas, bagaço e engaço, por exemplo, é de lenta decomposição. Ao mesmo tempo em que há buscas por novos substratos, há também por micro-organismos capazes de fermentar monossacarídeos presentes nestes resíduos para produzir bioetanol, e também que estes consigam fermentar em consórcio sem que haja competição entre eles para o melhor aproveitamento destas fontes de carbono. Neste trabalho foram realizadas fermentações pela bactéria Zymomonas mobilis CCT 4494 e pela levedura Candida tropicalis em hidrolisados ácidos dos resíduos de uvas das espécies Isabel e Bordô, para isto, foi utilizada a concentração de ácido sulfúrico de 1,5% com aquecimento em autoclave a 121 ºC e 1 kgf/cm2. Foram realizadas também, fermentações utilizando meios semi-sintéticos com glicose e xilose (50 g/L) como substratos para a Z. mobilis e C. tropicalis, respectivamente. Nas fermentações realizadas pela bactéria Z. mobilis, utilizando tanto a mistura (50% bagaço e 50% engaço) dos resíduos quanto apenas o engaço não houve detecção de etanol por cromatografia gasosa. Com o meio semi-sintético, em 8 horas de fermentação, foram produzidos 17,0 g/L de etanol. Durante as fermentações efetuadas pela levedura C. tropicalis, houve produção de etanol de 1,04 g/L e 5,89 g/L em 6 horas de fermentação utilizando a mistura dos resíduos e o engaço, respectivamente e, 18,56 g/L em 8 horas em meio semi-sintético. No consórcio dos micro-organismos, a produção de etanol, utilizando primeiramente a mistura e depois o engaço foi de 0,72 g/L e 1,15 g/L, ambas em 8 horas... / Abstract: The production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic residues, as an emerging technology, known as second-generation bioethanol is being extensive research because of a concern with the development of renewable and cleaner energy sources. In this context, the wine industry has highlighted, since the by-product generated by them, bagasse and stems, for example, is the slow decomposition. While there search for new substrates, there are also micro-organisms capable of fermenting monosaccharides present in these residues to produce bioethanol, and also that they are able to ferment in a consortium without competition between them for better use of these carbon sources . In this work were carried out fermentations by Zymomonas mobilis CCT 4494 bacteria and the yeast Candida tropicalis in hydrolyzed acid waste grape species Isabel and Bordô, for this, we used the sulfuric ... / Mestre

Orientador: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Banca: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Banca: Mauricio Boscolo / Banca: Sandra Regina Ceccato Antonini / Banca: Harvey Alexander Villa Vélez / Resumo: As crises no fornecimento de petróleo, a possibilidade de sua escassez, instabilidade dos preços e, principalmente, os efeitos negativos ao meio ambiente, aumentaram, nos últimos anos, o interesse pela procura de fontes alternativas para produção de energia. A possibilidade de produzir etanol a partir de resíduos lignocelulósicos é um grande atrativo para os pesquisadores, pois reduziria a necessidade em aumentar as áreas plantadas para incremento da produção, a competição direta com a produção de alimentos e o custo de matéria-prima. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção de etanol por culturas individuais e co-culturas de Zymomonas mobilis e Pachysolen tannophilus usando cascas de banana, maracujá e coco verde hidrolisadas. O pré-tratamento ácido, seguido de hidrólise enzimática das cascas de banana, maracujá e coco, promoveram a liberação de 74,1, 87,2 e 13,4 g L-1 de açúcares totais, respectivamente. Foram avaliadas três concentrações de substrato (5, 10 e 15%) e três pH iniciais dos meios de fermentação (4,5; 5,0 e 5,5). Nas fermentações com a bactéria Z. mobilis, com os três resíduos, foi verificado que o substrato mais concentrado não contribuiu para um aumento significativo da produção de etanol. Além disso, a maior concentração do produto foi de 2,9 g L-1, obtido nas fermentações de cascas de banana hidrolisadas com concentração de 5%. Já nas fermentações com a levedura P. tannophilus, as maiores produções de etanol foram determinadas... / Abstract: Crises in oil supply, the possibility of their scarcity, price instability and, especially, the negative effects to the environment have increased the interest in alternative sources for energy production, in recent years. The possibility of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic residues is a great attractive to the researchers, because it would reduce the need for increasing the planted areas to increase production, the direct competition with food production and the high costs of raw materials. In this context, the objective of this work was to study the ethanol production by individual cultures and co-cultures of Zymomonas mobilis and Pachysolen tannophilus using banana, passion fruit and coconut peels hydrolysate. The acid pretreatment, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of banana, passion fruit and coconut peels promoted the liberation of 74.1, 87.2 and 13.4 g L-1 of total sugars, respectively. Three substrate concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) and three initial pH of fermentation media (4.5; 5.0 and 5.5) were evaluated. In the fermentations with Z. mobilis bacteria, using the three residues, it was found that the most concentrated substrate did not contribute to a significant increase in ethanol production. In addition, the highest product concentration was 2.9 g L-1, obtained in hydrolysed banana peels fermentations at 5% concentration. In the fermentations with yeast P. tannophilus, the highest ethanol yields were determined using passion fruit peel hydrolysates at 10% solids concentration, providing the ethanol production of 10 g L-1 . And the association of Z. mobilis bacteria and P. tannophilus yeast, in the co-culture process, showed potential for the lignocellulosic hydrolysates fermentation. The inoculation system that showed the best results was the one in which the bacterium was inoculated at the beginning of the process, and after 7 h of fermentation, the yeast ... / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ernandes_fmpg_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1963066 bytes, checksum: 42dcae2ecfe9dfb358788c6490a13653 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O principal produto da fermentação de açúcares por Zymomonas mobilis é o etanol quando glicose e frutose são utilizadas como fontes de carbono. Entretanto, quando sacarose é empregada na fermentação, o rendimento do etanol diminui devido à formação de subprodutos como levana, sorbitol, acetaldeído, ácido acético, pequenas quantidades de alguns álcoois superiores e fenol. A utilização de produtos agroindustriais, como o caldo e melaço de cana-deaçúcar, é uma alternativa para reduzir o custo final dos produtos de fermentação devido à disponibilidade de aquisição e composição química desses substratos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar substratos alternativos e otimizar as condições de fermentação para a produção de etanol, levana e sorbitol por Zymomonas mobilis CCT 4494. Também foi considerado o efeito da variação do substrato e de sais minerais adicionados nos meios de produção (sintético, caldo e melaços de cana-de-açúcar). Para a obtenção dos produtos de fermentação, foi aplicada a metodologia de superfície de resposta, seguindo um planejamento fatorial do tipo 27-2, de acordo com o modelo proposto por Box e Hunter, onde as variáveis independentes estudadas foram: pH inicial do meio de cultivo, temperatura de incubação, concentração do substrato e efeito da adição de KCl, K2SO4, MgSO4, CaCl2. Durante a realização das fermentações foi observado que a bactéria Zymomonas mobilis CCT 4494 se adaptou nos meios de fermentação contendo altas concentrações de sacarose e suportou a variação do pH e da temperatura de fermentação. O aumento da concentração da fonte de carbono favoreceu a formação dos produtos levana e etanol, entretanto, não houve produção de sorbitol. O meio sintético proporcionou maior rendimento de levana e etanol, enquanto que, os meios alternativos caldo e melaços de cana-de-açúcar... / The main product from fermentation of sugars by Zymomonas mobilis is ethanol when glucose and fructose are used as carbon sources. However, when sucrose is used in the fermentation medium, ethanol yield decreases due to the formation of by-products such as levan, sorbitol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, small amounts of some superior alcohols and phenol. The use of agro industrial by products, such as sugarcane juice and molasses, is an alternative to reduce the final cost of fermentation products due to the constant availability and to the chemical composition of these by substrates. This study had the aim of using alternative substrates and of optimizing fermentation conditions for the production of ethanol, levan and sorbitol by Zymomonas mobilis CCT 4494. The effect of variation of substrate and mineral salts added to the production media (synthetic, sugarcane juice and molasses) was also considered. To obtain the fermentation products, response surface methodology was employed, following a 27-2 factorial planning, according to the model proposed by Box and Hunter, where the independent variables studied were: initial medium pH, incubation temperature, substrate concentration and effect of the addition of KCl, K2SO4, MgSO4, CaCl2. During the fermentations, it was noted that the bacteria Zymomonas mobilis CCT 4494 well adapted in the media containing high concentrations of sucrose and tolerated pH and temperature variations. The increase of carbon source concentration favored the formation of levan and ethanol, however, there was no sorbitol production. The synthetic medium offered higher levan and ethanol yield, whereas alternative media sugarcane juice and molasses, favored cellular growth. Among the independent variables analyzed with the best medium (synthetic) for biosynthesis of the biopolymer and ethanol, the ones that significantly (p<0.05) affected were KCl, K2SO4, CaCl2... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Supercritical fluids have unique properties which may make them ideal as reaction media for biotransformation or extractive solvents. Supercritical fluids are ideal for reducing diffusivity limitations over conventional fluids. Depending on the polarity of the fluid, a supercritical fluid can be similar to conventional organic solvents, but with few of the environmental drawbacks. The use of supercritical fluids in enzymatic research has the advantage of removing mass transport limitations so that they can act as a suitable solvent. In this study, four permeabilization techniques were compared: control, toluene, supercritical carbon dioxide, and freeze/thaw cycles. The model cell systems studied were Z. mobilis and E. coli. The cells were analyzed for lipid profiles, recovery of proteins and enzymatic activity. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide may not be the most effective of the treatments based on total protein or enzyme recovery since the greatest protein and enzyme recovery was with the freeze/thaw treatment. However, it can be selective in removing cofactors from Z. mobilis enabling sorbitol production and minimizing side reactions. In this application, supercritical carbon dioxide does show an advantage over the freeze/thaw treatment. Aspects of the mechanism of permeabilization were investigated based on the lipid profiles of the cells, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SEM and AFM show changes of the cell surface morphology which indicate that the treatments affect the cellular surface. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction medium was investigated. Minute quantities of sorbitol were produced when Z. mobilis and sugars were placed in a supercritical carbon dioxide environment over a period of 24 hours.

This study proposes simulations which present optimized methods for producing fatty acids, fatty alcohols and alkanes using Zymomonas mobilis bacterium by the energy efficient β-oxidation reversal pathway, an eco-friendly alternative to the present petroleum based processes. Zymomonas has advantages of higher carbon intake, higher ethanol tolerance and higher ethanol production efficiency than other organisms. I have improved an earlier Zymomonas genome scale model and used Constraint Based Reconstruction and Analysis (COBRA), a linear optimization based computational tool in Matlab, and to perform flux balance analysis (FBA) based simulations. FBA accounts for formation, consumption, accumulation and removal rate or flux of each metabolite. The results present solution spaces of cell growth rate and product formation rate, which trend with products and their carbon chain length. I have analyzed these solution space trends gaining insight into the Zymomonas’ metabolism, enabling efficient product formation and opening a way for future improvement.

Supercritical fluids have unique properties which may make them ideal as reaction media for biotransformation or extractive solvents. Supercritical fluids are ideal for reducing diffusivity limitations over conventional fluids. Depending on the polarity of the fluid, a supercritical fluid can be similar to conventional organic solvents, but with few of the environmental drawbacks. The use of supercritical fluids in enzymatic research has the advantage of removing mass transport limitations so that they can act as a suitable solvent. In this study, four permeabilization techniques were compared: control, toluene, supercritical carbon dioxide, and freeze/thaw cycles. The model cell systems studied were Z. mobilis and E. coli. The cells were analyzed for lipid profiles, recovery of proteins and enzymatic activity. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide may not be the most effective of the treatments based on total protein or enzyme recovery since the greatest protein and enzyme recovery was with the freeze/thaw treatment. However, it can be selective in removing cofactors from Z. mobilis enabling sorbitol production and minimizing side reactions. In this application, supercritical carbon dioxide does show an advantage over the freeze/thaw treatment. Aspects of the mechanism of permeabilization were investigated based on the lipid profiles of the cells, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SEM and AFM show changes of the cell surface morphology which indicate that the treatments affect the cellular surface. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a reaction medium was investigated. Minute quantities of sorbitol were produced when Z. mobilis and sugars were placed in a supercritical carbon dioxide environment over a period of 24 hours.

The growing demand for energy in the world, the implications of climate change, the increasing damages to our environment and the diminishing fossil fuel reserves have created the appropriate conditions for renewable energy development. Biofuels such as bioethanol can be produced by breaking down the lignocellulosic structure of plant materials to release fermentable sugars. Sweet sorghum bagasse has been shown to be an important lignocellulosic crop residue and is potentially a significant feedstock for bioethanol production. The aim of this study was to investigate suitable microwave assisted pretreatment conditions of sweet sorghum bagasse for bioethanol production. A chemical pretreatment process of sweet sorghum bagasse, using different concentrations (1 to 7 wt%) of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) was applied to break up the lignocellulosic matrix of sweet sorghum bagasse. The pretreated broth, which contained pentose and hexose sugars, was fermented using a combination of Zymomonas mobilis ATCC31821 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce bioethanol at pH 4.8 and 32oC for 24 hours. The highest reducing sugar yield of 0.82 g/g substrate was obtained with microwave irradiation at 180 W for 20 minutes in a 5 wt% sulphuric acid solution. The highest ethanol yield obtained was 0.5 g/g from 5 wt% H2SO4 pretreated bagasse at 180 W using a 10:5% v/v of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zymomonas mobilis ratio, whereas for 3 wt% Ca (OH)2 microwave pretreatment, a sugar yield of 0.27 g/g substrate was obtained at 300 W for 10 minutes. Thereafter, an ethanol yield of 0.13 g/g substrate was obtained after 24 hours of fermentation when using a 10:5% v/v of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zymomonas mobilis ratio. The effect of microwave pretreatment on the bagasse was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The reducing sugars formed were quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that microwave pretreatment using 5 wt% H2SO4 is a very effective pretreatment that can be used to obtain sugars from sweet sorghum bagasse. The analytic results also showed physical and functional group changes after microwave pretreatment. This confirms that microwave irradiation is very effective in terms of breaking up the lignocellulose structure and improving fermentable sugar yield for fermentation. Bioethanol yields obtained from microwave pretreatment using different solvents also show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis ATCC31821 is a good combination for producing ethanol from sweet sorghum bagasse. Sweet sorghum bagasse is clearly a very effective and cheap biomass that can be used to produce bioethanol, since very high yields of fermentable sugars were obtained from the feedstock. / Thesis (MSc (Engineering Sciences in Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The growing demand for energy in the world, the implications of climate change, the increasing damages to our environment and the diminishing fossil fuel reserves have created the appropriate conditions for renewable energy development. Biofuels such as bioethanol can be produced by breaking down the lignocellulosic structure of plant materials to release fermentable sugars. Sweet sorghum bagasse has been shown to be an important lignocellulosic crop residue and is potentially a significant feedstock for bioethanol production. The aim of this study was to investigate suitable microwave assisted pretreatment conditions of sweet sorghum bagasse for bioethanol production. A chemical pretreatment process of sweet sorghum bagasse, using different concentrations (1 to 7 wt%) of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) was applied to break up the lignocellulosic matrix of sweet sorghum bagasse. The pretreated broth, which contained pentose and hexose sugars, was fermented using a combination of Zymomonas mobilis ATCC31821 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce bioethanol at pH 4.8 and 32oC for 24 hours. The highest reducing sugar yield of 0.82 g/g substrate was obtained with microwave irradiation at 180 W for 20 minutes in a 5 wt% sulphuric acid solution. The highest ethanol yield obtained was 0.5 g/g from 5 wt% H2SO4 pretreated bagasse at 180 W using a 10:5% v/v of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zymomonas mobilis ratio, whereas for 3 wt% Ca (OH)2 microwave pretreatment, a sugar yield of 0.27 g/g substrate was obtained at 300 W for 10 minutes. Thereafter, an ethanol yield of 0.13 g/g substrate was obtained after 24 hours of fermentation when using a 10:5% v/v of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zymomonas mobilis ratio. The effect of microwave pretreatment on the bagasse was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The reducing sugars formed were quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that microwave pretreatment using 5 wt% H2SO4 is a very effective pretreatment that can be used to obtain sugars from sweet sorghum bagasse. The analytic results also showed physical and functional group changes after microwave pretreatment. This confirms that microwave irradiation is very effective in terms of breaking up the lignocellulose structure and improving fermentable sugar yield for fermentation. Bioethanol yields obtained from microwave pretreatment using different solvents also show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis ATCC31821 is a good combination for producing ethanol from sweet sorghum bagasse. Sweet sorghum bagasse is clearly a very effective and cheap biomass that can be used to produce bioethanol, since very high yields of fermentable sugars were obtained from the feedstock. / Thesis (MSc (Engineering Sciences in Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Thesis (M.S. (Hons.))-- University of Western Sydney, 2008. / A thesis sumitted to the University of Western Sydney in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (Honours), School of Natural Sciences, College of Health and Science. Includes bibliography.

Orientador: Crispin Humberto Garcia-Cruz / Banca: Rodrigo Simões Ribeiro Leite / Banca: Marcos de Lucca Junior / Banca: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Banca: Maurício Boscolo / Resumo: A geração de álcool combustível a partir de resíduos lignocelulósicos pode ser uma fonte alternativa e renovável de energia. O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de frutas tropicais do mundo, com destaque para a laranja e banana. Em consequência disto, é capaz de gerar grandes quantidades de resíduos que podem ser utilizados como biomassa que, uma vez hidrolisada, libera pentoses e hexoses. A fim de se buscar uma maior produção de etanol, a utilização de co-culturas que metabolizem tanto pentoses quanto hexoses torna-se bastante interessante. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito da hidrólise de cascas de banana e laranja para a produção de etanol por co-culturas de Zymomonas mobilis e Pichia stipitis. A hidrólise ácida foi feita com ácido sulfúrico 5% e 15 min em autoclave, para a hidrólise enzimática utilizou-se kit fornecido pela Novozymes em reação a 50°C durante 36 h. Após as hidrólises o meio foi desintoxicado com carvão ativado. Foram avaliados os efeitos da fermentação somente por Z. mobilis e por co-culturas de Z. mobilis e P. stipitis, do pH, da agitação e da quantidade de açúcares no meio. As hidrólises ácida e enzimática liberaram 64,97 e 134,75 g/L de açúcares totais das cascas de banana e 101,30 e 176,70 g/L de açúcares totais das cascas de laranja, respectivamente. A desintoxicação do hidrolisado resultou em remoção de 58% a 93% dos fenóis e 1,7% a 4% dos açúcares totais. Nas fermentações descontínuas com meio sintético o maior crescimento celular e máxima produção de etanol foram 1,52 e 11,29 g/L para a monocultura de Z. mobilis, e 8,00 e 77,02 g/L para a co-cultura, respectivamente. Para o meio com cascas de banana essas respostas foram 1,87 e 4,16 g/L para a monocultura, e 15,19 e 23,92 g/L para a co-cultura, respectivamente. Para o meio com cascas de laranja, as mesmas respostas foram 0,39 e 1,85 g/L para a monocultura, e 6,73 e... / Abstract: The generation of ethanol from lignocellulosic waste, such as fruit crops, can be an alternative and renewable energy source. Brazil is one of the largest producers of tropical fruits in the world, especially orange and banana. As a result, it is able to generate large amounts of waste that may be used as biomass, which once hydrolyzed, releases pentoses and hexoses. In order to get a higher ethanol yield, the use of co-cultures which metabolize both pentose and hexose becomes quite interesting. In this context, the objective of this work was to study the hydrolysis effect of banana and orange peels for ethanol production by co-cultures of Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis. The acid hydrolysis was performed with 5% sulfuric acid and 15 min in autoclave; for the enzymatic hydrolysis was used a commercial kit supplied by Novozymes, in reaction at 50°C for 36 h. After the hydrolysis the medium was detoxified with activated carbon. The effects of fermentation by Z. mobilis monoculture and Z. mobilis and P. stipitis co-cultures, pH, agitation and the initial amount of sugars in the middle were evaluated. The sequential acid and enzymatic hydrolysis released 64.97 and 134.75 g/L of total sugars from banana peels and 101.30 and 176.70 g/L of total sugars from orange peels, respectively. The detoxification of the hydrolysate resulted in a removal of 58% to 93% of phenol and 1.7% to 4% of the total sugars. In Erlenmeyer fermentations with synthetic medium, the largest cell growth and maximum ethanol production were 1.52 and 11.29 g/L for Z. mobilis monoculture, and 8.00 and 77.02 g/L for the co-culture, respectively. In the medium with banana peels, these responses were 1.87 and 4.16 g/L for monoculture, and 15.19 and 23.92 g/L for the co-culture, respectively. To the medium with orange peels, the same responses were 0.39 and 1.85 g/L for monoculture and 6.73 and 11.36 g/L for the co-culture, respectively. For all evaluated media, the Z. ... / Doutor