Abnormally low tender price with regard to the case law of administrative courts and the Office for the Protection of Competition Abnormally low tender price is one of the most problematic issues in public procurement law. The aim of this thesis is a detailed analysis of the concept of abnormally low tender price with regard to the case law of administrative courts and the Office for the Protection of Competition. The analysis is made both in relation to the Public Procurement act and the EU Directive on public procurement. After an introductory part the thesis is divided into seven main chapters. The first chapter outlines basic terms necessary for comprehensive analysis of further discussed issues. Chapter two deals with the concept of abnormally low tender price including its evolution in the former public procurement law. The third chapter focuses on the process of assessment of the tenders concerning the abnormally low tender price. This chapter deals with the request for explanation of the tenderer's tender price, with requirements of this explanation and with assessment of this explanation made by evaluation committee. Chapter four examines the zero tender price and the case law of administrative courts regarding the correct procedure in case of occurrence of this price. This chapter takes...

The purpose of this thesis is to determine the importance of abnormally low tenders for Turkey, understand the problems created by abnormally low tenders, find reasons of them, develop various methods in reducing abnormally low tender problem and determine the most appropriate method. In this thesis, reasons of abnormally low tenders in Europe and Turkey were investigated. Various recommendations were developed for solving the problem and validity of these solutions was investigated. Different results were obtained due to the different social structure of countries. Besides, abnormally low tender evaluation questionnaire was used to find reasons of abnormally low tenders in Turkey. This questionnaire reached to 430 firms or people and by detailed analysis of questionnaire, reasons of abnormally low tenders were found out and some solution methods were proposed.

This thesis is concerned with an exploration into the reconsideration of meaning of the embodied subject whose figuration is defined as abnormal relative to the prevailing hierarchical structures of western Cartesian dualism. Evidence of the degree of subordinate representation and treatment of the marginalized body is so far-reaching and the variety of classification so extensive that it becomes necessary to frame my research within a lens whose focus isolates more specific parameters for the purposes of an interrogative and pointed analysis. This narrowing of my viewpoint of the process of absention allows more specific areas of interest to be highlighted—since this reductive convention is, ironically, both sweepingly consuming yet tends toward the categorical in its often taxonomic classification. Hence, for the purposes of this analysis, I concentrate on the representations of the body marked as animal, criminal and disabled relative to their normalised ‘other’—interrogating the overt construction of their difference and their consequent, emergent, points of similarity. This exercise not only points to their architecture but simultaneously implies the erosion of their distinctiveness as separate representations of abnormality—as well as emphasizing the contrived act of pairing them with their presupposed ‘normal’ binary counterparts. I argue that the visualization seemingly inhering in the bodies of those absented from dominant ideological structures is necessarily limited, its fixity emerging from stultification; an othering that maintains the subject via carceral structures that are socially and politically informed. The confines of this paradigm are prescribed through a consensual ascription to a governing norm that stipulates the superiority of the artificially normalised body—thereby constructing a dualism of constraint that polices the acceptance and rejection of individual physicality—within a wider public sphere of normalisation. This is evident in the representation of the body on a cultural and political level and undeniably intersects its conceptual interpretation and lived experience in both public and private spaces. The thesis introduces a body of theory that operates on a number of levels and performs a variety of functions—none of which can be easily, or even successfully, separated from the content and role of the significant presence of performance work that comprises the final script. The latter is presented in the form of photographic documentation that links its own process of visualization to the thesis whilst maintaining an active locus of critique—produced as response to the multifaceted problematic of political and personal othering emerging from culturally inscribed figurations of animality, disability and criminality. The theoretical analysis and performance practice exist in a symbiotic relationship—creating a mutual dialectical analysis that aims to avoid the fixities inhering in the extremes of either approach. Instead, one is invited to consider the contrasts, comparisons and complements emerging from the intricacies of their relationship—thereby avoiding the redundancies accompanying their binarist opposition and by extension, the dualisms of visual figuring I have isolated for examination. Utilizing my performative practice as a point of entry into this analysis, I have focused on the problematization of these reified representations of the body within western modalities of seeing, with a view to introducing a different space of articulation so as to encourage alternative inscriptions of meaning. This approach exemplifies my search to undermine the overriding cultural motif that maintains and perpetuates the oppression of the body marked as ‘other’. The spectacle of incarceration that western society continues to tolerate is thereby tirelessly interrogated, with the aim of exposing the secrets whose shame, if allowed to remain hidden, will never allow for release of the abnormal body from the society that birthed its difference.

The main aim of this diploma thesis is to provide a comprehensive analysis of selected institutes related to the tender price in the award procedures of public contracts in the light of the new Act No. 134/2016 Coll., on public procurement, with its main focus on evaluation of impacts of the new legislation and identification of its potential risks, while its partial focus lies in comparison with previous legislation, i.e. Act No. 137/2006 Coll., on public procurement, as amended, and assessment of usage of up to now decision practice of the Office for the Protection of Competition and case law of administrative courts. The first chapter deals with a brief overview of the public procurement legislation, its aims and purposes and identification of elementary characteristics of the award procedures of public contracts. The subject of the second chapter is to analyze preliminary market consultation from the general point of view and simultaneously to provide an analysis with a focus on its application, practical execution, benefits and drawbacks related thereto and its influence on the procurement procedures. The third chapter deals with the estimated value of public contracts, rules of its calculation, the issue of division of public contracts and its influence on tender prices. The fourth chapter...

<p>Som en följd av Sveriges medlemskap i EU har offentliga upphandlingar kommit att få allt större betydelse eftersom de nu kan ske inom ett betydligt större geografiskt område än tidigare. En konsekvens av detta är att konkurrensen blivit allt hårdare och nya regler införs i takt med den snabba utvecklingen. Ett av resultaten av den hårda konkurrensen på upphandlingsmarknaden har visat sig vara att en del leverantörer lämnar anbud med onormalt låga priser för att vinna upphandlingskontraktet. Förekomsten av onormalt låga anbud i offentliga upphandlingar medför allvarliga negativa konsekvenser såsom att konkurrensen snedvrids, effektiviteten minskar och kostnaderna ökar. Detta påverkar både den upphandlande enheten, leverantören som bjudit onormalt lågt, de leverantörer som slagits ut samt konsumenterna. Att det saknas ett förbud i upphandlingslagstiftningen mot att anta onormalt låga anbud är därför allvarligt. Syftet med denna framställning är att undersöka innebörden av begreppet onormalt lågt anbud i offentliga upphandlingar, belysa problemet med och konsekvenserna av att lagstiftning och regelverk inte i tillräcklig utsträckning uppmärksammar de risker som kan vara förenade med antagandet av onormalt låga anbud samt försöka finna en lösning på problemet.</p> / <p>As a result of Sweden’s membership of the European Union, public procurement has gained more importance, mainly due to the larger geographic territory available. As a consequence of this, competition has become more aggressive and new rules are being incorporated into Swedish law in step with the fast development. One of the results of the tough competition in the public procurement market is that companies may be forced into potentially unsustainable under-bidding in order to win contracts. The presence of these abnormally low tenders in public procurement may have serious negative consequences such as distortion of competition and reduced efficiency, potentially causing delays and waste of resources in the procurement process. This will affect both the contracting authority, the tenderer that has won on an abnormally low bid, the other unsuccessful tenderers, and the ultimately consumers. The fact that public procurement law does not prohibit authorities from accepting abnormally low tenders is therefore potentially very serious. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the significance of the concept of abnormally low tender, to illuminate the issues surrounding and consequences of the legislative lack of attention to the risks associated with accepting abnormally low tenders, and finally to propose solutions to these issues.</p>

Som en följd av Sveriges medlemskap i EU har offentliga upphandlingar kommit att få allt större betydelse eftersom de nu kan ske inom ett betydligt större geografiskt område än tidigare. En konsekvens av detta är att konkurrensen blivit allt hårdare och nya regler införs i takt med den snabba utvecklingen. Ett av resultaten av den hårda konkurrensen på upphandlingsmarknaden har visat sig vara att en del leverantörer lämnar anbud med onormalt låga priser för att vinna upphandlingskontraktet. Förekomsten av onormalt låga anbud i offentliga upphandlingar medför allvarliga negativa konsekvenser såsom att konkurrensen snedvrids, effektiviteten minskar och kostnaderna ökar. Detta påverkar både den upphandlande enheten, leverantören som bjudit onormalt lågt, de leverantörer som slagits ut samt konsumenterna. Att det saknas ett förbud i upphandlingslagstiftningen mot att anta onormalt låga anbud är därför allvarligt. Syftet med denna framställning är att undersöka innebörden av begreppet onormalt lågt anbud i offentliga upphandlingar, belysa problemet med och konsekvenserna av att lagstiftning och regelverk inte i tillräcklig utsträckning uppmärksammar de risker som kan vara förenade med antagandet av onormalt låga anbud samt försöka finna en lösning på problemet. / As a result of Sweden’s membership of the European Union, public procurement has gained more importance, mainly due to the larger geographic territory available. As a consequence of this, competition has become more aggressive and new rules are being incorporated into Swedish law in step with the fast development. One of the results of the tough competition in the public procurement market is that companies may be forced into potentially unsustainable under-bidding in order to win contracts. The presence of these abnormally low tenders in public procurement may have serious negative consequences such as distortion of competition and reduced efficiency, potentially causing delays and waste of resources in the procurement process. This will affect both the contracting authority, the tenderer that has won on an abnormally low bid, the other unsuccessful tenderers, and the ultimately consumers. The fact that public procurement law does not prohibit authorities from accepting abnormally low tenders is therefore potentially very serious. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the significance of the concept of abnormally low tender, to illuminate the issues surrounding and consequences of the legislative lack of attention to the risks associated with accepting abnormally low tenders, and finally to propose solutions to these issues.

In this diploma thesis it is solved issue of determining the estimated value by public authority of works contract and determining price in the pre-investment phase of build-up. The work is based on a questionnaire survey, which is supplemented by practical examples of finished works contract.