After the last European Union expansion the east European countries became members of the European Union. This meant that they would become apart of the Schengen agreement and that they would be able to travel, live and work anywhere in Europe. This came as a shock to the Scandinavian trade unions that were worried that work migration would escalate, and that it would lead to social dumping, which would make the working conditions worse for the native workers. . The Swedish labour market is build up by the principal of negotiations. The evolution of the labour laws comes from the rules and regulations of collective agreements. The Lex Britannia principal was made to regulate the working conditions for guest workers in Sweden, by making it possible for trade unions to take industrial action against foreign companies to make them sign a Swedish collective agreement. Even though Swedish labour law includes an obligation to maintain industrial peace it is not valid for foreign companies. In the Laval- case the European court of justice judge that the Lex Britannia principles is not consistent with EC- law and that the Swedish labour law violate the principles of free movement and the posting of workers directive. By comparing the Swedish labour laws and regulations on collective agreements, laws and regulations on remuneration to the Latvian labour laws and regulations on collective agreements and laws and regulations on remuneration, the study have shown that the countries have a lot in common at the same time they differ quite allot. The similarities may in many cases be an effect of the common EC- laws and regulations. The conclusion came to be that do to its history of forming and develop the rules and regulations of the Swedish labour market the Swedish trade unions have a strong position in the Swedish labour market. The Swedish labour market may therefore show tendencies of protectionism at the same time that the young labour market, the young labour laws and weak trade unions of Latvia shows tendencies of social dumping.

<p>After the last European Union expansion the east European countries became members of the European Union. This meant that they would become apart of the Schengen agreement and that they would be able to travel, live and work anywhere in Europe. This came as a shock to</p><p>the Scandinavian trade unions that were worried that work migration would escalate, and that it would lead to social dumping, which would make the working conditions worse for the native workers. .</p><p>The Swedish labour market is build up by the principal of negotiations. The evolution of the labour laws comes from the rules and regulations of collective agreements.</p><p>The Lex Britannia principal was made to regulate the working conditions for guest workers in Sweden, by making it possible for trade unions to take industrial action against foreign companies to make them sign a Swedish collective agreement.</p><p>Even though Swedish labour law includes an obligation to maintain industrial peace it is not valid for foreign companies. In the Laval- case the European court of justice judge that the Lex Britannia principles is not consistent with EC- law and that the Swedish labour law violate the principles of free movement and the posting of workers directive.</p><p>By comparing the Swedish labour laws and regulations on collective agreements, laws and regulations on remuneration to the Latvian labour laws and regulations on collective agreements and laws and regulations on remuneration, the study have shown that the countries have a lot in common at the same time they differ quite allot. The similarities may in many cases be an effect of the common EC- laws and regulations.</p><p>The conclusion came to be that do to its history of forming and develop the rules and regulations of the Swedish labour market the Swedish trade unions have a strong position in the Swedish labour market. The Swedish labour market may therefore show</p><p>tendencies of protectionism at the same time that the young labour market, the young labour laws and weak trade unions of Latvia shows tendencies of social dumping.</p>

Social dumpning innebär att kommuner får personer som är i behov av ekonomiskt bistånd att flytta till andra kommuner. Syftet med studien var att undersöka olika professioners upplevelse av vilka konsekvenser social dumpning kan ha för individer som utsätts för detta. Forskningsansatsen var kvalitativ och intervjuer genomfördes med sju personer med olika professioner. Intervjupersonerna upplevde att social dumpning medför många negativa konsekvenser för de utsatta, däribland boendesegregation med boende i undermåliga bostäder, förlust av sociala nätverk och dåliga utsikter att ta sig in på arbetsmarknaden. Empirin analyserades utifrån teorier om stigma samt makt och resultatet visade att de som utsätts för social dumpning ofta blir stigmatiserade och socialt exkluderade. Det framkom även att kommunerna, genom att utsätta personer för social dumpning, i många fall går emot socialtjänstlagen. Dessutom fråntas de drabbade personerna rätten till tillfredsställande levnadsförhållanden och andra mänskliga rättigheter som anges i FN:s konventioner. / Social dumping refers to the actions of local authorities that cause people in need of financial assistance to move to other local authorities. This study investigates how different professions experience the consequences of social dumping on affected individuals. The research approach was qualitative and seven people with different professions were interviewed. The interviewees observed that social dumping had a range of negative consequences for vulnerable individuals, including housing segregation caused by housing individuals in substandard accommodation, loss of social networks and poor employment prospects. The empirical data was analysed according to stigma and power theories and the results showed that social dumping often causesstigmatisationand social exclusion. It was also observed that social dumping often occurs in conjunction with local authorities disregarding the Social Services Act. Victims are often deprived of their right to a satisfactory standard of living and other human rights in UN conventions.

Avfallsbrottslighet är ett växande samhällsproblem och ett aktuellt ämne i den politiska debatten. Media rapporterar om tusentals ton av dumpat skräp och brinnande sophögar på kommunal mark över hela Sverige och avfallsbrottsligheten tillhör en av de mest lukrativa brottstyperna i världen för de organiserade kriminella nätverken. Syftet med aktuell studie är att bidra med ökad kunskap kring arbetet mot illegal dumpning av avfall hos kommuner inom Skåne län. Vidare ämnar studien undersöka utsattheten för illegal dumpning av avfall bland markägare och arrendatorer inom Skåne län. Resultatet indikerar en uppenbar problematik vad gäller den diffusa definition som råder kring vad som kännetecknar avfallsbrottslighet och i synnerhet vad illegal dumpning innebär. Studien fann att kommunerna till viss del bidrar till mörkertalet gällande brottstypen då det verkar saknas rutiner kring polisanmälan vid upptäckt av illegal dumpning. Den illegala dumpningen är ett problem och den drabbar såväl den enskilde markägaren som arrendatorn och samhället i stort i form av otrygghet och kostnader. / Environmental crime is on the rise, and it affects the society as a whole. It is present in the current political debate and media reports on thousands of tons of dumped and burning waste piles on municipal land all over Sweden. Environmental crime is one of the most profitable illicit activities in the world and criminal networks profit greatly. This study aims to contribute with further knowledge regarding the work against illegal dumping of waste focused on municipalities within Skåne county, Sweden. The study also aims to investigate landowners and leaseholders exposure to the illegal dumping of waste. The result indicates that there is an issue regarding what is to be defined as environmental crime. The same goes for illegal dumping. The study finds that the municipality is to some degree contributing to the numbers of unreported crime due to the lack of set routines regarding reporting this type of crime to the police. The illegal dumping of waste is a widespread issue and it affects both the individual as well as society as a whole, both economically as well as psychological due to its ability to cause feelings of uncertainty and vulnerability.

No description available.

<p>Som en följd av Sveriges medlemskap i EU har offentliga upphandlingar kommit att få allt större betydelse eftersom de nu kan ske inom ett betydligt större geografiskt område än tidigare. En konsekvens av detta är att konkurrensen blivit allt hårdare och nya regler införs i takt med den snabba utvecklingen. Ett av resultaten av den hårda konkurrensen på upphandlingsmarknaden har visat sig vara att en del leverantörer lämnar anbud med onormalt låga priser för att vinna upphandlingskontraktet. Förekomsten av onormalt låga anbud i offentliga upphandlingar medför allvarliga negativa konsekvenser såsom att konkurrensen snedvrids, effektiviteten minskar och kostnaderna ökar. Detta påverkar både den upphandlande enheten, leverantören som bjudit onormalt lågt, de leverantörer som slagits ut samt konsumenterna. Att det saknas ett förbud i upphandlingslagstiftningen mot att anta onormalt låga anbud är därför allvarligt. Syftet med denna framställning är att undersöka innebörden av begreppet onormalt lågt anbud i offentliga upphandlingar, belysa problemet med och konsekvenserna av att lagstiftning och regelverk inte i tillräcklig utsträckning uppmärksammar de risker som kan vara förenade med antagandet av onormalt låga anbud samt försöka finna en lösning på problemet.</p> / <p>As a result of Sweden’s membership of the European Union, public procurement has gained more importance, mainly due to the larger geographic territory available. As a consequence of this, competition has become more aggressive and new rules are being incorporated into Swedish law in step with the fast development. One of the results of the tough competition in the public procurement market is that companies may be forced into potentially unsustainable under-bidding in order to win contracts. The presence of these abnormally low tenders in public procurement may have serious negative consequences such as distortion of competition and reduced efficiency, potentially causing delays and waste of resources in the procurement process. This will affect both the contracting authority, the tenderer that has won on an abnormally low bid, the other unsuccessful tenderers, and the ultimately consumers. The fact that public procurement law does not prohibit authorities from accepting abnormally low tenders is therefore potentially very serious. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the significance of the concept of abnormally low tender, to illuminate the issues surrounding and consequences of the legislative lack of attention to the risks associated with accepting abnormally low tenders, and finally to propose solutions to these issues.</p>

Som en följd av Sveriges medlemskap i EU har offentliga upphandlingar kommit att få allt större betydelse eftersom de nu kan ske inom ett betydligt större geografiskt område än tidigare. En konsekvens av detta är att konkurrensen blivit allt hårdare och nya regler införs i takt med den snabba utvecklingen. Ett av resultaten av den hårda konkurrensen på upphandlingsmarknaden har visat sig vara att en del leverantörer lämnar anbud med onormalt låga priser för att vinna upphandlingskontraktet. Förekomsten av onormalt låga anbud i offentliga upphandlingar medför allvarliga negativa konsekvenser såsom att konkurrensen snedvrids, effektiviteten minskar och kostnaderna ökar. Detta påverkar både den upphandlande enheten, leverantören som bjudit onormalt lågt, de leverantörer som slagits ut samt konsumenterna. Att det saknas ett förbud i upphandlingslagstiftningen mot att anta onormalt låga anbud är därför allvarligt. Syftet med denna framställning är att undersöka innebörden av begreppet onormalt lågt anbud i offentliga upphandlingar, belysa problemet med och konsekvenserna av att lagstiftning och regelverk inte i tillräcklig utsträckning uppmärksammar de risker som kan vara förenade med antagandet av onormalt låga anbud samt försöka finna en lösning på problemet. / As a result of Sweden’s membership of the European Union, public procurement has gained more importance, mainly due to the larger geographic territory available. As a consequence of this, competition has become more aggressive and new rules are being incorporated into Swedish law in step with the fast development. One of the results of the tough competition in the public procurement market is that companies may be forced into potentially unsustainable under-bidding in order to win contracts. The presence of these abnormally low tenders in public procurement may have serious negative consequences such as distortion of competition and reduced efficiency, potentially causing delays and waste of resources in the procurement process. This will affect both the contracting authority, the tenderer that has won on an abnormally low bid, the other unsuccessful tenderers, and the ultimately consumers. The fact that public procurement law does not prohibit authorities from accepting abnormally low tenders is therefore potentially very serious. The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the significance of the concept of abnormally low tender, to illuminate the issues surrounding and consequences of the legislative lack of attention to the risks associated with accepting abnormally low tenders, and finally to propose solutions to these issues.