Esta tese consiste da elaboração, validação, aplicação e avaliação de uma Sequência Didática (SD) para licenciandos de Ciências Biológicas, baseada em Ensino por Investigação (EI) e Pesquisa Baseada em Design (DBR, sigla do termo em inglês, Design Based Research), que utiliza episódios da História da Biologia do século XVIII, com os objetivos gerais de promover conhecimentos históricos específicos (conteúdo histórico), revisitar conceitos dos tipos de reprodução animal (conteúdo científico) sob a perspectiva de sua aplicação didática e promover concepções informadas sobre a Natureza da Ciência (NdC). Os episódios históricos foram orientados nas investigações de reprodução animal realizados pelos naturalistas genebreses Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) e Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) que culminaram no reconhecimento de modos de reprodução assexual, alguns deles desconhecidos até então. Ao estudar espécimes de afídeos, popularmente conhecido como \"pulgões\", Bonnet identificou e descreveu a \"multiplicação sem acasalamento\" (partenogênese). Ao estudar os \"pólipos de água doce\" (hidra, do grupo dos cnidários), Trembley descreveu a reprodução por regeneração e brotamento. Com base nos métodos de pesquisa da História da Ciência, esses conteúdos históricos são apresentados em capítulos específicos a fim de oferecer o contexto mais amplo da pesquisa com seres vivos no século XVIII. O conteúdo histórico subsidiou a criação de materiais instrucionais que resultaram em produtos educacionais da presente tese. O primeiro deles são Narrativas Históricas, estruturadas segundo o Ensino por Investigação, em que o conteúdo é organizado a partir das próprias questões de pesquisa Trembley e Bonnet, utilizando linguagem coloquial e posicionando o leitor/aluno no contexto de pesquisa da época. O enredo é ainda entremeado de momentos para pensar (THINK), que provocam interrupções para a discussão de aspectos da natureza da ciência mais diretamente envolvidos. O segundo recurso instrucional desenvolvido se trata de protótipos de um Objeto Virtual de Aprendizagem sobre os estudos de Bonnet com reprodução em pulgões. O terceiro, um roteiro de condução de Replicação Física de Experimentos Históricos, com estudos de Abraham Trembley sobre os pólipos de água doce. Esses materiais instrucionais e as estratégias para sua aplicação junto a estudantes integram uma SD planejada, implementada e analisada segundo a Pesquisa Baseada em Design (DBR). A abordagem DBR se concretiza por aplicações sucessivas, chamadas \"iterações\", de versões da SD, chamadas \"protótipos\", de cujas análises são extraídos Princípios de Design que devem nortear não apenas o refinamento da SD ao longo das iterações em curso, como oferecer parâmetros, tanto teóricos quanto práticos, para a construção de novas SDs, em contextos semelhantes de ensino. A SD elaborada nesta pesquisa passou por duas validações e duas iterações. A primeira validação foi realizada por quatro professores da escola básica participantes do Laboratório de História da Biologia e Ensino do IB-USP, em 2015. A segunda validação foi realizada por especialistas da pesquisa de interface entre história e filosofia da ciência e ensino, da Universidade de Buenos Aires e Instituto, Buenos Aires, Argentina, em 2017. A primeira iteração da SD foi realizada com dez licenciandos matriculados na disciplina optativa livre Estratégias para o Ensino de Genética e Evolução no Ensino Médio, do curso de Ciências Biológicas do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo (IB-USP), no 2º semestre de 2015. A segunda, com 10 licenciandos da disciplina de Prática Pedagógica em Biologia I, do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências, habilitação em Ciências Biológicas, da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), campus de Diadema, no segundo semestre de 2016. Em ambos os casos, foi apresentado Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) aos participantes da pesquisa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados compreenderam observação do pesquisador, gravação de áudio das atividades, produções dos alunos, questionários e entrevistas. Para a análise, preponderantemente qualitativa, foi realizada triangulação dos dados coletados e comparação cm rubricas previamente validadas e estabelecidas, com o objetivo de determinar as variáveis relevantes na promoção da aprendizagem dos conteúdos metacientíficos e científicos abordados na SD e no delineamento de indicadores para proposição de Princípios de Design. Os resultados deste trabalho, coletados por meio de ciclos iterativos de protótipos de uma SD fundamentados pelo DBR, permitem concluir que a associação entre episódios da história da biologia, natureza da ciência e ensino por investigação é uma estratégia eficiente para a promoção de aspectos relacionados ao fazer científico em disciplinas da formação inicial docente. Para aumentar a robustez dos Princípios de Design construídos nesta tese, novos ciclos de iteração, com número crescente alunos e cenários, são recomendados / This dissertation comprises of the elaboration, validation, application and evaluation of a Teaching Learning Sequence (TLS) aimed at preservice teachers of Biological Sciences, structured on Inquiry learning (EI) and Design Based Research (DBR) and based on episodes from the History of Biology of the eighteenth century. The main objectives of this dissertation are to promote specific historical knowledge (historical content), to review concepts of animal reproduction (scientific content) from the perspective of its didactic application and to foster informed conceptions about Nature of Science (NOS). The historical episodes were based in the studies on animal reproduction carried out by the naturalists Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) and Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) who culminated in the understanding of modes of asexual reproduction, some of them unknown until then. When studying specimens of aphids, popularly known as \"aphids\", Bonnet was able to identify and to describe the phenomenon of \"multiplication without mating\" (parthenogenesis). Abraham Trembley, when collecting and isolating water insects, observed a kind of creature, later named \"freshwater polyps\" (hydra, from the group of cnidarians). Their studies on hydra culminated on \"discovery\" of reproduction by regeneration and budding. Besides, based on research methods of History of Science, the historical contents were developed and presented in specific chapters in order to offer the broader context of research on living beings in the eighteenth century. Also, the historical content might subside the creation of instructional resources - the educational products of this dissertation. The first one are Historical Narratives, textual resources structured according to Inquiry learning, whose content is organized using problems from the very studies of Trembley and Bonnet, using colloquial language and positioning the reader/student in the research context of the time. The plot is still interspersed with THINK questions, which are specific break moments in order to discuss explicitly aspects of NOS most directly involved. The second resource are prototypes of a Virtual Learning Object based on Bonnet studies about reproduction in aphids. The third one, is a script of Physical Replication of Historical Experiments, about Abraham Trembley\'s studies on freshwater polyps. These instructional resources and didactical strategies compose a TLS, implemented, validated and analyzed according to the Design-Based Research (DBR). The DBR approach is a methodological and theoretical framework implemented through successive applications, or \"iterations\" of TLS versions (prototypes), after cycles of data analysis are extracted Design Principles that should guide not only the refinement of TLS during the ongoing iterations, as helping to create parameters, both theoretical and practical, for the construction of new TLS, in similar teaching contexts. The TLS elaborated in this research underwent two validations and two iterations. The first on was carried out by four primary high school teachers\' members of the Laboratory of History of Biology and Teaching of Institute of Biosciences - USP in 2015. The second one was carried out by specialists on history and philosophy of science and teaching of the University Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2017. The first iteration of the TLS was applied and evaluated with ten undergraduates enrolled in the elective course, Strategies for Teaching Genetics and Evolution in High School, of the Biological Sciences course of the Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo (IB-USP), in 2015. The second one, applied on ten preservice teachers enrolled on the discipline of Pedagogical Practice in Biology I, with preservice teachers at Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, in 2016. In both cases, a Free and Informed Consent Form (TCLE) was administered and signed by the research participants. The instruments of data collection of the TLS prototypes included participative observation, audio recording of activities and strategies, student productions, questionnaires and interviews. Due the predominantly qualitative analysis, the collected data were triangulated and compared to validated and established rubrics, in order to determining the relevant variables in the promotion of the learning of the meta-scientific and scientific content addressed in the TLS and the delineation of indicators for proposition Principles of Design. The results of this work, collected through iterative cycles of TLS prototypes, allow to conclude that the association between episodes of the history of biology, nature of science and Inquiry learning is an efficient strategy for the promotion of NOS aspects related to make scientific in disciplines of initial teacher training. Nevertheless, in order to increase the robustness of the Design Principles proposed in this dissertation, new iteration cycles, if possible increasing the amount of participants and similar educational scenarios, are recommended

Esta tese consiste da elaboração, validação, aplicação e avaliação de uma Sequência Didática (SD) para licenciandos de Ciências Biológicas, baseada em Ensino por Investigação (EI) e Pesquisa Baseada em Design (DBR, sigla do termo em inglês, Design Based Research), que utiliza episódios da História da Biologia do século XVIII, com os objetivos gerais de promover conhecimentos históricos específicos (conteúdo histórico), revisitar conceitos dos tipos de reprodução animal (conteúdo científico) sob a perspectiva de sua aplicação didática e promover concepções informadas sobre a Natureza da Ciência (NdC). Os episódios históricos foram orientados nas investigações de reprodução animal realizados pelos naturalistas genebreses Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) e Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) que culminaram no reconhecimento de modos de reprodução assexual, alguns deles desconhecidos até então. Ao estudar espécimes de afídeos, popularmente conhecido como \"pulgões\", Bonnet identificou e descreveu a \"multiplicação sem acasalamento\" (partenogênese). Ao estudar os \"pólipos de água doce\" (hidra, do grupo dos cnidários), Trembley descreveu a reprodução por regeneração e brotamento. Com base nos métodos de pesquisa da História da Ciência, esses conteúdos históricos são apresentados em capítulos específicos a fim de oferecer o contexto mais amplo da pesquisa com seres vivos no século XVIII. O conteúdo histórico subsidiou a criação de materiais instrucionais que resultaram em produtos educacionais da presente tese. O primeiro deles são Narrativas Históricas, estruturadas segundo o Ensino por Investigação, em que o conteúdo é organizado a partir das próprias questões de pesquisa Trembley e Bonnet, utilizando linguagem coloquial e posicionando o leitor/aluno no contexto de pesquisa da época. O enredo é ainda entremeado de momentos para pensar (THINK), que provocam interrupções para a discussão de aspectos da natureza da ciência mais diretamente envolvidos. O segundo recurso instrucional desenvolvido se trata de protótipos de um Objeto Virtual de Aprendizagem sobre os estudos de Bonnet com reprodução em pulgões. O terceiro, um roteiro de condução de Replicação Física de Experimentos Históricos, com estudos de Abraham Trembley sobre os pólipos de água doce. Esses materiais instrucionais e as estratégias para sua aplicação junto a estudantes integram uma SD planejada, implementada e analisada segundo a Pesquisa Baseada em Design (DBR). A abordagem DBR se concretiza por aplicações sucessivas, chamadas \"iterações\", de versões da SD, chamadas \"protótipos\", de cujas análises são extraídos Princípios de Design que devem nortear não apenas o refinamento da SD ao longo das iterações em curso, como oferecer parâmetros, tanto teóricos quanto práticos, para a construção de novas SDs, em contextos semelhantes de ensino. A SD elaborada nesta pesquisa passou por duas validações e duas iterações. A primeira validação foi realizada por quatro professores da escola básica participantes do Laboratório de História da Biologia e Ensino do IB-USP, em 2015. A segunda validação foi realizada por especialistas da pesquisa de interface entre história e filosofia da ciência e ensino, da Universidade de Buenos Aires e Instituto, Buenos Aires, Argentina, em 2017. A primeira iteração da SD foi realizada com dez licenciandos matriculados na disciplina optativa livre Estratégias para o Ensino de Genética e Evolução no Ensino Médio, do curso de Ciências Biológicas do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo (IB-USP), no 2º semestre de 2015. A segunda, com 10 licenciandos da disciplina de Prática Pedagógica em Biologia I, do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências, habilitação em Ciências Biológicas, da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), campus de Diadema, no segundo semestre de 2016. Em ambos os casos, foi apresentado Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) aos participantes da pesquisa. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados compreenderam observação do pesquisador, gravação de áudio das atividades, produções dos alunos, questionários e entrevistas. Para a análise, preponderantemente qualitativa, foi realizada triangulação dos dados coletados e comparação cm rubricas previamente validadas e estabelecidas, com o objetivo de determinar as variáveis relevantes na promoção da aprendizagem dos conteúdos metacientíficos e científicos abordados na SD e no delineamento de indicadores para proposição de Princípios de Design. Os resultados deste trabalho, coletados por meio de ciclos iterativos de protótipos de uma SD fundamentados pelo DBR, permitem concluir que a associação entre episódios da história da biologia, natureza da ciência e ensino por investigação é uma estratégia eficiente para a promoção de aspectos relacionados ao fazer científico em disciplinas da formação inicial docente. Para aumentar a robustez dos Princípios de Design construídos nesta tese, novos ciclos de iteração, com número crescente alunos e cenários, são recomendados / This dissertation comprises of the elaboration, validation, application and evaluation of a Teaching Learning Sequence (TLS) aimed at preservice teachers of Biological Sciences, structured on Inquiry learning (EI) and Design Based Research (DBR) and based on episodes from the History of Biology of the eighteenth century. The main objectives of this dissertation are to promote specific historical knowledge (historical content), to review concepts of animal reproduction (scientific content) from the perspective of its didactic application and to foster informed conceptions about Nature of Science (NOS). The historical episodes were based in the studies on animal reproduction carried out by the naturalists Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) and Abraham Trembley (1710-1784) who culminated in the understanding of modes of asexual reproduction, some of them unknown until then. When studying specimens of aphids, popularly known as \"aphids\", Bonnet was able to identify and to describe the phenomenon of \"multiplication without mating\" (parthenogenesis). Abraham Trembley, when collecting and isolating water insects, observed a kind of creature, later named \"freshwater polyps\" (hydra, from the group of cnidarians). Their studies on hydra culminated on \"discovery\" of reproduction by regeneration and budding. Besides, based on research methods of History of Science, the historical contents were developed and presented in specific chapters in order to offer the broader context of research on living beings in the eighteenth century. Also, the historical content might subside the creation of instructional resources - the educational products of this dissertation. The first one are Historical Narratives, textual resources structured according to Inquiry learning, whose content is organized using problems from the very studies of Trembley and Bonnet, using colloquial language and positioning the reader/student in the research context of the time. The plot is still interspersed with THINK questions, which are specific break moments in order to discuss explicitly aspects of NOS most directly involved. The second resource are prototypes of a Virtual Learning Object based on Bonnet studies about reproduction in aphids. The third one, is a script of Physical Replication of Historical Experiments, about Abraham Trembley\'s studies on freshwater polyps. These instructional resources and didactical strategies compose a TLS, implemented, validated and analyzed according to the Design-Based Research (DBR). The DBR approach is a methodological and theoretical framework implemented through successive applications, or \"iterations\" of TLS versions (prototypes), after cycles of data analysis are extracted Design Principles that should guide not only the refinement of TLS during the ongoing iterations, as helping to create parameters, both theoretical and practical, for the construction of new TLS, in similar teaching contexts. The TLS elaborated in this research underwent two validations and two iterations. The first on was carried out by four primary high school teachers\' members of the Laboratory of History of Biology and Teaching of Institute of Biosciences - USP in 2015. The second one was carried out by specialists on history and philosophy of science and teaching of the University Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 2017. The first iteration of the TLS was applied and evaluated with ten undergraduates enrolled in the elective course, Strategies for Teaching Genetics and Evolution in High School, of the Biological Sciences course of the Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo (IB-USP), in 2015. The second one, applied on ten preservice teachers enrolled on the discipline of Pedagogical Practice in Biology I, with preservice teachers at Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, in 2016. In both cases, a Free and Informed Consent Form (TCLE) was administered and signed by the research participants. The instruments of data collection of the TLS prototypes included participative observation, audio recording of activities and strategies, student productions, questionnaires and interviews. Due the predominantly qualitative analysis, the collected data were triangulated and compared to validated and established rubrics, in order to determining the relevant variables in the promotion of the learning of the meta-scientific and scientific content addressed in the TLS and the delineation of indicators for proposition Principles of Design. The results of this work, collected through iterative cycles of TLS prototypes, allow to conclude that the association between episodes of the history of biology, nature of science and Inquiry learning is an efficient strategy for the promotion of NOS aspects related to make scientific in disciplines of initial teacher training. Nevertheless, in order to increase the robustness of the Design Principles proposed in this dissertation, new iteration cycles, if possible increasing the amount of participants and similar educational scenarios, are recommended

The American Romantic writers laid a broad foundation for the historic and heroic Abraham Lincoln who has evolved as our national myth. The writers were attracted to Lincoln by his eloquent expression of the body of ideals and beliefs they shared with him, especially the ideal of individual liberty and the belief that achievement of the ideal would bring about an amelioration of the human condition. The time, place and conditions in which they lived enhanced the attraction, and Lincoln's able leadership during the Civil War strengthened their estimation of him. His martyrdom was the catalyst which enabled the Romantic writers to lay the foundation of the Lincoln myth which has made his name synonymous with individual freedom everywhere even today.

This thesis locates Abraham H. de Vries's Nag van ale Clown witbin the self-conscious South African socio-literary climate of the eighties and analyses postmodernist narrative strategies in five stories. Surveying the debate on postmodernism, this study describes postmodernism as a nomadic, inherently contradictory and mutually informing palimpsest of texts and views the De Vries text as a problematized inscribing of subjectivity into history. / Hierdie proefskrif situeer Nag van die Clown (1989) van Abraham H. de Vries binne die selfbewuste sosioliterere klimaat van die Suid-Afrika van die dekade tagtig en ontleed postmodernistiese vertelstrategiee in vyf verhale uit die bundel. Die studie bied 'n oorsig oor die debat rondom die postmodernisme as nomadiese, weersprekende en wedersyds voedende palimpses tekste en beskou die De Vries-teks as 'n problematiserende inskryf van subjektiwiteit in die geskiedenis.

and Prague's role within it. It also looks at the cultural relationship between Chapman's journey to Czechoslovakia. The second chapter focuses on the clash bet Chapman and the Czechoslovak intermediaries of US culture such as Josef Škvorecký, Lubomír Dorůžka, and Jan Zábrana and the competing versions of African American poetry, especially in Abraham Chapman's anthology of Black diaspora poetry Černošská : světová antologie

Facsimile No. 3 of the Book of Abraham contains parallels to other Egyptian throne scenes found elsewhere, which fact has led many to pass Facsimile No. 3 off as commonplace. However, the lack of a broad comparative study examining these types of scenes in their varying contexts has rendered most conclusions regarding Facsimile No. 3 superficial at best. Hugh Nibley was perhaps the first to notice this problem, arguing that "The great abundance of pictures of the Facsimile No. 3 variety calls for the widest possible comparative study. In a case like this the student's first obligation is to compare, as widely and as carefully as possible." This thesis takes a critical step in solving this problem by looking at both the textual and iconographic elements found in Facsimile No.3 and comparing them with the larger corpus of Egyptian texts, temples, tombs, and stelae. Significantly, this study compares Facsimile No. 3 with the throne scenes from every other publicly known copy of the Book of Breathings, the ancient Egyptian document on which Facsimile No. 3 was found.In this thesis, I argue that Facsimile No. 3 is not as commonplace as some scholars have argued in the past. I begin this thesis with an introduction which presents some of the main issues surrounding Facsimile No. 3, including some of the likely reasons as to why it has remained the least studied of the three Facsimiles of the Book of Abraham. The first chapter contains a literature review of the published writings and theories that deal with Facsimile No. 3. Chapter Two gives a closer look at the hieroglyphs of Facsimile No. 3 and discusses some of the challenges relating to the translations that have been offered for them. The iconography of Facsimile No. 3 is discussed in the third chapter, where it is compared with the larger corpus of Book of Breathings vignettes. This discussion is especially important, as it is the first study to date which compares Facsimile No. 3 with the vignettes from all other extant copies of the Book of Breathings. In Chapter Four, this comparative study broadens, and parallels to Facsimile No. 3 are looked for in Ptolemaic copies of the Book of the Dead, Temples, Tombs, and funerary stelae.

[pt] O presente trabalho teve como objetivo introduzir o pensamento de Nicolas Abraham e Maria Torok a partir de três eixos principais de sua conceitualização: o símbolo, a cripta e o fantasma. Através da abordagem desses conceitos, pretendeu-se investigar a compreensão dos autores sobre as ressonâncias do trauma na vida do sujeito e através das sucessivas gerações. / [en] The present study aimed to introduce the work of Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok through three main ideas of their conceptualization: the symbol, the crypt and the phantom. By presenting these concepts, this paper tried to investigate the way those authors understood the effects of traumatic experiences on the individual s life and through generations.

Master of Arts / Department of History / Charles W. Sanders, Jr. / This thesis examines the reasons Union soldiers voted overwhelmingly for Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election of 1864. This thesis bridges the gap between the emerging disagreements within the historiography of the soldier vote in 1864. The disagreements thus far deal with the role of emancipation in the Union soldier’s decision-making process versus the role of other issues, particularly whether or not the war effort should have been continued on to ultimate victory. By extension, the argument also deals with whether or not Union soldiers adhered to the Republican Party’s ideology in making their decision. Through analysis of primary sources including Union soldiers’ letters and diaries, the answer that emerges is that Union soldiers adhered to Republican ideology as outlined by Republican campaign materials as well as their party platform in making their decision for president. This thesis ultimately concludes that a focus on any one reason or another that soldiers chose Lincoln misses the larger picture.

No description available.

In this experiment, more than one hundred volatile organic compounds were analyzed with the gas chromatograph. Six capillary columns ZB wax plus, ZB 35, TR1MS, TR5, TG5MS and TG1301MS with different polarities have been used for separation of compounds and illicit drugs. The Abraham solvation model has five solute descriptors. The solute descriptors are E, S, A, B, L (or V). Based on the six stationary phases, six equations were constructed as a training set for each of the six columns. The six equations served to calculate the solute descriptors for a set of illicit drugs. Drugs studied are nicotine (S= 0.870, A= 0.000, B= 1.073), oxycodone(S= 2.564. A= 0.286, B= 1.706), methamphetamine (S= 0.297, A= 1.570, B= 1.009), heroin (S=2.224, A= 0.000, B= 2.136) and ketamine (S= 1.005, A= 0.000, B= 1.126). The solute property of Abraham solvation model is represented as a logarithm of retention time, thus the logarithm of experimental and calculated retention times is compared.