This diploma thesis deals with concrete abrasion resistance against abrasion. The constructions of transport and water management structures are most stressed by the action of abrasion by means of travel of vehicles and flowing water. Abrasion reduces the durability of the structures. The prerequisites for achieving the best possible abrasion resistance are examined. Furthermore, test methods that are currently used worldwide. The experimental part deals with the influence of individual types of aggregates amphibolite (Želešice), fecal gravel sand (Žabčice) and basalt (Bílčice) on abrasion resistance. Furthermore, the dependence between the strength of the concrete and the hardness of the surface for abrasion resistance. Abrasion resistance testing was determined by concrete abrasion, abrasion resistance by the Böhm method and by water jet.

Varicose veins is a condition, which affects numerous people. The condition is mostly not harmful but aesthetically unappreciated. Therefore many people choose to have them surgically removed. After the surgery is completed, the leg is bandaged, this for creating an ideal healing environment, without any complications occurring. It is important that a uniform pressure is distributed evenly along the bandaged leg, because high or low pressure can cause complications which prolongs healing. During the bandaging it is difficult to achieve an even pressure since the pressure varies due to the shape of the leg and who is bandaging the leg. PressCise has developed a compression bandage with a guide along the bandage, so that each bandaging will give the same pressure upon the leg. The bandage is designed after a specific mathematical formula that is derived from the law of Laplace. This means that no matter how thick or thin the leg is at different points, the pressure will distribute itself evenly over the entire bandaged leg. PressCise aims to obtain a CE-mark for the product before a launch. An analysis of demands and a wide test study therefor needs to be carried out. Demands and requirements for the product from different laws and regulations have been observed in order to determine which tests are necessary to execute. At this stage PressCise also needs to evaluate different parameters. To begin with, they need to see how the bandage behaves in different types of treatments, and secondly they need to evaluate the properties in order to give the correct information concerning usage and durability advices. In this report, a survey of the competitors was conducted in order to estimate which standards and tests the competitors are marketing their products with. An examination of the requirements of the product from the PressCise, CE marking and laws will be study, to see which demands and regulations lies upon the bandage. In this report a minor test study will be executed, where the product will go through a washing test, an abrasion test and a hysteresis test. The report will conclude with a requirement specification for the current product and its launching. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Estudo experimental sobre a alterabilidade de basaltos das fundações da Usina Hidrelétrica de Três Irmãos constou da execução de ensaios de alteração, por ciclos de saturação e secagem, e de abrasão \"Los Angeles\" efetuados após ensaios de alteração. O ensaio de abrasão \"Los Angeles\" foi adotado como parâmetro mecânico auxiliar na quantificação da desagregação. Análises granulométricas também foram utilizadas com o mesmo objetivo. Foram executados, ainda, ensaios físico-mecânicos e análises petrográficas para a caracterização tecnológica das amostras. A distribuição dos valores de perda de massa por alteração e por abrasão, em função do tempo (ciclos), e as distribuições granulométricas apresentadas após esses ensaios, permitiram avaliar com clareza a desagregabilidade das amostras. Aos resultados das perdas de massa por alteração e por abrasão foram aplicados critérios de cálculo sugeridos por diferentes autores, para fixar índices de alterabilidade de rochas. Os índices adotados permitiram estabelecer a seqüência de alterabilidade dos basaltos estudados. A partir dos resultados obtidos no estudo, foi possível, ainda, estabelecer uma proposta de procedimento para avaliar a alterabilidade de rochas, com contribuição para normalização de ensaios de alteração. / An experimental study on the alterability of basalts from Três Irmãos Hydroelectric Dam foundation was performed by means of alteration test, and \"Los Angeles\" abrasion tests carried out after the samples have been submitted to alteration test. L.A. test was adopted as a mechanical parameter in order to quantify the disaggregation. Grain size analyses were also used as a complementary quantification form. Additionally, some physico-mechanical standard tests and petrographical analyses were done for the technological characterization of the various samples. The distribution of values of mass loss due to alteration and abrasion, with the time (cicles), and the grain size distribution presented, after those tests, allowed the evaluation of disaggregation of the studied samples. Several criteria of calculations, as suggested by different authors, were used to define alterability indexes. The indexes adopted allowed to evaluate properly the alterability of the studied basaltic rocks. The results here obtained provided conditions to stablish a proposition of a standard procedure to evaluate rock alterability through experimental tests.

Estudo experimental sobre a alterabilidade de basaltos das fundações da Usina Hidrelétrica de Três Irmãos constou da execução de ensaios de alteração, por ciclos de saturação e secagem, e de abrasão \"Los Angeles\" efetuados após ensaios de alteração. O ensaio de abrasão \"Los Angeles\" foi adotado como parâmetro mecânico auxiliar na quantificação da desagregação. Análises granulométricas também foram utilizadas com o mesmo objetivo. Foram executados, ainda, ensaios físico-mecânicos e análises petrográficas para a caracterização tecnológica das amostras. A distribuição dos valores de perda de massa por alteração e por abrasão, em função do tempo (ciclos), e as distribuições granulométricas apresentadas após esses ensaios, permitiram avaliar com clareza a desagregabilidade das amostras. Aos resultados das perdas de massa por alteração e por abrasão foram aplicados critérios de cálculo sugeridos por diferentes autores, para fixar índices de alterabilidade de rochas. Os índices adotados permitiram estabelecer a seqüência de alterabilidade dos basaltos estudados. A partir dos resultados obtidos no estudo, foi possível, ainda, estabelecer uma proposta de procedimento para avaliar a alterabilidade de rochas, com contribuição para normalização de ensaios de alteração. / An experimental study on the alterability of basalts from Três Irmãos Hydroelectric Dam foundation was performed by means of alteration test, and \"Los Angeles\" abrasion tests carried out after the samples have been submitted to alteration test. L.A. test was adopted as a mechanical parameter in order to quantify the disaggregation. Grain size analyses were also used as a complementary quantification form. Additionally, some physico-mechanical standard tests and petrographical analyses were done for the technological characterization of the various samples. The distribution of values of mass loss due to alteration and abrasion, with the time (cicles), and the grain size distribution presented, after those tests, allowed the evaluation of disaggregation of the studied samples. Several criteria of calculations, as suggested by different authors, were used to define alterability indexes. The indexes adopted allowed to evaluate properly the alterability of the studied basaltic rocks. The results here obtained provided conditions to stablish a proposition of a standard procedure to evaluate rock alterability through experimental tests.

Ull är en populär fiber och förekommer ofta i mattproduktion. Med hjälp av livscykelanalyser visar ullen vara en av de fibrerna som ligger i toppen av de material som har högst koldioxidutsläpp. Dock finns det en problematik vid beräkning av miljöpåverkan inom ullproduktionen som kan bidra till ett orättvist resultat. Trots det kvarstår faktumet att det finns förbättringar inom ullproduktionen samt att det är viktigt att ta vara på den ullen som annars skulle gått till förbränning. I samarbete med mattföretaget Rugvista undersöker denna studie hur implementering av 60% återvunna fibrer i mattgarn påverkar kvalitén med en målsätting att få in ull i ett cirkulärt flöde. Genom att undersöka detta spanns ett garn med 60% återvunnen ull och 40% konventionell ull på en E-spinner. Syftet var att garnet skulle nå upp de krav som Rugvista ställer på deras garn. Båda garnerna handvävdes därefter i en tvåskaftsbindning med ett inslagsripsutseende och i samma struktur för de skulle kunna bli jämförda med varandra under samma förutsättningar. Garnerna gick därefter igenom ett dragprovstest och de vävda proverna utsattes för ett modifierad martindaletest. Utifrån dragprovstestet påvisade de tillverkade garnet att de krävdes högre kraft för att nå brottspunkten, då majoriteten av protoypgarnerna klarade en kraft på 3500 cN, vilket var max kraften för Rugvistas garn. Dock gick det att se en större variation på brottpunkten till skillnad från Rugvistas garn som var mer enhetligt i deras resultat. I det modifierade martindaletestet gjordes en visuell bedömning på det vävda proverna efter dem hade blivit utsatta för 15 000 varv. Där påvisades referensmaterialet ett bättre resultat då den bevarade sitt utgångs utseende medan prototypen fick noppbildning redan efter 3000 varv samt släppte ifrån sig betydligt mer fibrer. Slutsatsen av studien blev att utifrån testningen visade prototypen att den inte möter den kvalitén som Rugvista ställer på sina mattor. Utmaningen är den korta fiberlängden hos de återvunna ullfibrerna som lätt lossnar från garnet. Studien visar även att de möjligt att tillverka ett tillräckligt starkt garn för att väva mattor i men att det krävs ytterligare forskning för att produktanpassa det till garnets förutsättningar. / Wool is an admired fiber and is frequently utilized in carpet production. According to life cycle analyses (LCA), wool shows to be one of the fibers that ranks highest in carbon dioxide emissions. However, there are challenges when calculating the environmental impact of wool production that contributes to an unfair result. This does not negate the reality that there are some areas within the wool life cycle that needs enhancement, especially when it comes to the utilization of wool that would otherwise have gone to incineration. This study, conducted in collaboration with the carpet company Rugvista, examines how 60% recycled wool fibers in carpet yarn affects the quality with the aim of getting wool into a circular economy. By investigating this, a yarn with 60% recycled wool and 40% conventional wool was spun on an E-spinner. The objective was to produce a yarn that meets Rugvista's quality standards. Both yarns were later handwoven in a weft-faced plainweave structure to allow for a fair comparison. The yarns underwent a tensile strength test, and the woven samples were subjected to a modified Martindale abrasion test. The results from the tensile test, showed that the manufactured yarns required a higher force to reach the breaking point, as the majority of the prototype yarns could withstand a force of 3500 cN, which was the maximum force for Rugvista's yarns. However, the breaking points of the manufactured yarns had a greater variation, unlike Rugvista's yarn, which demonstrated a more consistent result. In the modified Martindale test, visual assessments of the woven samples were conducted after 15 000 cycles. The reference material, Rugvista’s material, retained its original appearance, while the prototype developed a pilling surface after only 3000 cycles and released a remarkable amount of more fibers. The study concluded that the prototype did not meet Rugvista's quality standards for carpets. The primary challenge is the short fiber length of the recycled wool, which tends to detach from the yarn. While the study demonstrates the possibility of producing sufficiently strong yarn for carpet weaving, further research is necessary to optimize the product according to the yarn's characteristics.