Hydrodynamic analysis and electron microscopy of GLUT1/lipid/detergent micelles and freeze fracture electron microscopy of GLUT1 proteoliposomes support the hypothesis that the glucose transporter is a multimeric (probably tetrameric) complex of GLUT1 proteins. Some detergents (e.g. octylglucoside) maintain the multimeric complex while other detergents (e.g. CHAPS and dodecylmaltoside) promote the dissociation of GLUT1 oligomers into smaller aggregation states (dimers or monomers). GLUT1 does not appear to exchange rapidly between protein/lipid/detergent micelles but is able to self-associate in the plane of the lipid bilayer. Quantitatively deglycosylated GLUT1 displays aberrant electrophoretic mobility, but each protein band contains full-length GLUT1 and the less mobile species, when treated with additional detergent and reductant, converts to the more mobile species. Preliminary structural analysis suggests that denaturing detergent- and thiol chemistry-related changes of α-helical content may mirror mobility shifts. Limited proteolysis of membrane-resident GLUT1 (± ligands) releases membrane-spanning α-helical domains suggesting that (i) some bilayer-resident helices are highly solvent exposed; (ii) membrane-spanning domains 1, 2, & 4 and 7, 8, & 10 are destabilized upon ligand binding; and (iii) helix packing compares well with high-resolution structures of prokaryotic transporters from the same superfamily. Results are consistent with a central, hydrophilic, translocation pathway comprised of amphipathic, membrane-spanning domains that alter associations upon ligand/substrate binding. We have resolved technical difficulties (heterogeneity, lipid/detergent removal, glycosylation, small molecule contamination) associated with GLUT1 analysis by mass spectrometry; and we map global conformational changes between sugar uptake and sugar efflux.

RNA virus persistence in lymphocytes has been studied extensively in vitro, but the influence of lymphocyte homeostatic mechanisms and antiviral immunity on persistence has not been well studied in an in vivo system. It is demonstrated here that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a negative-strand RNA virus, is maintained in B lymphocytes in vivo despite the existence of homeostatic mechanisms that drive the cells to proliferate under conditions of B cell deficiency and a strong antibody response to the virus. It is also shown that antiviral antibodies inhibit VSV reactivation from persistently infected primary B cells in vitro. A model is proposed for virus persistence in vivo in which B cell homeostatic signals drive virus expression in some infected cells, resulting in an antibody response, which maintains virus persistence in B cells. In the course of conducting experiments to define the homeostatic signals that might act on persistently infected B cells in vivo, it was found that a fraction of small, resting splenic B cells proliferates after adoptive transfer into B cell deficient hosts (sublethally irradiated, xid, or SCID). This process, termed homeostatic proliferation, is driven by B cell deficiency since proliferation is limited in B cell sufficient hosts. This reveals the existence of a mechanism by which B cells sense their own numbers. The proliferation is unique in that the replicating cells do not upregulate cell surface markers, such as CD25 and B7-2, associated with antigen or mitogen induced proliferation. They do, however, show transient increases in other activation markers (CD69, CD71), demonstrating the action of an inductive signal. Homeostatic proliferation is a property of both mature and immature B cells, but in competition experiments, only mature B cells inhibit proliferation. xid B cells express a defective form of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk); as a result, these cells proliferate poorly in response to stimulation through a number of cell surface receptors including the BCR, IL-5R, IL-10R, the toll-like receptor RP-105, and CD38. Homeostatic proliferation is severely reduced in xid B cells; thus, this process is regulated by a Btk-dependent inductive signal, which is counterbalanced by an inhibitory signal provided by mature B cells. B cell homeostatic proliferation does not rely on transcription factors (c-rel and p50) critical for conventional proliferation induced by antigen or mitogen (c-rel), or for peripheral B cell survival (p50), suggesting that multiple signals drive this process and that survival and proliferation signals are not identical. VSV persists in small, resting primary B cells for several weeks in vitro, and virus replication is restricted at multiple levels depending on the activation state of the cells. After adoptive transfer of infected B cells into B cell deficient (xid) recipients, viral RNA, but not infectious particles, can be detected by RT-PCR in recipient spleens for at least 72 days. RT-PCR analysis of FACS sorted donor cells stained with CFSE reveals that viral RNA is maintained in transferred B cells but can also found in recipient cells. Infected B cells can undergo homeostatic proliferation and an antibody response is generated to the virus, suggesting that homeostatic signals induce virus expression in some transferred cells. Virus persistence is maintained despite an active immune response to the virus. In fact, persistence may be maintained by antiviral antibody since in vitro treatment of infected primary B cells with anti-VSV antibody inhibits virus reactivation at multiple levels (transcription, protein synthesis, assembly/release of infectious particles). This inhibition is reversible upon antibody removal, demonstrating that functional virus is maintained in antibody treated cells. Antibody specific for a single viral protein (VSV G) is sufficient since inhibition is mediated by monoclonal antibodies specific for a VSV G; neutralizing activity is not required because inhibition occurs with non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to VSV G. It is proposed that antibody binding to VSV G on infected B cells generates inhibitory signal(s) that suppress signaling pathways required for virus replication in B cells. Finally, a model of RNA virus persistence in B cells is proposed in which lymphocyte homeostatic signals promote virus expression, leading to the production of antiviral antibodies, which suppress virus replication inside infected B cells and help to maintain persistence.

The mechanisms whereby the pituitary gland maintains arterial pressure were investigated in rats. The arterial pressure in hypophysectomized rats was 30 mmHg below normal. Saralasin or captopril caused a further fall of 25 and 30 mmHg, respectively, suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in blood pressure maintenance in hypophysectomized rats. Growth hormone administration to hypophysectomized rats increased the arterial pressure, but pretreatment with captopril prevented the effect. Plasma renin activity and basal renin secretion (in vitro) was normal in hypophysectomized rats despite a twofold greater renal renin content. Secretory responsiveness to isoproterenol and calcium omission was lower in hypophysectomized rats. It is concluded that the renin-angiotensin system plays a role in maintaining arterial blood pressure in hypophysectomized rats although the responsiveness of the system may be decreased.

The focus of experiments presented in this dissertation is to determine how signals created by exposure to environmental stimuli are integrated at the level of transcription, resulting in the generation of specific patterns of gene expression. The model system used was expression of the neurotensinl neuromedin N (NT/N) neuropeptide gene in the neuroendocrine PC12 cell line. This gene is synergistically activated in PC12 cells in response to nerve growth factor, lithium, glucocorticoids, and activators of adenylate cyclase. Several cis-regulatory elements were identified within a 200 bp regulatory region, including AP-1, CRE, and GRE-like elements. Mutational analysis confirmed the importance of these elements for responses to inducer combinations. The primary objective was to identify proteins that interact with NT/N promoter sequences and determine if they are important in mediating responses to inducer combinations. The first set of experiments was designed to investigate changes in AP-1 binding activity. Previous analysis had shown that mutation of the AP-1 site severely curtails responses to all inducer combinations indicating that AP-1 plays a pivotal role in NT/N gene activation. DNA binding studies using in vitro synthesized AP-1 proteins revealed that all heterodimeric combinations could bind both the AP-1 and JARE sites; however, these complexes displayed a higher affinity for the AP-1 site. c-Jun homodimers were also found to bind both these sites albeit with a lower affinity and with a preference for the JARE site. These studies revealed that specificity is probably not at the level of DNA binding. Therefore, it was possible that only a subset of AP-1 proteins were activated upon stimulation. DNase I footprint analysis using nuclear extracts from PC12 cells showed changes in protection at the consensus AP-1 site upon treatment with inducers suggesting changes in AP-1 binding activity. It was found that AP-1 binding activity was increased upon stimulation, with the major component being Jun B. However, substantial levels of c-Fos and c-Jun were also detected at some time points. These results coupled with transfection data demonstrating that forced expression of c-Jun and c-Fos result in potent synergistic activation of the NT/N promoter support the hypothesis that c-Jun and c-Fos are also involved in NT/N gene activation. DNase I footprinting studies using PC12 nuclear extracts also revealed substantial areas of protection surrounding the CRE element. This result, along with the high degree of conservation of these sequences between human and rat, suggested they play a role in the regulation of the NT/N gene in PC12 cells. Mutational analysis of this region showed that sequences upstream of the CRE were important for full activation of the NT/N promoter. Specific mutation of the CRE resulted in a 75% decrease in activity upon induction, a level similar to that observed previously with less precise linker scanner mutations. This site had also been shown to be critical for c-Jun mediated NT/N activation, even though c-Jun homodimers do not bind this site in vitro. Therefore, nuclear extracts from PC12 cells were tested for the presence of proteins which could bind this site. Complexes composed of both c-Jun and ATF-2 were found in extracts from both uninduced and induced PC12 cells. ATF-2 could mediate both the recruitment of c-Jun to this site as well as mediate the effect of activators of adenylate cyclase, since ATF-2 has been shown to be a target for protein kinase A in vitro. Expression of ATF-2 in PC12 cells resulted in a modest increase in NT/N promoter activation. The significant levels of endogenous ATF-2 protein in PC12 cells most likely accounts for the relatively small magnitude of this effect. Experiments with the closely related protein, ATF-a2, revealed that it potently antagonizes c-Jun activation while forced expression of ATF-2 did not affect c-Jun activation under the conditions analyzed. Therefore, ATF proteins could be involved in both activation and repression of the NT/N gene. Both c-Jun and ATF-2 have been shown to be activated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in response to environmental stress or cytokine activation. Therefore, the ability of inducers to activate the previously described N-terminal ATF-2 activation domain was investigated using a GAL4-ATF-2 (1-109) chimer construct. This construct was not significantly activated by inducer combinations that result in high level NT/N gene expression, indicating that activation of ATF-2 through this pathway is not involved in NT/N gene activation. Also activation of JNK, a MAPK which activates both c-Jun and ATF-2, only partially substituted for NGF indicating that NGF activates an additional pathway. The data presented here support a model involving synergistic transcriptional activation of the NT/N promoter by c-Jun/c-Fos, ATF-2, ATF-2/c-Jun and the GR. ATF-2 was found to enhance NT/N promoter activation while a splice variant (ATF-2 195) lacking a central portion of ATF-2 that is rich in Ser/Thr residues had no effect suggesting that this region could be important for ATF-2 activation in PC12 cells. The identification of the signaling pathways that mediate the effects of inducer combinations on NT/N gene activation will be an important future goal and should provide insights into the control of neuronal gene expression.

Cerebral ischemia is defined as a decrease in blood flow to the brain. It is most often caused by obstruction of a cerebral blood vessel, and is recognized by the World Health Organization as the leading cause of serious adult disability and one of the top three causes of adult death worldwide. Most survivors demonstrate partial restitution of function over time, but the underlying recovery mechanism(s) remain unclear especially in a subset of patients with persistent neurological morbidities despite normal-appearing brain on neuroimaging. The optimal way to understand any human disease state is via clinical studies. Unfortunately, well-controlled experiments in humans are difficult due to small patient populations, the presence of numerous confounding variables, and ethical issues associated with invasive or discomforting experimental procedures. Anesthetized animal models of cerebral ischemia afford a means of avoiding the above difficulties. However, anesthesia and physiological perturbations that occasionally follow brain ischemia may affect the reliability of certain tools used to study this disease, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Therefore, the central goals of this thesis were: 1) to evaluate the feasibility of performing fMRI in anesthetized and awake animals, 2) to assess fMRI responses under various perturbations of cerebral perfusion and tissue oxygenation in order to identify key factors that may modulate functional signal changes following ischemia, and 3) to utilize fMRI, behavioral tests and histology in an anesthetized animal model of transient focal cerebral ischemia to explore postischemic changes in brain pathology/function and how they relate to changes in behavior. In the first study of this dissertation, I report the evaluation of fMRI responses in anesthetized and awake animals. Anesthesia is frequently used in animal models of cerebral ischemia, but is known to alter brain perfusion and metabolism which may, in turn, affect fMRI responsivity. Perfusion-based fMRI was used to evaluate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses to hypercapnia in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Hypercapnia produced significant CBF and BOLD fMRI signal changes throughout the cerebrum in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized groups. These results show that perfusion-based fMRI can successfully detect stimulus-evoked hemodynamic changes in the brains of both conscious and isoflurane-anesthetized animals. The second study of this dissertation: 1) investigates the effects of alterations in cerebral perfusion and oxygenation on fMRI signal changes, and 2) examines the self-consistency of an imaging-based formalism for the calculation of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). Functional MRI responses to a stimulus can be described in terms of relative or absolute signal change. A relative fMRI response is defined as a percent-change relative to its own respective baseline value. An absolute fMRI response is defined as a quantitative change relative to a single fixed baseline value that serves as a control. Thus, an absolute fMRI signal change is largely independent of the baseline state and may more accurately index brain activity when baseline fMRI signals change significantly over time due to, for example, hemodynamic-metabolic disturbances that occur during and/or after brain ischemia. To address these issues, the effects of inspired hypoxic, normoxic, hyperoxic, and hypercapnic gases on baseline and forepaw stimulation-evoked changes in BOLD and CBF fMRI signals were examined in isoflurane-anesthetized rats. Relative fMRI responses to forepaw stimulation varied-whereas. absolute responses were similar--across gas conditions. These results demonstrate that absolute measurements of fMRI signal change may lend a more accurate measure of brain activity during states of altered basal physiology as well as support the self-consistency of the imaging-based CMRO2 formalism under these conditions. The third and last study of this dissertation utilized multimodal MRI, behavioral tests, and histology at acute to chronic periods following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in the rat to examine the evolution of pathological, functional, and behavioral parameters following transient focal cerebral ischemia. MRI was used to track the evolution of brain pathology and function following cerebral ischemia, and it was found that the cerebral sensorimotor network, critical for sensory and motor behavioral functions, showed profoundly abnormal signal changes that required up to one day to normalize. Adhesive removal, forepaw placement and beam-walk behavioral tests demonstrated sensorimotor dysfunctions that gradually improved but remained long after the recovery of MRI parameters. Postmortem histology confirmed the presence of selective neural cell death within the sensorimotor network at time points when behavior was abnormal. These results suggest that subtle postischemic pathological changes in the brain undetectable by MRI may be responsible for persistent behavioral deficits-a finding which may be relevant to a clinical subset of patients with persistent neurological morbidities despite negative MRI results following cerebral ischemia.

Chromatin structure is intricately involved in the mechanisms of eukaryotic gene regulation. In general, the compact nature of chromatin blocks DNA accessibility such that components of the transcriptional machinery are unable to access regulatory sequences and gene activation is repressed. These repressive effects can be overcome or augmented by the actions of chromatin remodeling enzymes. Numerous studies highlight two classes of these enzymes: those that covalently modify nucleosomal histones and those that utilize energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to destabilize the histone-DNA contacts within the nucleosome (13, 14, 92). Members of each of these groups of chromatin remodeling enzymes play pivotal roles in modulating chromatin structure and in facilitating or blocking the binding of transcription factors. Mutations in genes encoding these enzymes can result in transcriptional deregulation and improper protein expression. Therefore, the regulation of chromatin structure is critical for precise regulation of almost all aspects of gene expression. Consequently, enzymes regulating chromatin structure are important modulators of cellular processes such as cell viability, growth, and differentiation. There remain many uncharacterized members of the ATP-dependent class of remodeling enzymes; characterization of these proteins will further elucidate the cellular functions these enzymes control. Here, we focus primarily on the ATP-dependent remodeling complexes, specifically the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) family. The CHD proteins are distinguished from other ATP-dependent complexes by the presence of two N-terminal chromodomains that function as interaction surfaces for a variety of chromatin components. These proteins also contain a SNF2-like ATPase motif and are further classified based on the presence or absence of additional domains. Genetic, biochemical, and structural studies demonstrate that CHD proteins are important regulators of transcription and play critical roles during developmental processes. Numerous CHD proteins have also been implicated in human disease. The first CHD family member, mChd1, was identified in 1993 in a search for DNA-binding proteins with an affinity for immunoglobin promoters. Since then, additional CHD genes have been identified based on sequence and structural homology to mChd1. Despite an increase in the number of studies relating to CHD proteins, the function of most remains unknown or poorly characterized. Using embryonic stem (ES) cells containing an insertional mutation in the murine Chd2 locus, we generated a Chd2-mutant mouse model to address the biological effects of Chd2 in development and disease. The targeted Chd2 allele resulted in a stable Chd2-βgeo fusion protein that contained the tandem chromodomains, the SNF2-like ATPase motif, but lacked the C-terminal portion of the DNA-binding domain. We demonstrated that the mutation in Chd2 resulted in a general growth delay in homozygous mutants late in embryogenesis as well as perinatal lethality. Similarly, heterozygous mice showed a decreased neonatal viability. Moreover, the surviving heterozygous mice showed a general growth delay during the neonatal period and increased susceptibility to non-neoplastic lesions affecting multiple organs, most notably the kidneys. We further examined the connection between Chd2 and kidney disease in this murine model. Our findings revealed that the kidney phenotype observed in Chd2 mutant mice led to the development of membranous glomerulopathy, proteinuria, and ultimately to impaired kidney function. Additionally, serum analysis revealed decreased hematocrit levels in the Chd2-mutant mice, suggesting that the membranous glomerulopathy observed in these mice is associated with anemia. Lastly, we investigated whether the type of anemia observed in the Chd2-mutant mice. Red blood cell (RBC) indices and morphological examination of the RBCs indicated that the anemia seen in the Chd2-mutant mice can be classified as normocytic and normochromic. Further analyses have been initiated to determine if the anemia is due to an intrinsic effect in erythropoiesis or a secondary consequence of the glomerular disease. In summary, our findings have contributed to our understanding of the putative chromatin remodeling enzyme Chd2. Although much remains to be studied, these findings demonstrate a role for Chd2 in mammalian development and have revealed a link between Chd2 and disease.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1), the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), attacks the immune system leaving patients susceptible to opportunistic infections that eventually cause death. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, HAART, is the current drug strategy used to combat HIV. It is a combination therapy that includes HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and HIV-1 Protease inhibitors. Drug resistant strains arise that evade current HAART treatments; therefore novel drugs are needed. HIV-1 regulatory proteins such as Tat, Rev, Nef, Vpr, Vpu, and Vif are attractive new drug targets. Of particular interest is the HIV-1 Vif protein and its cellular binding partner APOBEC3G. In the absence of HIV-1 Vif, APOBEC3G, a cytidine deaminase, is able to mutate the viral cDNA and render the virus noninfectious. HIV-1 Vif binds to APOBEC3G and targets it for proteosomal degradation through an interaction with a Cullin-RING ligase complex. Blocking the HIV-1 Vif APOBEC3G interaction would allow APOBEC3G to perform its antiviral function. An attractive strategy to target the HIV-1 Vif APOBEC3G interaction would be a structure-based one. To apply structure-based drug design approaches to HIV-1 Vif and APOBEC3G, I attempted to collect high resolution structural data on HIV-1 Vif and APOBEC3G. My attempts were unsuccessful because the milligram quantities of soluble protein required were not obtained. Therefore, in Chapter III I used chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry to probe the structural topology of HIV-1 Vif obtaining low resolution structural data. Chemical cross-linking formed HIV-1 Vif multimers including dimers, trimers, and tetramers. Analysis of the cross-linked monomer revealed that HIV-1 Vif’s N-terminal domain is a well-folded, compact, globular domain, where as the C-teriminal domain is predicted to be disordered. In addition, disorder prediction programs predicted the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 Vif to be disordered. Upon oligomerization the C-terminal domain undergoes a disorder-to-order transition that not only facilitates oligomerization but may facilitate other protein-protein interactions. In addition, HIV-1 Vif oligomerization bring Lys34 and Glu134 in close proximity to each other likely creating one molecular surface forming a “hot spot” of biological activity. In Chapter IV I confirmed my low resolution structural data via peptide competition experiments where I identified peptides that can be used as scaffolds for future drug design. HIV-1 Vif oligomerization is concentration dependent. The HIV-1 Vif peptides Vif(29-43) and Vif(125-139) were able to disrupt HIV-1 Vif oligomerization, which confirms the low resolution structural data. HIV-1 Vif peptides Vif(25-39) and Vif(29-43) reduced the amount of APOBEC3G immobilized on the Protein A beads, reduced the amount of HIV-1 Vif interacting with APOBEC3G, or degraded APOBEC3G itself. These peptides could be used as scaffolds to design novel drugs that disrupt the function of HIV-1 Vif and or APOBEC3G. Therefore, low resolution structural data and peptide competition experiments were successful in identifying structurally important domains in HIV-1 Vif. They also provided insight into a possible mechanism for HIV-1 Vif function where a disorder-to-order transition facilitates HIV-1 Vif’s ability to interact with a diverse set of macromolecules. These data advance our structural understanding of HIV-1 Vif and they will facilitate future highresolution studies and novel drug designs.

Introdução: A Saúde Coletiva articula múltiplas disciplinas, incluindo as Ciências Sociais, no intuito de proporcionar maior poder explicativo ao processo saúde-doença. Apesar da institucionalização da Enfermagem evidenciar profícua experiência na formação de doutores e de sua importante participação na produção do conhecimento, além da atuação no processo de produção dos serviços de saúde, ainda persistem lacunas no percurso reflexivo referente à apropriação da complexidade epistemológica do campo da Saúde Coletiva. Objetivos: Analisar a contribuição da produção acadêmica no âmbito do Doutorado em Enfermagem dos Programas de Pós-Graduação Senso Estrito em Enfermagem para a constituição do campo da Saúde Coletiva. Material e métodos: Trata-se de pesquisa documental, com base na hermenêutica dialética. A amostra foi composta por 87 teses de Doutorado de 15 programas de pós-graduação, no período 2011-2012. Após leitura compreensiva, o material empírico foi decomposto em temas que constituem o corpus dos objetos de estudo. A análise hermenêutica também compreendeu a identificação do marco teórico-referencial, sujeitos que constituíram as populações de estudo e locais de ocorrência. Resultados: Os oito temas encontrados foram: Práticas em saúde (26,4%), Avaliação das políticas e serviços de saúde (16,1%), Tecnologias em saúde (13,8%), Sentidos e representações vividos pelos usuários (12,6%), Informação em saúde (10,3%), Violência em saúde (8,1%), Saúde, ambiente e trabalho (8,1%), e Formação em saúde (4,6%). Os três primeiros temas concentraram 56,3% dos estudos. As práticas em saúde tiveram como foco o cotidiano do enfermeiro associado ou não à prática de outros profissionais de saúde. O tema Avaliação das políticas e serviços de saúde refere-se à produção de estudos sobre acesso das pessoas aos serviços de saúde em associação à operacionalização das redes de atenção e políticas de controle da tuberculose, DST/Aids, entre outras. O tema Tecnologias em saúde refere-se, substantivamente, ao desenvolvimento de manuais ou instrumentos para intervenção individual ou coletiva em espaços institucionais específicos, orientados a aprimorar principalmente as práticas à saúde da mulher e DST/Aids. Conclusões: Os temas encontrados contribuem majoritariamente na explicitação e na compreensão das ações de cuidado desenvolvidas no micro espaço das relações interpessoais do enfermeiro com os usuários e outros profissionais da saúde em prol do direito universal à saúde e em consonância ao projeto político do SUS. A predominância da Estratégia Saúde da Família como local de pesquisa confirma a iniciativa do governo federal em promover a reorganização das práticas na atenção primária em saúde. Ademais, a potência analítica dos estudos pode auxiliar a subárea acadêmica Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva na elaboração de pesquisas com novos objetos e inovações teórico-metodológicas em correspondência às necessidades e problemas de saúde da população brasileira. / Introduction: Collective Health articulates multiple subjects, including social Sciences to provide a more comprehensive understanding on the health-disease process. Although Nursing institutionalization presents a profitable experience in doctoral formation and an important participation in production of knowledge, beyond his performance in the process of health services production, gaps still persist in the reflexive course to the epistemological complexity appropriation in the field of Collective Health. Objectives: To analyze the contribution of the academic production from Doctorate in Nursing to the Collective Health field. Material and methods: It is a documental research, based on dialectical hermeneutics. The sample was composed of 87 Doctoral thesis of 15 graduate programs, from 2011 to 2012. After a comprehensive reading, the empirical data was decomposed in themes that constitute the corpus of the study objects. The hermeneutics analysis also comprised the identification of theoretical-reference, subjects that constituted the population of study and places where studies were developed. Results: We found eight themes: Health practices (26.4%), Evaluation of politics and services in health (16.1%), Technologies in health (13.8%), Senses and representations experienced by the users (12.6%), Information in health (10.3%), Violence in health (8.1%), Health, environment and work (8.1%), and Training in health (10.3%). The first three themes focused 56.3% of the studies. The health practices had as focus the nursings everyday associated or not to the practice of other health professionals. The Evaluation of politics and services in health theme refers to studies about the people access to health services in association to the network attention in health and tuberculosis, STD/Aids control policies, among others. The Technologies in health theme refers, substantively, to the development of manuals or tools to individual or collective intervention in specific institutional spaces, mainly oriented to improve the practices in womans health and STD/Aids. Conclusions: The themes mostly contribute to elucidate and to understand care actions in the micro space of interpersonal nursing relationships with patients and other health professionals, in order to benefit the universal right to health and in accordance to the SUS Unified Health System in Brazil. The predominance in Familys Health Strategies as a research place confirm the federal government initiative to promote the reorganization of practices in primary health care. Moreover, the analytic strength of the studies can help the academic subarea of Nursing in Collective Health on the formulation of researches with new objects and theorical-methodological innovations in correspondence to the health needs and of the Brazilian population.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-24T12:27:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ismael Rocha Júnior.pdf: 1973810 bytes, checksum: 7f500fa8e2b27a970c86290a5574ef1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T12:27:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ismael Rocha Júnior.pdf: 1973810 bytes, checksum: 7f500fa8e2b27a970c86290a5574ef1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-13 / This Thesis approaches the Academic Productivism considering teachers enrolled in the Education Graduate Programs. To portray and understand the dynamics in which they are involved from the existing dichotomy caused by the pressure to produce and vocation to teach, the challenge of questioning and producing on the theme and surviving in a contemporary society in the second decade of the 21st Century is the context where this thesis was built. Quantitative and qualitative approaches compose its methodological path. Starting from an extensive survey, considering dissertations and theses produced between 2006 and 2015 in all the Brazilian Post-Graduate Programs in Education, and in the articles published in the Portal Educ @, it was possible to identify how many and which approaches were made on the theme. This census on the academic universe of Education showed that Academic Productivism, quantitatively, is not relevant when compared to other topics most frequently addressed. For the quantitative survey, statistical tools were used, among them Lotka's Law, still little present in the Brazilian academic works. However, considering this approach, it was necessary to qualitatively analyze all collected material, revealing consistent and useful productions that leads to a better understanding of the Academic Productivism. The inconsistency between the two approaches rises the Conclusion that they are complementary rather than incoherent. And again this path points to the teacher, present and represented in the quantitative and qualitative approaches, showing another nefarious side of Academic Productivism: the researcher teacher as victim and agent in this scene. On him lies all pressures, demands, challenges and the need for survival. These two sides will point to the complementarity of the two approaches of this Thesis, a contribution to the study of the theme to understand another face of the Academic Productivism in Brazil / Esta Tese aborda o Produtivismo Acadêmico a partir do docente dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Retratar e entender a dinâmica na qual estão envolvidos a partir da dicotomia existente pela pressão por produzir e vocação por ensinar, pelo desafio de questionar e produzir sobre o tema e sobreviver na sociedade contemporânea na segunda década do Século XXI é o contexto onde esta Tese foi construída. A abordagem mista, quantitativa e qualitativa, compõe o caminho metodológico utilizado. Partindo de um extenso levantamento das dissertações e teses produzidas entre os anos de 2006 e 2015 em todos os Programas de Pós-graduação em Educação no Brasil e, nos artigos publicados no Portal Educ@, foi possível identificar quantos e quais as abordagens que fizeram sobre o tema. Este censo sobre o universo acadêmico da área de Educação revelou que o Produtivismo Acadêmico, quantitativamente, não se apresenta relevante quando comparado a outros temas abordados com maior frequência. Para o levantamento quantitativo foram utilizadas ferramentas estatísticas, entre elas a Lei de Lotka, ainda pouco presente nos trabalhos acadêmicos brasileiros. No entanto, frente a abordagem mista, foi necessário a abordagem qualitativa de todo o material coletado, descortinando produções consistente e úteis para compreender o Produtivismo Acadêmico. A aparente incoerência entre as duas abordagens dá lugar à Conclusão, onde foi possível constatar que são complementares e não incoerentes. E este caminho aponta novamente para o docente, presente e representado nas abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa, apresentando um outro lado nefasto do Produtivismo Acadêmico: o professor pesquisador como vítima e agente nesta cena. A ele recai todas pressões, exigências, desafios e a necessidade de sobrevivência. Estes dois lados vão apontar pela complementariedade das duas abordagens desta Tese, uma contribuição para o estudo do tema a compreender mais uma face do Produtivismo Acadêmico no Brasil

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-31T18:10:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Noiza Rodrigues Borges Tozzato.pdf: 916238 bytes, checksum: f6ec4b5946a841d97434d47955ec004c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T18:10:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Noiza Rodrigues Borges Tozzato.pdf: 916238 bytes, checksum: f6ec4b5946a841d97434d47955ec004c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The current research’s objective is to characterize and analyze the production of thesis and dissertations of the Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Educação: Psicologia da Educação – PED, between 1996 and 2014, continuing a job started in1999 by Moroz et al. The main proposal of this research arose from the realization of the importance of registering the history of PED – which in 2014 completed 45 years of existence. Three from the eight variables analyzed by the group of researchers coordinated by Moroz (1999) were selected to execute this essay: Thematic Cut, Theoretical Cut and Context. The choice of these variables was based on the belief that they would provide enough data to understand the focus and the course that PED has taken over the years: which context is prioritized, which topics are most discussed and which theoretical lines provide the basis for discussion. All the jobs summaries produced by PED within the selected period were found and accessed consulting the Virtual PUC SP SAPIENTIA Library. Using the same criteria as Moroz, spreadsheets composed by tables were produced with numbers referring to the quantity of thesis and dissertations produced by PED within the researched period; all data were grouped within a five-year period. We analyzed 611 productions between thesis and dissertations; this number represents almost twice the amount of analyzed jobs by Moroz and his collaborators. It is notable that within 45 years of its history, PED had a total of 933 doctoral thesis and master dissertations advocated. Through the information regarding the Thematic Cut variable, it was possible to observe a huge thematic dispersion. Generally, the thesis and dissertation production from PED presents very heterogeneous themes. The Referential Theoretical Cut variable enabled the identification of a predominance of jobs based in the theoretical framework of Education and Psychology. The Context variable revealed the predominance of the school environment in surveys conducted by PED. 193 from the 611 analyzed jobs did not contain enough information on their abstracts, this number represents 31, 3% of the analyzed abstracts. Conclusion: Comparing to the survey conducted in 1999, we noticed a significant increase in the production of thesis and dissertations. Furthermore, we observed that in the original publication, the authors, facing the huge percentage of abstracts in which the information was insufficient for classification, pointed to the necessity to “the post-graduate programs to guide the student in the preparation of the abstract.” It was possible to notice a decline in the percentage of jobs grouped in the information failure classification, and also new themes appeared within these 45 years of PED’s production, such as: Inclusion, Violence, Public Politics, Arts, Ethics, Justice and Citizenship, Affection and Learning, and the Relation between the school and the scholarship community / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar e analisar a produção de teses e dissertações do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Educação: Psicologia da Educação – PED, entre 1996 a 2014, dando continuidade a um trabalho iniciado em 1999 por Moroz et al. A proposta do presente trabalho surgiu da constatação da importância de se registrar a história do PED – que em 2014 completou 45 anos de existência. Das oito variáveis analisadas pelo grupo de pesquisadores coordenados por Moroz (1999), três foram selecionadas para a realização desse trabalho: Recorte Temático, Recorte Teórico e Contexto. A escolha dessas variáveis foi embasada na crença de que elas forneceriam dados suficientes para compreender o foco e rumo que o PED tem tomado ao longo dos anos: qual contexto é priorizado, quais temas são mais discutidos e quais linhas teóricas dão o embasamento para discussão. Todos os resumos dos trabalhos produzidos no PED dentro do período selecionado foram localizados e acessados através da consulta à Biblioteca Virtual PUC SP SAPIENTIA. Usando os mesmos critérios de Moroz, foram produzidas planilhas que eram compostas basicamente de tabelas, e continham dados em números referentes à quantidade de teses e dissertações produzidas no PED dentro do período pesquisado; todos os dados foram agrupados em quinquênios. Foram analisadas 611 produções entre teses e dissertações defendidas, número que representa quase o dobro do total de trabalhos analisados por Moroz e seus colaboradores. Pode-se notar que dentro dos 45 anos de sua história, o PED teve um total de 933 Teses de Doutorado e Dissertações de Mestrado defendidas. Através das informações referentes à variável Recorte Temático, foi possível visualizar grande dispersão temática. De maneira geral, a produção de teses e dissertações do PED apresenta temáticas bastante heterogêneas. A Variável Referencial Teórico possibilitou identificar uma predominância de trabalhos embasados nos referenciais teóricos da Educação e Psicologia. A variável Contexto permitiu constatar a predominância do ambiente escolar nas pesquisas realizadas dentro do PED. Dos 611 trabalhos analisados, 193 não continham em seus resumos informações suficientes, número esse que equivale a 31,3 % dos resumos analisados. Conclusão: em relação à pesquisa realizada em 1999, percebemos um aumento significativo na produção de teses e dissertações; além disso, observamos que na publicação original, os autores diante do grande percentual de resumos cujas informações eram insuficientes para classificação, apontaram, para a necessidade de “os programas de pós-graduação orientar o aluno na elaboração do resumo." Foi possível constatar um declínio do percentual de trabalhos agrupados na classificação Insuficiência de Informação, e também novos temas apareceram nesses 45 anos de produção do PED, como: Inclusão, Violência, Políticas Públicas, Arte, Ética Justiça e Cidadania, Afetividade e Aprendizado e a Relação entre a escola e a Comunidade escola