A decision process can be conceptually separated into a perceptual process and a decision strategy. The former includes all the different mechanisms that contribute to accumulate information relevant to the decision, whereas the decision strategy determines when enough information has been accumulated and a decision can be taken. Although perceptual processes have been extensively investigated in the last decades, decision strategies have received comparatively little attention. The main aim of this work is to fill this gap by analysing four decision strategies with two different experimental paradigms. We also focus on ancillary decision-making topics, such as the effect of stimulus intensity, foreperiod duration, payoff manipulation, and the response distributions in the rate domain. We initially performed a qualitative analysis of decision strategies by using a classic reaction time tasks on human participants while assuming the Drift Diffusion Model, one of the many models used for simple and fast decisions, as the perceptual process. We found that increasing the time of the trial does not have a relevant effect on the response, which is in contrast with some of the decision rules considered here. However, this approach is limited by the implicit assumption of a perceptual model that would result in different prediction for the decision strategies. We suggest the use of a different experimental design, called the EXACT Paradigm, which allows us to analyse decision strategies without having to assume any perceptual process. We tested the feasibility of such approach and applied it to several experimental studies, including a direct comparison with a classic reaction time task. Overall, two of the four decision strategies (modified Reward Rate and Reward/Accuracy) appeared to model the data satisfactorily. We discuss several ways in which the EXACT Paradigm can be used for expanding our knowledge in the field of decision-making.

SILVA, Cristiano Alves da. Avaliação da acurácia dos ortomosaicos e modelos digitais do terreno gerados por VANT e sua aplicação no cálculo de volume de pilhas de rejeito da Pedra Cariri. 2015. 146 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geologia)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-10-05T23:02:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_casilva.pdf: 5268107 bytes, checksum: c3a0b833ecc7a09a72b7062054e67836 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-10-06T20:47:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_casilva.pdf: 5268107 bytes, checksum: c3a0b833ecc7a09a72b7062054e67836 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T20:47:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_casilva.pdf: 5268107 bytes, checksum: c3a0b833ecc7a09a72b7062054e67836 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Recently, the technological advancement of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has been exponential. This equipment are capable of generating remote sensing products of high accuracy at low operating costs, carrying out activities previously performed exclusively by manned aircraft. In this context, the National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM), aiming to maximize their actions of oversight and management of mining, has partnered with the University of Brasilia (UnB) for the development of a small UAV capable of generating orthomosaics and Terrain Digital models (TDM) with high accuracy. To achieve such objective, UnB has developed a 2,5 kg aircraft equipped with a small-format camera, nonmetric, capable of obtaining high-resolution photographs, after being processed through method of computing similarities between overlapping images, generates a cloud of points of the three-dimensional coordinates (x, y, z) of the surface, allowing to generate orthomosaics and TDMs. However, UAV technology is still considered emerging, being common questions about the survey method, used sensor and mainly accuracy of obtained results, a fact that motivated the elaboration in this case study. The main purpose this research is to evaluate of the accuracy of orthomosaics and TDMs generated from the data collected by the UAV developed by UnB, as well it's application in calculating the volume of laminate sedimentary limestone tailings piles of Araripe Basin in Ceará, extracted in the form of tiles in natura marked under the name of Cariri Stone, compared it's accuracy with the results obtained with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Light Detecting and Ranging (LIDAR) technologies, more commonly used by mining for this purpose. To evaluating the accuracy was used hypothesis testing method, from the trend and precision of analysis, and the results classified according to the Standard Cartographic Accuracy of Digital Cartographic Products (PEC-PCD). After the experiments performed, it was possible to acknowledge that the UAVUnB/DNPM is capable of generating with accuracy orthomosaics and MDTs, consistent with those obtained by conventional aerial photography, if properly oriented by ground control points. In this case study, the UAV showed better results when compared with modeling performed through GNSS and LIDAR technologies. / Nos últimos anos foi exponencial o avanço tecnológico dos denominados Veículos Aéreos Não Tripulados (VANT) Estes equipamentos são capazes de gerar produtos de sensoriamento remoto de elevada acurácia com baixo custo operacional desempenhando atividades antes executadas exclusivamente por aeronaves tripuladas Neste contexto o Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral (DNPM) para maximizar suas ações de fiscalização e gestão da mineração firmou parceria com a Universidade de Brasília (UnB) para desenvolvimento de um VANT de pequenas dimensões capaz de gerar ortomosaicos e Modelos Digitais do Terreno (MDT) de alta acurácia Para alcançar esse objetivo a UnB desenvolveu uma aeronave de 25 kg equipada com uma câmera não métrica capaz de obter fotografias de alta resolução que após processadas utilizando o método de correlação de imagens sobrepostas gera uma nuvem de pontos das coordenadas tridimensionais da superfície permitindo a geração de ortomosaicos e MDTs Contudo a tecnologia VANT ainda é considerada emergente São comuns indagações sobre o método de levantamento o sensor utilizado e principalmente a acurácia dos resultados obtidos fato que motivou a elaboração deste estudo de caso O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi realizar a avaliação da acurácia dos ortomosaicos e MDTs gerados a partir dos dados coletados pelo VANT desenvolvido pela UnB bem como sua aplicação no cálculo do volume de pilhas de rejeito do calcário sedimentar laminado da Bacia do Araripe no Ceará comercializado com o nome de Pedra Cariri sendo comparada sua acurácia com as obtidas pelas tecnologias Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) e Light Detecting and Ranging (LIDAR) mais utilizadas pelo seguimento da mineração para esta finalidade Para avaliação da acurácia foi usado o método de testes de hipóteses a partir da análise de tendência e precisão sendo os resultados classificados de acordo com o Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica dos Produtos Cartográficos Digitais (PEC-PCD) Após os experimentos realizados foi possível constatar que o VANT-UnB/DNPM é capaz de gerar ortomosaicos e MDTs de alta acurácia compatíveis com os obtidos por aerofotogrametria convencional desde que devidamente orientado por pontos de apoio de solo apresentando melhor acurácia no cálculo de volume neste estudo de caso se comparado com a modelagem realizada com as tecnologias GNSS e LIDAR.

OBJETIVO: verificar a acurácia de um protocolo de avaliação clínica da deglutição em uma amostra de crianças com diagnóstico de laringomalacia ou de glossoptose, bem como descrever a prevalência de disfagia em cada uma dessas doenças e a resposta da dinâmica da deglutição às intervenções fonoterapêuticas de redução de fluxo e de modificação de consistência dos líquidos. DELINEAMENTO: estudo transversal. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: foram avaliadas crianças com idade entre um mês e 11 anos de vida, acompanhadas pelo Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Realizou-se a avaliação clínica da deglutição por uma fonoaudióloga e, após, a videofluoroscopia, seguindo-se a mesma rotina e padronização da avaliação clínica, porém por outra fonoaudióloga, cegada para o resultado da avaliação clínica, e por um médico radiologista. Os protocolos utilizados foram baseados nos instrumentos propostos por DeMatteo et al. (2005), sendo testadas as consistências líquida rala e líquida engrossada na viscosidade néctar. RESULTADOS: a amostra do estudo foi composta por 29 pacientes, sendo 10 portadores de laringomalacia e 19 de glossoptose. A sensibilidade da avaliação clínica não ultrapassou 50% em nenhuma das observações, mas a especificidade alcançou valor de 100% quando avaliada a consistência líquida engrossada. A prevalência de disfagia foi de 100% e o espessamento dos líquidos reduziu significativamente as aspirações traqueais. CONCLUSÕES: a disfagia foi altamente prevalente em crianças com laringomalacia ou glossoptose. A avaliação clínica mostrou-se pouco sensível na identificação de penetração laríngea e de aspiração traqueal. No entanto, sua elevada especificidade sugere repensar a indicação da videofluoroscopia nos casos em que tais eventos são identificados através da avaliação clínica. / OBJECTIVE: to investigate the accuracy of a swallowing clinical evaluation protocolin a sample of children with laryngomalacia or glossoptosis and describe the prevalence of dysphagia in each disease and the swallow response to speech and language therapy interventions with thickened liquids and reduced flow. STUDY DESIGN: cross-sectional study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: children aged one month to 11 years followed at the Otolaryngology Division of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, were evaluated. A clinical evaluation was performed by a speech pathologist. Subsequently, videofluoroscopy was performed, following the same steps as in the clinical evaluation, by a different speech therapist who was blinded to clinical data, and by a radiologist. The protocols used were based on those proposed by DeMatteo et al., (2005). The consistencies tested were thin liquid and thickened liquid (nectar-thick). RESULTS: the study sample consisted of 29 patients, 10 patients with laryngomalacia and 19 patients with glossoptosis. The sensitivity of clinical evaluation did not exceed 50% in any of the evaluations, but specificity reached 100% in some cases. The prevalence of dysphagia was 100%, and the use of thickened liquids significantly reduced tracheal aspiration. CONCLUSIONS: dysphagia was highly prevalent in children with laryngomalacia or glossoptosis. The sensitivity of clinical evaluation to detect laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration was low. However, its high specificity suggests that referral for videofluoroscopic swallow study in cases in which these events are detected during clinical evaluation should be reconsidered.

Base teórica: o tratamento do carcinoma endometrial é feito através do estadiamento cirúrgico, que envolve histerectomia com salpingo-oforectomia bilateral e linfadenectomia pélvica e para-aórtica. Questiona-se o benefício da linfadenectomia sistemática em todos os pacientes, já que o risco de disseminação linfática em tumores de baixo risco é pequeno e não há evidências de benefício terapêutico em sua realização. Desse modo, tentam-se encontrar modos de determinar, na avaliação pré-operatória, quais são os pacientes que poderão se beneficiar da linfadenectomia e aqueles que podem prescindir do procedimento. Objetivos: avaliar a concordância da avaliação anatomopatológica entre a amostra endometrial pré-operatória e a peça cirúrgica das pacientes submetidas a tratamento cirúrgico primário do carcinoma de endométrio, correlacionando com características das pacientes e das amostras da patologia. Métodos: foram incluídos pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico para carcinoma de endométrio que tinham diagnóstico pré-operatório através de amostragem endometrial. Os prontuários foram revisados e as amostras disponíveis na instituição foram procuradas para posterior releitura por dois patologistas cegados para as demais informações anatomopatológicas. Resultados: foram incluídos 166 pacientes, com uma idade média de 64,6 anos. Das biópsias, 118 eram tumores endometrioides, 38 não-endometrioides e as demais, hiperplasia. As taxas de concordância foram de 93,2% para tumores endometrioides e 68,9% para não-endometrioides, com um índice kappa (k) de 0,73 para o tipo histológico. O grau tumoral distribui-se na amostra como G1 em 37,1%, G2 em 35,7% e G3 em 27,1%, com uma taxa de concordância de 61,5%, 56% e 78,9%, respectivamente, e k=0,46. Dos tumores G1, somente 1,9% teve upgrade para G3, em comparação com 16% das lesões G2. Não houve diferença estatística na taxa de concordância do tipo histológico e grau tumoral em função do local de execução da biópsia, método de amostragem e intervalo biópsia-cirurgia. Biópsias com pés > 3g tiveram uma concordância do grau tumoral significativamente melhor (p=0,040). Amostras de 105 pacientes estavam disponíveis no HCPA e foram reavaliadas por dois patologistas, com uma taxa de concordância interobservador geral de 73,3% (k=0,58) para o tipo histológico e 57,9% (k=0,54) para o grau tumoral. Conclusão: a acurácia da biópsia pré-operatória em predizer as características da peça cirúrgica não é ideal. Deve-se ter cuidado ao utilizar essa informação para determinar a extensão da cirurgia a ser realizada, sob risco de ser realizado subestadiamento. Estas baixas taxas de concordância correlacionam-se também com as baixas taxas de concordância interobservador. Novos sistemas de graduação e equipes de especialistas são possibilidades para melhorar esta questão. / Background: endometrial carcinoma treatment is based on surgical staging, including hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic and paraortic lymphadenectomy. The benefits of systematic lymphadenectomy in all patients have been questioned, since the risk of dissemination in low risk tumors is small and there is no evidence of benefits in its execution. Thereby, researches are looking for ways to determine, by preoperative evaluation, which patient will benefit from full staging and those who can do without the procedure. Objectives: evaluate the agreement between the preoperative endometrial samples and the surgical specimens in endometrial carcinoma, correlating it with characteristics of the samples and patients included, and evaluate the interobserver agreement of the preoperative biopsy. Methods: patients submitted to surgery as primary treatment for endometrial carcinoma at HCPA with a preoperative endometrial sampling were included. Their medical charts were reviewed. The available samples of the preoperative biopsies were recollected for reanalyzes by two pathologists. Inadequate transcriptions of the biopsy report were excluded. Results: we included 166 patients, with a mean age of 64.6 years. Of the biopsies, 118 were endometrioid, 38 were non-endometrioid and the remaining, hyperplasia. The agreement rates were 93.2% for endometrioid tumors and 68.9% for non-endometrioid, with a kappa index of 0.73 for the tumor cell type. The tumor FIGO grade distributed as G1 in 37.1%, G2 in 35.7% and G3 in 27.1%, with an agreement rate of 61.5%, 56% and 78.9%, respectively. The general kappa index for FIGO grading was 0.46. Of the G1 tumors, only 1.9% upgraded to G3, while 16% of the G2 lesions upgraded. There was no statistical difference in the agreement rates of tumor cell type and FIGO grading in function of place of biopsy execution, method of endometrial sampling and biopsy-surgery interval. Biopsies weighing more than 3g had a significantly better agreement in FIGO grading (p=0.040). Samples of 105 were available at HCPA and were reevaluated by 2 pathologists, with a general interobserver agreement 73.3/% (k=0.58) for tumor cell type and 57.9% (k=0.54) for grading. Conclusion: the accuracy of the preoperative biopsy in predicting the definite surgical characteristics it is not ideal. Caution must be taken when using this information to determine the surgical extension, due to the risk of under staging. These low rates of agreement are correlated with the low interobserver agreement. New grading systems and specialists teams are possible ways of improving this issue.

La Terre est une planète en constante évolution et sa surface ne cesse de se transformer. Ses déformations soulèvent des questionnements. Depuis plusieurs années, le L2G de l’ESGT s’intéresse à l’étude des déformations par inter comparaison de techniques. Il dispose en cela de différents procédés de mesure. Puis au fil du temps, le laboratoire s’interroge sur l’intérêt de réaliser une combinaison entre différentes techniques de mesure afin d’observer des déformations fines et précises (quelques millimètres).L’objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer l’intérêt de combiner des mesures GNSS et des mesures topométriques, celles-ci semblant être les plus utilisées, et de les concrétiser. Les résultats présentés sont basés sur des simulations et sur des campagnes de mesures combinées des techniques de GNSS et de topométrie effectuée sur un réseau test d’une étendue locale. Les calculs évoluent en fonction de la distance de la ligne de base et en modifiant les durées de sessions de mesures. Nous montrons qu’une combinaison par cumul des équations normales améliore la précision du positionnement non seulement par rapport à l’utilisation de chaque technique séparée, mais également par rapport aux méthodes classiques basées sur la combinaison des coordonnées issues des techniques de GNSS et de topométrie. / The Earth is a constantly evolving planet and its surface keeps transforming. Its deformations raise questions. For several years, the L2G at ESGT has been interested in the study of deformations through inter comparison of techniques. For this, it has various measurement processes. Then, with time, the laboratory is now pondering about the interest of combining various techniques of measurement in order to observe fine and precise deformations (a few millimeters).The aim of this PhD thesis is to demonstrate the interest of combining GNSS and topometric measurements, the latter being apparently the most commonly used. The presented results are based on simulations and campaigns of combined measurement through the use of GNSS and topometric techniques made on a model network of a local area. Thecalculations made are dependent both on the distance of the baseline and the alteration of the session length.We show that a combination through the accumulation of the normal equations improves the localisation accuracy regarding not only the use of every separate technique but also the more classic methods based on the coordinates combination provided by GNSS and topometric techniques.

One of the most relevant issues in the field of biology is the unveiling of the evolutionary history of different species and organisms. The evolutionary relationships of these species and organisms are explained by constructing phylogenetic trees whose leaves represent species and whose internal nodes represent hypothesized ancestors. The tree reconstruction process is known as Phylogenetic Inference. Phylogenies can be used not only for explaining the evolutionary history of organisms but also for many other purposes such as the design of new drugs by tracking the evolution of diseases. In the last few years, the amount of genetic data collected from organisms and species has increased greatly. Based on this, biologists have sought methods that are capable of computing phylogenies of small, medium, and even large datasets in a reasonable time and with accuracy. The neighbor-joining method is one used most for phylogenetic inference because of its computation efficiency. Since the increase of datasets, novel neighbor-joining- based approaches have been developed with the goal of computing efficiency and accurate phylogenies of thousands of sequences. Therefore, this study compared the canonical neighbor-joining method represented by MEGA software with two novel neighbor-joining-based approaches--the NINJA method and the FastTree method--to identify the most efficient and effective method for the computational performance, topological accuracy, and topological similarity through the scalability of the sequences size. The study was accomplished by executing experiments using small, medium, and large protein and nucleotide sequences. The FastTree method was the most successful at balancing the trade-off among the Computational Performance, Topological Accuracy, and Topological Similarity when scaling up the number of sequences in this study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the personality characteristics associated with accuracy in person perception. The particular personality variables chosen (experience, intelligence, cognitive complexity, psychological mindedness, emotional stability, introversion, and empathic style) for investigation were those previously identified by Gordon Allport as being related to person perception. Both types of person perception (sensitivity to individual differences and sensitivity to group differences) were measured. The major findings of the study were the following: 1. The most capable judges of individual differences, in comparison with the least capable judges, were significantly more likely to have the following psychometric characteristics: higher IQ, more extraverted, more psychologically minded, more cognitively complex/flexible, and more empathic. Experientially, the most competent judges were likely to be older, older in age at first job, and have fewer siblings. In contrast to the least able judges, the most competent ones had resided in more different cities, traveled more, experienced more formal education, and were more likely employed in the helping professions. 2. The best judges of group differences, in comparison with the worst judges, were more likely female, older in age at first job, and higher scorers on Neuroticism. 3. Significant multiple linear regression equations were formed between the predictor variables and the two judgment tasks, suggesting that accuracy in judging others consists of many skills, not just one. 4. Those who were in the helping professions were better judges than those not in the helping professions on sensitivity to individual differences, but not sensitivity to group differences. 5. For those in the helping professions, years of experience in the helping professions were not related to success on either of the two judgment tasks.

Sistemas de recomendação foram propostos no início da década de 1990 com o objetivo de auxiliar seus usuários a lidar com a sobrecarga cognitiva criada com o advento da internet e o aumento constante de documentos. De lá para cá tais sistemas passaram a assumir vários outros papéis, tais como “auxiliar usuários a explorar”, “melhorar a tomada de decisão”, ou até mesmo “entreter”. Para atingir tais novos objetivos, o sistema necessita olhar para características do usuário que auxiliem no entendimento da tarefa desempenhada pelo usuário e como a recomendação pode auxiliar tal tarefa. Nesse sentido, propõe-se nessa tese uma integração entre estratégias de recomendação e de adaptação para criar um novo processo de recomendação adaptativa. É mostrado que tal integração pode melhorar a acurácia da recomendação, e dar bons resultados na retenção de usuários, e na interação destes com os sistemas. Para validar a abordagem, é implementado um protótipo para recomendação de filmes a serem utilizados em sala de aula. São também coletadas estatísticas de 78 usuários que participaram do experimento de avaliação da abordagem. / Recommender systems were proposed in early 90’s with the goal to help users deal with cognitive overload brought by the internet and the constant increase of documents. From there to now such systems have assumed many other roles like “help users to explore”, “improve decision making”, or even “entertain”. To accomplish such new goals, the system needs to look to user characteristics that help in understand what the user task is and how to adapt the recommendation to support such task. In this direction, it is proposed in this thesis an integration between recommender and adaptive strategies into a new process of adaptive recommendation. It is shown that such integration can improve recommendation accuracy and give good results to user retention, and interaction with the systems. To validate the approach, it is implemented a prototype to recommend movies to be used in a classroom. It is also collected some statistics about the 78 users who have participated of the experiment for evaluation of the new approach.

A prevalência de diabetes mellitus (DM) está aumentando constantemente em todo o mundo a uma taxa alarmante. Devido às suas complicações que causam uma maior morbidade, invalidez e mortalidade, o DM representa um enorme problema para a saúde pública. Com isso, ações, tanto em diagnóstico como em tratamento, são necessárias para desacelerar a tendência atual e prevenir o desenvolvimento das complicações do DM. Recentemente, a hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) foi introduzida nos critérios diagnósticos de DM. Os resultados de HbA1c são igualmente apropriados para o diagnóstico, apesar de não necessariamente detectarem DM nos mesmos indivíduos detectados pelos critérios de glicemia. No entanto, os níveis de HbA1c podem ser influenciados por qualquer condição que altere a vida útil dos eritrócitos e metabolismo da hemoglobina, independentemente da glicemia, resultando em erro diagnóstico neste grupo da população com estas condições. Além disso, estudos epidemiológicos revelaram que a glicemia pós-prandial tem um maior risco de causar complicações cardiovasculares em relação à hiperglicemia persistente e pode ser acessada com precisão usando a albumina glicada (AG) e não a HbA1c. Nesse contexto, estudos recentes têm evidenciado que a AG pode ser um marcador para diagnóstico do DM e também ser utilizado como um marcador alternativo à HbA1c para o controle glicêmico. No entanto, esses estudos, foram realizados apenas na população asiática e podem não ser aplicáveis a outros grupos étnicos. Por isso, mais investigações para a validação do desempenho diagnóstico da AG na predição do DM em diferentes grupos etnicos são necessárias. Neste estudo avaliamos o desempenho da AG no diagnóstico do DM em 242 indivíduos brasileiros com idade média de 54,4 anos (+ 13,0). Baseando-se nos valores de glicose plasmática durante o teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG), o DM foi detectado em 31,8%. AG ≥16,8% apresentou acurácia similar para a detecção de DM conforme definido por HbA1c >6,5%. O uso da razão glicemia de 2h pós-sobrecarga de 75g de glicose (2hPG) e AG (2hPG/AG) melhora a sensibilidade, reduz o número de diagnósticos incorretos por AG ou HbA1c >6,5% e possui um acurácia comparável ao TOTG, indicando que o uso de uma estratégia aplicando a razão da glicemia pós-prandial (GPP) real e AG (GPP/AG) pode ser mais conveniente para pacientes e aumentar o desempenho diagnóstico do teste. Estudos para validar esta estratégia são necessários. / The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is constantly increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. Due to its complications that cause greater morbidity, disability and mortality, DM represents a heavy burden on public health. Therefore, actions in both, diagnosis and treatment, are necessary to slow down the current tendency and avoid the development of DM complications. Recently, the glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1c) was introduced in the diagnostic criteria for DM. The HbA1c results are equally appropriate for diagnostic testing, though not necessarily detect DM in the same subjects detected by plasma glucose criteria. However, blood HbA1c levels may be influenced by any condition that changes the lifespan of erythrocytes and hemoglobin metabolism regardless of glycemia, resulting in the misdiagnosis of this population group. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown that postprandial glycemia has a higher risk of causing cardiovascular complications than chronic hyperglycemia and can be accurately assessed using the glycated albumin (GA) test rather than HbA1c. In this context, recent studies have shown that GA may be a marker for the diagnosis of DM and also be used as an alternative marker to HbA1c on many occasions. However, these studies have been conducted only in the Asian population and may not be applicable to other ethnic groups. Therefore, further investigations to validate the diagnostic performance of GA in the prediction of DM in different ethnic groups are necessary. In this study, we evaluated the GA performance in the diagnosis of DM in 242 Brazilian individuals with a mean age of 54.4 years (+ 13.0). Based on plasma glucose values during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), DM was detected in 31.8%. AG ≥16.8% presented similar accuracy for detecting DM as defined by a HbA1c >6.5%. The use of the 2-h plasma glucose after a 75-g OGTT and GA (2hPG/GA) ratio improves sensitivity, reduces the number of incorrect diagnoses by GA or HbA1c >6.5% and has an accuracy comparable to OGTT, indicating that the use of approach applying the postprandial glucose (PPG) and GA (PPG/GA) may be more convenient for patients and increase the diagnostic performance of the test. Studies to validate this approach are needed.

O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e propor um novo método para o planejamento de redes geodésicas. O planejamento (ou pré-análise) de uma rede geodésica consiste em planejar (ou otimizar) a rede, de modo que a mesma atenda a critérios de qualidade pré-estabelecidos de acordo com os objetivos do projeto, como precisão, confiabilidade e custos. No método aqui proposto, os critérios a serem considerados na etapa de planejamento são os níveis de confiabilidade e homogeneidade mínimos aceitáveis para as observações; a acurácia posicional dos vértices, considerando tanto os efeitos de precisão quanto os (possíveis) efeitos de tendência, segundo ainda um determinado nível de confiança; o número de outliers não detectados máximo admissível; e o poder do teste mínimo do procedimento Data Snooping (DS) no cenário n-dimensional, isto é, considerando todas as observações (testadas individualmente). De acordo com as classificações encontradas na literatura, o método aqui proposto consiste em um projeto combinado, solucionado por meio do método da tentativa e erro, além de apresentar alguns aspectos inéditos em seus critérios de planejamento. Para demonstrar a sua aplicação prática, um exemplo numérico de planejamento de uma rede GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System – Sistema Global de Navegação por Satélite) é apresentado e descrito. Os resultados obtidos após o processamento dos dados da rede GNSS foram concordantes com os valores estimados na sua etapa de planejamento, ou seja, o método aqui proposto apresentou desempenho satisfatório na prática. Além disso, também foram investigados como os critérios pré-estabelecidos, a geometria/configuração da rede geodésica e a precisão/correlação inicial das observações podem influenciar nos resultados obtidos na etapa de planejamento, seguindo o método aqui proposto. Com a realização destes experimentos, dentre outras conclusões, verificou-se que todo os critérios de planejamento do método aqui proposto estão intrinsecamente interligados, pois, por exemplo, uma baixa redundância conduz a um valor relativamente mais alto para a componente de precisão, e consequentemente, um valor relativamente mais baixo para a componente de tendência (mantendo a acurácia final constante), o que também conduz a um poder do teste mínimo nos cenários unidimensional e n-dimensional significativamente mais baixos. / The aim of this work is to develop and propose a new method for the design of geodetic networks. Design (planning or pre-analysis) of a geodetic network consists of planning (or optimizing) the network so that it follows the pre-established quality criteria according to the project objectives, such as accuracy, reliability and costs. In the method proposed here, the criteria to be considered in the planning stage are the minimum acceptable levels of reliability and homogeneity of the observations; the positional accuracy of the points considering both the effects of precision and the (possible) effects of bias (according to a given confidence level); the maximum allowable number of undetected outliers; and the minimum power of the test of the Data Snooping procedure (DS) in the n-dimensional scenario, i.e., considering all observations (individually tested). According to the classifications found in the literature, the method proposed here consists of a combined project, solved by means of trial and error approach, and presents some new aspects in their planning criteria. To demonstrate its practical application, a numerical example of a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network design is presented and described. The results obtained after processing the data of the GNSS network were found in agreement with the estimated values in the design stage, i.e., the method proposed here showed satisfactory performance in practice. Moreover, were also investigated as the pre-established criteria, the geometry/configuration of the geodetic network, and the initial values for precision/correlation of the observations may influence the results obtained in the planning stage, following the method proposed here. In these experiments, among other findings, it was found that all the design criteria of the method proposed here are intrinsically related, e.g., a low redundancy leads to a relatively higher value for the precision component, and consequently to a relatively lower value for the bias component (keeping constant the final accuracy), which also leads to a minimum power of the test significantly lower in the one-dimensional and the n-dimensional scenarios.