西方動機研究指出對學習較為理想的動機以自主及內在取向為主。但近年的跨文化動機研究指出，雖然東方社會的學習環境未必對培養內在動機有利，但國際研究 (如：PISA) 指出東方學生的成績較西方學生為佳。 / 本研究邀請249名高中學生於考試前兩周填寫學習動機量度問卷。多層線性回歸分析指出正面的自尊感可預測基於平時分預測以外的中文、英文及數學科考試成績。而中文科及英文科考試成績亦同時受到不同類型的動機概念所影響。 / 本研究亦發現性別與不同程度的自我調控動機的交互影響可影響語文科的考試表現 (中文及英文科)。這些交互影響與考試成績的關係可歸因於女生在學習語文科目時的女性取向及她們在語文科的成績優勢。男生的交互影響則受競爭取向及希望獲取優異考試成績而引致的焦慮所影響，使男生分別在中、英文科成績受到正面(中文)及負面(英文)的影響。 / In Western motivational studies, high achieving and successful students are characterized as autonomous, self-directed, and intrinsically motivated. To optimize learning and academic achievement, Western motivational theories emphasize learning with goals that are aimed at mastering content and developing one's competence. In recent years, many academic achievement studies with international comparisons suggest that East Asian students are often among the top achievers (Hau & Ho, 2010; Li, 2002). In contrast to Western learning environments, the education environment in these East Asian countries, like Hong Kong, Shanghai, Korea is characterized as demanding and exam-oriented. Students' learning is believed to be predominately driven by extrinsic motivation. Such a learning environment is likely to create a less desirable condition for the development of optimal academic motivation in students. Thus, it is surprising to note the latest OECD PISA report (OECD, 2010) showed these Asian countries being ranked highly in academic achievement, occupying the third to fourth rankings among all participating countries. The outstanding achievement of East Asian students has been of great research interest in recent years. Researchers have focused on the cultural factors and socialization processes for explaining the outstanding academic achievement of East Asian students, and have studied how cultural factors and socialization processes contribute to different motivational mechanisms in initiating and sustaining students' academic engagement. / In the present study, a questionnaire which consisted items of self-regulating motivations, goals orientations, contingent self-worth, self-esteem, task value and goal investment were administered to examine how different motivational processes contributed to Hong Kong Chinese high school students' (N=249) academic achievement. Students filled in the questionnaire two weeks before their final examination. Their pre-examination term marks and gender were entered as controlled variables for predicting students’ final examination achievement along with the motivation variables. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that different motivational processes exerted different influences on students' performance in compulsory academic subjects. / Consistent across the three core academic subjects (Chinese, English and Mathematics), the higher one's self-esteem two weeks before their final examination, the greater was his or her achievement on top of what would have been predicted by their term scores. The boosting effect of motivational constructs were also found in the humanities subjects, particularly for English, students with higher performance goal, contingent self-worth, external regulation and lower identified regulation achieved better examination results in respective academic subjects. For Chinese language, higher external regulation predicted better examination achievement. Plausible explanations including cultural influences and relative importance of these subjects in Hong Kong context were discussed. / Findings in the present study also documented interaction effects between gender and self-regulated motivation for humanities examination achievement. Results of hierarchical regression analyses showed that two types of self-regulating motivation interacted with gender on the achievement of different language arts subjects. Findings showed that girls with low introjected regulation achieved much better Chinese examination results than boys did. The interaction effect for the two sexes was relatively smaller for students with higher introjected regulation. / For English language, girls with high identified regulation had better examination results than boys did. The interaction effect for the two sexes was relatively smaller for students with low identified regulation. / The findings confirmed that self-regulating motivation interacted with gender for different academic subjects. In general, language subjects were deemed as feminine orientations, in which girls tend to possess greater internal value towards learning this academic subject, and girls' achievement suffered as heightened introjected regulation externalized self-regulating motivation. Whereas, boys' performance did not suffer as they were more receptive to heightened external regulation and competition. / In the learning of non-native language, achievement in English examination was negatively affected by identified regulation. In a previous study, it was documented that upper-grade students were less motivated in reading than lower-grade students (Lau, 2009a). As there is tremendous pressure for students to master English in Hong Kong, identified regulation may not be a strong propelling force for students' learning two weeks before their final examination. However, the negative effects differed across both genders. As girls enjoy the beneficial effects of feminine orientations and higher language competence, they maintain their identified value for English language and hence relatively similar English achievement levels were observed in girls regardless of the level of identified regulation. Whereas, for boys, the negative impact of identified regulation was more obvious. As boys were found to be more anxious in learning English than their female counterparts in CMI schools (Salili & Lai, 2003), high identified regulation reflected their stronger desire to get good grades or stronger personal importance attached with the subject which in turn heightened their anxiety and adversely affected the boys' achievement. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wong, Chin-pang. / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-119). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Significance of the Study --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Review of Literature --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Approaches of Studying Human Motivation --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Behavioral Approaches --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cognitive Approaches --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Summary --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Major Motivational Theories and Constructs --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Atkinson and Achievement Motivation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Weiner and Attribution Theory --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Performance Goals and Mastery Goals --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Self-Determination Theory --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Gender Differences in Major Motivation Variables --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Summary --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Effects of Cultural and Contextual Factors on Different Motivational Constructs --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Goal Theory --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Attribution Theory --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Self-Determination Theory --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Summary --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4 --- Achievement Motivation in Chinese Societies --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Goal Theory in Chinese Societies --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Attribution Theory in Chinese Societies --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Self Determination Theory in Chinese Societies --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Summary --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter3 --- Method --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Participants --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Procedure --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3 --- Measure and Instruments --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Motivational Processes and Academic Achievement --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Gender Differences in Academic Motivation --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter4 --- Results --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1 --- Motivational Processes and Academic Achievement --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2 --- Prediction of Final Chinese Examination --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3 --- Prediction of Final English Examination --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter5 --- Discussion --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1 --- Self in Learning among Chinese --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2 --- Task Engagement (Ego Involve and Task-Oriented) of Chinese Students --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3 --- Chinese Self-Regulating Motivation --- p.88 / Chapter 5.4 --- Self-Regulating Motivation and Gender Differences --- p.94 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion and Implication --- p.102 / Chapter 5.6 --- Limitations and Future Studies --- p.105 / References --- p.108

Grit and achievement motivation have been predictors of behavior in academia and military settings (Duckworth, Matthews, Peterson, & Kelly, 2007), but to date, research on their effects on sport performance has been limited. Given grit's predictive role in other performance domains, grit may be influential in athletes' long-term goal attainment, interacting with their achievement motives and leading to better performances. Athletes' trait levels of grit may influence how they understand and respond to messages received within motivational climates from key personnel such as from coaches and teammates. We examined potential moderating effects of grit on the relationship between motivational feedback and high school soccer players (N = 71, Mage = 15.81) performance on a soccer task, their desire to persist in the task, and their choices of task difficulty. We used hierarchical multiple regression to test the main effects of feedback and grit and to determine if grit moderated the effects of feedback on performance. Grit was a significant moderator of the feedback-shooting performance relationship, accounting for 3.9% of variance. Simple slopes analysis revealed a significant effect for low (B = 13.32, SEb = 4.44, p = .004, t = 2.99), but not high, (B = 2.11, SEb = 4.31, p = .63, t = .49), grit on task success. Grit was not a significant moderator of task difficulty selection or task persistence. These results suggest that for those high in grit, feedback about natural ability or hard work is not particularly influential on performance. However, for low grit athletes, type of feedback matters.

Grit is defined as "perseverance and passion for long-term goals." Although studied in relation to various outcomes, such as retention and academic performance, few studies have examined variables that may contribute to grit's development. Further, few studies have examined this construct in relation to sport performance or within athletic environments, despite its clear connection to sport-related constructs like mental toughness and resilience. Thus, based in achievement motivation theory, this study examined the relations of the perceived motivational climate as defined by athletes' perceptions of the coaches' behaviors (task vs. ego), athletes' perceptions of their achievement goal orientation (task vs. ego), athletes' perceptions of their implicit theory (i.e., fundamental beliefs regarding whether or not ability can change; growth vs. fixed), and athletes' perception of their level of grit. Male varsity soccer players (N = 81; Mage = 15.80 ± .81) from a large metropolitan area in the south central U.S. completed questionnaires measuring these achievement motivation constructs. The full regression model was significant, accounting for 18% of the grit variance, F(6, 74) = 2.77, p = .017. Within the full model, having a growth mindset (β = .25, p = .035) and endorsing a task goal orientation (β = .36, p = .004) predicted higher levels of grit for the athletes. Neither the coach-created motivational climate, nor the athletes' ego orientation or fixed mindset, were significantly predicted their grit scores. Consistent with Dweck and Duckworth, components of achievement motivation theory, particularly related to a task or growth perspective, may play an important role in athletes' developing a perspective that allows them to work effectively and diligently toward long-term goals.

This study's aim was to investigate whether self-determined behaviour and achievement motivation impact learner's academic performance. Convenient geographic sampling was used to select three pnmary schools in Soshanguve. A likert type questionnaire was used to collect data from 120 learners. Item analyses were preformed to investigate the reliability of subscales. Three hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance and Pearson product moment correlations. The first, which predicted that intrinsic motivation is positively related to academic achievement, was not supported. Both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated learners achieved better in academic tasks than amotivated learners. The second, which predicted a negative correlation between extrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation and academic performance, was also not supported. The third, which predicted that there is a negative correlation between amotivation and academic performance, was confirmed. General conclusions, recommendations, and limitations of the study are discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

The problem with which this investigation was concerned was that of determining the effects that an achievement motivation program had on changing the self-concepts and academic achievement among ninth-grade students in a triethnically mixed junior high school. The subjects for this study were ninth-grade students from a large southwestern city. The experimental program was conducted in a junior high school composed of Anglo, Mexican-American, and Negro students of approximately 30 per cent, 40 per cent, and 30 per cent ratios, respectively. The comparison school was an adjoining area with approximately the same ethnic mixture. In measuring changes in self-concept, the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale was used. Teacher-assigned grades converted to numerical equivalents were used in measuring changes in academic achievement. All hypotheses were tested at the .05 level of confidence by using two by three analysis of covariance. All data were entered on computer cards, using computer services of North Texas State University.

The study was designed to determine the relationship between the psychological constructs of "fear of failure (FOF)" and "fear of success (FOS)" and motor performance in badminton. Forty-three males and fifty-one females in beginning badminton classes were administered the FOF and FOS scales, followed by three independent skills tests and a round-robin singles tournament. Conclusions were that FOF and FOS are two separate performance motives; FOF appears to be the dominant motive for females; both FOF and FOS are related to motor performance in face-to-face competition, while only FOS is related to performance in isolated skills.

"March 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 238-258). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Hui Hing Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-76). / Table of Contents --- p.1 / List of Figures --- p.3 / List of Tables --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.5 / Purpose of the study --- p.5 / Significance of the study --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Implicit Theory of Intelligence and Achievement Goals --- p.8 / Achievement goals --- p.8 / Chapter - --- Learning and performance goals --- p.8 / Chapter - --- Work avoidance goal --- p.10 / Implicit theory of intelligence --- p.13 / Chapter - --- Helpless and mastery-oriented children --- p.14 / Chapter - --- Adoption of different achievement goals --- p.15 / Chapter - --- The effects of implicit theory of intelligence on the achievement goals --- p.17 / Chapter - --- Implicit theory of intelligence in classroom environments --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Effects of Achievement Goals on Motivational Behavior --- p.21 / Achievement goals and learning strategies --- p.22 / Chapter - --- Effective learning strategies --- p.22 / Chapter - --- Deep and surface level strategies --- p.24 / Chapter - --- Active and superficial cognitive engagement --- p.26 / "Achievement goals, satisfaction and task choice" --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Framework of the Study --- p.31 / Incremental theory of intelligence and achievement goals --- p.31 / Achievement goals and learning strategies --- p.32 / "Achievement goals, boredom and choice of easy task" --- p.34 / Conceptual model --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Research Method --- p.37 / Variables --- p.37 / Hypotheses --- p.38 / Samples --- p.40 / Procedures --- p.40 / Instruments --- p.41 / Statistical analyses --- p.43 / Chapter - --- Preliminary analyses --- p.43 / Chapter - --- Correlations --- p.43 / Chapter - --- Structural equation modeling --- p.44 / Chapter - --- Cross-validation --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Results --- p.47 / Items analysis and factor structure of instrument --- p.47 / Correlatons among variables --- p.51 / Structural relations --- p.52 / Cross validity --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion --- p.60 / The validity of the work avoidance goal --- p.60 / Relations between incremental theory of intelligence and achievement goals --- p.61 / Relations between achievement goals and motivational behavior --- p.62 / Differences between grade 7 and grade 9 students --- p.64 / Implication of the findings --- p.66 / Limitations of the study --- p.67 / References --- p.70 / Appendix1 --- p.77 / Appendix2 --- p.79

The current study examines the relationship between organizational support and work-family/family-work conflict. This study hopes to add to the literature by looking at individual differences as a possible mediator in the relationship between various sources of support and conflict between work and family.

Untersucht werden die Wirkungen unterschiedlicher Trainingsprogramme für Kinder mit Lernstörungen. <br /> - Im Motivationstraining werden das Zielsetzungsverhalten und die Attribution trainiert.<br /> - Das metakognitive Strategietraining trainiert die Orientierung, Planung, Temporegulation und Selbstkontrolle bei Lernaufgaben.<br /> Das Motivations- und das Strategietraining arbeiten mit unterrichtsstoff-unabhängigen Inhalten. Erst später erfolgt eine Übertragung auf den Schulunterricht. <br /> <br /> - Ein Rechtschreiblerntraining fördert die Motivation und metakognitive Strategien in Rechtschreibung, also am möglicherweise aversiv besetzten Inhalt, aber auch mit der Chance, dass die Kinder ihre negativen Lernerfahrungen bald als Irrtum einordnen können.<br /> Diese drei Trainingsprogramme werden in Kleingruppen realisiert. <br /> - Ein "Unterrichtsintegriertes Training" trainiert die Motivation und metakognitive Strategien im Klassenunterricht.<br /> <br /> Die Programme wurden bei Kindern im Alter von 9 bis 12 Jahre mit sonderpädagogischem Förderbedarf im Lernen eingesetzt. Der IQ der Schüler lag zwischen 80 und 100. Die Schüler waren in ihrem Lernen entmutigt und realisierten ineffektive Lernstrategien. Lese-Rechtschreibschwäche oder Rechenschwäche wurden ausgeschlossen. <br /> <br /> Als Effektvariable wurden kognitive, metakognitive und motivationale Maße erhoben, aber auch das Verhalten bei Schwierigkeitserleben. Kontrolliert wurden sowohl die unmittelbaren Trainingswirkungen als auch die Langzeitwirkungen nach 3 bis 6 Monaten. Darüber hinaus wurden differenzielle Effekte erfasst.<br /> <br /> Alle Trainingsprogramme erreichten gute Effektstärken in kognitiven und metakognitiven Variablen. Eine gute Ermutigungswirkung erzielten allerdings nur das Motivations- und das Strategietraining. Diese Ermutigungswirkung wiederum erwies sich als entscheidend für die Nachhaltigkeit und Anwendung gelernter Strategien bei Schwierigkeitserleben.<br /> <br /> Verallgemeinert erfordert ein Trainingserfolg folgende Bedingungen: <br /> 1. Verbindung des Trainings von Motivation und Lernstrategien. <br /> 2. Realisierung eines Intensivtrainings, in dem die Ressourcen des Kindes aktiviert werden. <br /> 3. Festigung der gelernten Strategien über einen längeren Zeitraum und Anwendung im Schulunterricht. / Results of four training approaches with learning disabled children are presented; their age range was 9-12, IQ range 80 to 100. The students were characterized as discouraged in their learning efforts, they had developed ineffective learning styles. <br /> - Training program A aimed at training achievement motivation in learning activities including attribution.<br /> - Training program B covered metacognitive strategies (orientation, planning and self-control etc. ).<br /> <br /> The two training programs focused mainly on objectives which were not related to German and mathematics school curriculae in order to avoid averse feelings which might be associated with the regular curriculum by students. Generalization efforts to classroom learning were undertaken at a later stage of the program.<br /> <br /> - Training program C focussed on training motivation and meta-cognitive strategies in orthography.<br /> The A, B, and C training programs were performed with small groups.<br /> - Training D contained motivation and metacognitive strategies while students were taught in class.<br /> <br /> Measures of students with extreme impulsiveness and students with intense lability were analyzed by using multi-variate procedures. It could be shown that each training program resulted in improved cognitive and metacognitive functioning. Training programs A and B showed remarkable encouragement effects.<br /> <br /> Results were discussed in terms of improved learning conditions like. <br /> 1. Intensive training, activating emotional resources of the learner and metacognitive training are necessary conditions. <br /> 2. After metacognitive and coping strategy criteria have been reached, maintenance strategies over time have to be employed, including generalization efforts to classroom learning. <br /> 3. Any successful training has to include metacognitive and encouragement strategies.