This paper is the compared analysis of on the young and old generations. It is focused on the achievement motivations and job characteristics of which influenced on job involvement. As the times changed, people were born on different backgrounds that cause a discrepancy in values and specialities of each generation. This paper is hypothesized the worker¡¦s hard-working level is different when with different achievement motivation and different job characteristics. The sample consisted of the workers in business or government organizations. All data collected and tested by the statistical methods with factor analysis, independent-sample t test, analysis of variance, regression analysis, and hierarchical regression. Conclusions and suggestion are based with the analysis results. Firstly, some significant differences had been found among different personal variables analysis. Secondly, the independent variable and dependent variable were found a significant difference that they to be interrelated. Finally, the interference effects of achievement motivation and job characteristics on job promise among the young and the old generations. Parts of all hypotheses were found, but there are only partially effects upon interference analysis. This paper aimed at workers of the young and the old generations compared analysis for an integrated conclusion of which offers the best practice reference.

Internal control plays a pivotal role in enhancing security operations and quality control in an organization. The process of evaluating internal auditors is a powerful tool for the management team. It does not only prevent frauds, but also boosts profitability. From the perspective of management, internal auditors work for ensuring effective operations and improving performance for all the management systems within the organization. They bear great responsibility and play a key role. Therefore, the study attempts to explore the personal attributes and work characteristics, to analyze job satisfactions among internal auditors and finally to finds a list of key factors effecting job satisfaction. This study is conducted in three parts. First, a preliminary conceptual framework is established via literature review. This conceptual framework goes through constant modifications before being introduced into the empirical research architecture of this study. Questionnaires are thus designed based on this architecture. In the process of questionnaire design, opinions from eight senior auditor executives serve as expert validity. Expert opinions are modified and incorporated into questionnaires to quantify the correlation of personal attributes, work characteristics and job satisfactions among internal auditors. This research selected samples of the internal auditors from domestic companies, i.e. members of the Institute of Internal Auditors, in Taipei, Hsinchu, Taichung, and Kaohsiung. A total of 567 questionnaires are issued and 376 questionnaires are collected with responding rate of 66%. After deleting 104 invalid questionnaires, the number of valid questionnaires is 272. Statistical analysis, such as variance, correlation and regression, is conducted with SPSS software. Empirical findings are as follows: 1. Significant difference exists between the demographic variables, such as job titles, the years of work experience, disciplined personal traits of internal auditors, certain dimensions of work properties and internal and external satisfactions in terms of job satisfaction. 2. There is significance difference between the ages and the competition dimension factors of achievement motivation. 3. General auditors are found to be significantly more satisfied with work than senior auditors or entry-level auditors. It is also apparent that the more senior the positions, the more job satisfactions. 4. The demographic variables, work characteristics, achievement motivations, and job satisfactions are partially correlated. At a closer look, we find that the friendliness as a personal attribute is significantly positive correlated with job satisfaction. Neuroticism as a personal attribute is significantly negative correlated with job satisfaction. 5. Personal attributes of internal auditors impose significant impacts to achievement motivations and job satisfactions. 6. Personal attributes are affected by achievement motivations and, in turn, they affect job satisfactions. Achievement motivations have intervening effects though the effects are mild.

This study assesses consumer behavior toward online shopping in Saudi Arabia by studying the factors that affect whether or not they shop online. The sample consisted of 206 Saudis approached using the “snowball” technique. Participants were all above eighteen and Internet users. Participants were asked to give the frequency of their online shopping transactions using a four-point Likert scale. They used a seven-point Likert scale to rate their opinions about trends affecting electronic commerce, companies’ marketing approaches, and other aspects of online shopping. Participants also were asked about their feelings regarding traditional and online shopping using a nine-point bipolar scale. Using the Six Dimensional Achievement Motivations Scale, they were asked to describe themselves, and finally, they were asked to rank the Rokeach Terminal Values based on their importance. The version of the Rokeach Value System used in this study is the one shortened to nine terminal values, by Munson & McQuarrie, 1988, since it reflects better relevance to consumption. Results show that, when compared to traditional shopping, participants have relatively negative perceptions of online shopping. In addition, participants’ demographics and values related to their online shopping frequency, while their achievement motivations were less related. The major limitation of this research is that it was conducted in only one city, Jeddah. Therefore, additional research should be carried out in other cities with larger samples. The research results suggest that businesses in Saudi Arabia should use online shopping as a second channel to distribute their products in addition to their physical stores. This thesis makes a distinctive contribution to the literature, as it is the first to examine the correlation between the Rokeach Value System (1973); the Six Dimensional Achievement Motivation Scale (Jackson, Ahmed, and Heapy, 1976); and online shopping behavior in the world, let alone Saudi Arabia.

Einleitung: Warum Studierenden sich an die Studienberatung wenden und welchen geschichtlichen Hintergrund die Institution der Studienberatung hat, wurde bereits erforscht, aber die genaue Umsetzung und die genauen Auswirkungen auf Studierverhalten, Studiergewohnheiten und Leistungsmotivation von Studierenden stellen Forschungslücken dar. Diesen Aspekten wird im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgegangen. Methoden: Mit 36 Studierenden aus den Bachelorstudiengängen (Betriebswirtschaftslehre, Physik und Sozialwissenschaften) der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin sowie mit 9 StudienberaterInnen von verschiedenen weiteren Berliner Hochschulen/Universitäten wurden Interviewgespräche durchgeführt. Die Studierenden haben zusätzlich zum Interview auch einen Fragebogen ausgefüllt. Ergebnisse: Die Auswertung der Daten zeigt, dass die Inanspruchnahme der Studienberatung positive Effekte auf Studierverhalten, Studiergewohnheiten und Leistungsmotivation zeigt. Eine Fachauswahl sollte aufgrund von inhaltlichen Interessen und Fähigkeiten und nicht nur aufgrund von Jobaussichten oder der Empfehlungen von Verwandten erfolgen, um ein besseres Studierverhalten, positivere Studiergewohnheiten und eine höhere Leistungsmotivation zu haben. Die Studienberatung hilft, eine adäquate Fachauswahl zu treffen, sei dies bereit vor Studienbeginn oder bei einem geplanten Studiengangwechsels. Schlussfolgerung: Die Funktionalität der Studienberatung sollte in verschiedenen Medien (z.B. Internet, Aushänge) noch deutlicher und detaillierter erläutert werden, damit die Studierenden ihre Vorteile kennen und nutzen können. Es ist wichtig, spezielle Beratungsstellen in Zukunft noch eingehender zu untersuchen, wie zum Beispiel die Studienberatung für ausländische Studierende. Die vorliegende Studie stellt einen ersten Schritt in diese Richtung dar. / Introduction: Reasons for contacting of students with the study advisory services and the services historical background have already been explored, but that process and its impact on study behavior, study habits and academic achievement motivation of students is not explored. These aspects are investigated in the work at hand. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 36 students which have been selected from undergraduate programs (Business Administration, Physics and Social sciences) of the Humboldt University of Berlin and as well with 9 study advisors of various Berlin Colleges/Universities. Students have additionally answered a questionnaire. Result: Analysis of the data shows that utilization of study advisory services helps to move study behavior, study habits and academic motivation in positive direction. To have a good study behavior, study habits and academic achievement motivation, a study field should be selected according to interests and abilities rather then because of job opportunities or recommendations of relatives. The study advisory services help to make an adequate study subject choice before the beginning of studying or when changing a field of study. Conclusion: Functionality of study advisory services should be better advertised and explained (e.g. on the internet, by notices on notice boards) so that the students know its advantages and make use of the service. It is important to have further research projects on this matter, for example regarding study advisory services for foreign students and its effects. The study on hand represents a step in this direction.