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Studies towards asymmetric aziridine synthesis via aza-darzens reaction of (2S)-N-bromoacyl camphorsultamMcLaren, Andrew B. January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
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Gold adsorption on active carbonSteele, Carl James January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
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Mast cells and their role in disease statesCross, Laurence Joseph Mark January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
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Studies of rat cell surface activation antigens : molecular characterisation of the alpha and beta chains of the interleukin-2 receptorPage, Theresa Helen January 1990 (has links)
No description available.
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Computational Study of C−H/C−C Activation and Functionalization with Nitrene, Carbene and Related ComplexesSun, Zhicheng 12 1900 (has links)
This dissertation involves inorganic/organometallic catalysis models, in particular the functionalization of carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds. Computational methods have been utilized to better understand the factors affecting the kinetics and thermodynamics of C−H and C−C bond activation/functionalization in this dissertation. Chapter 2 investigates methane C−H activation with a diiminopyridine nitride/nitridyl complex of 3d transition metals and main group elements via three competing pathways: 1,2-addition/[2 + 2] addition, insertion and H-atom abstraction/proton coupled electron transfer. Chapter 3 investigates a transition metal catalyzed C=C bond functionalization involving C−N bond formations to synthesize aziridines from aromatic and aliphatic alkenes. The study focuses on anionic 3d transition metal (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) triphenylamide-amine complexes with nitrene active intermediates for the aziridination reactions. Chapter 4 investigates a disphenoidal Ni(II) azido complex participating in intramolecular C−H functionalization and amination via a putative Ni nitridyl intermediate and a 1,2-addition/[2 + 2] addition pathway. In Chapter 5, methane oxidative addition to the Cp*ML (Cp* = η5-C5Me5; M = Co, Rh, Ir , L = CO, PMe3) motif is compared and contrasted when the classic CO and PMe3 ligands are replaced with the cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (CAAC) as ancillary ligands.
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TCR and CO-receptors mediated activation of V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells / TCR und Ko-Rezeptor vermittelte Aktivierung von V gamma 9V delta 2 T ZELLENRincón Orozco, Bladimiro January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
A small percentage (1-5%) of the blood lymphocytes expresses alternative T-cell antigen receptor that uses g and d TCR rearranging genes. A subset of them expresses the Vg9Vd2 TCR. Those cells respond to self-nonpeptide and foreign antigens presented by unknown antigen-presenting molecules. Vg9Vd2 T cells also express Toll-like receptors and natural killer receptors that allow them to respond to other nonpeptide microbial components or to alterations in the expression of stress cell surface ligands such as NKG2D ligands. Vg9Vd2 T cells frequently are regulated by the expression of activating and/or inhibitory NKRs (iNKRs) that can fine-tune their activation threshold and the activating NKG2D receptor is one of the most studied until now. NKG2D, a C-type lectin receptor directed against MICA/MICB and UL16-binding protein (ULBP) molecules, have been reported a powerful co-stimulus for Ag-mediated activation of CD8 and Vg9Vd2 T cells. Indeed, NKG2D is recruited within the Vg9Vd2 TCR immunological synapse and enhances recognition by Vg9Vd2 T cells of Mycobacteria-infected DCs and various MICA/MICB or ULBP hemopoietic and non-hemopoietic tumors. The level of NKG2D is upregulated by inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-15), and NKG2D ligands are induced after a physical or genotoxic stress and/or along infection by intracellular pathogens. Therefore, NKG2D is a key stress sensor that strongly enhances recognition of altered or infected self by human gd T cells. Recent progress in the field supports the idea that gd T cells fulfill a role in the innate and adaptative immune response in different way of the conventional ab T cells. We demonstrated direct activation of Vg9Vd2 T cells by NKG2D ligation through the association with DAP10 adapter molecules and independently of TCR-Ag recognition, similar to the NKG2D-mediated activation of NK cells. Culture of peripherical blood mononuclear cells with immobilized NKG2D mAb or NKG2D ligand MICA induces up-regulation of CD69 and CD25 in NK and Vg9Vd2 T cells but not in CD8 T cells. Additionally, the ligation of NKG2D induces in Vg9Vd2 T cells the up-regulation of molecules typical for antigenpresenting cells, such as co-stimulator molecules (CD86) antigen presenting molecules (CD1a, HLA-DR), adhesion molecules (CD54), and activation molecules (CD69). Furthermore, NKG2D ligation in Vg9Vd2 T cells induces the production of cytokines such as TNF-a and chemokines such as, MIP-1a, but cannot induce the production of cytokines such as IL-6 or IFN-g and chemokines such as RANTES, MCP-1 and GM-CSF. In addition, NKG2D triggers the activation of the cytolytic machinery as efficient as CD3 stimulation as shown by measurement of the release of granules with esterase activity (BLT assay), perforin and the up-regulation of CD107a on the surface of Vg9Vd2 T cells. This NKG2D dependent cytolysis has been confirmed using purified Vg9Vd2 T cells, which kill MICA-transduced RMA cells but not the control cells. The TCR independence and NKG2D dependence of this killing is supported by mAb inhibition experiment. Finally, DAP 10, which mediates NKG2D signaling of human NK cells, is found in resting and activated Vg9Vd2 T cells. Moreover, data of intracellular signaling studies suggest an important role of Scr kinases in the NKG2D mediated killing and involvement of DAP-10-PI3K and PLCg 1 pathways as mayor proteins implicated in target cell lysis, and shows remarkable difference with the TCR signaling. The identification of these similarities in NKG2D function between NK and Vg9Vd2 T cells may be of interest for development of new strategies for Vg9Vd2 T cell-based immunotherapy in certain types of cancer and help to understand Vg9Vd2 T cell function in general. / Ein geringer Prozentsatz (1-5%) der T-Lymphozyten (T-Zellen) besitzt einen alternativen TZellrezeptor (TCR), der aus der g und d Kette der rearrangierten Gene aufgebaut ist. Eine geringe Population dieser T-Zellen exprimiert den Vg9Vd2 TCR. Diese Zellen werden durch körpereigene nicht-Peptide und fremde Antigene, die von bisher unbekannten antigenpräsentierenden Molekülen präsentiert werden, aktiviert. Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen exprimieren zudem Toll-like Rezeptoren und NK-Rezeptoren die es ihnen ermöglichen auf weitere, mikrobielle nicht-Peptid Moleküle oder die veränderte Expression von stressspezifischen Zelloberflächenmolekülen, wie dem NKG2D Liganden zu reagieren. Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen werden häufig über die Expression von aktivierenden und/oder hemmenden NKRs (iNKRs) reguliert, die deren Aktivierungsschwelle fein einstellen können. Der bisher am Besten untersuchte NKR ist der aktivierende NKG2D Rezeptor. Es wurde gezeigt, dass NKG2D, ein C-Typ Lektinrezeptor, der sich gegen MICA/MICB und UL16- bindende Proteine (ULBP)-Moleküle richtet, als starker Kostimulus für die antigenvermittelte Aktivierung von CD8 und Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen dient. In der Tat wird NKG2D zu der Vg9Vd2 TCR immunologischen Synapse rekrutiert und stimuliert dort die Erkennung von mycobakteriell infizierten DCs und verschiedenen MICA/MICB oder ULBP hämopoetischen und nicht hämopoetischen Tumoren durch Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen. Die Expression von NKG2D wird durch inflammatorische Zytokine (wie z.B. IL-15) stimuliert, sowie nach physikalischem oder genotoxischem Stress und/oder während einer Infektion mit intrazellulären Pathogenen induziert. Daher gilt NKG2D als entscheidender Stress-Sensor, der eine verstärkte Identifikation von veränderten oder infizierten körpereigenen Antigenen durch menschliche gd -Zellen bewirkt. Jüngste Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet stützen die Hypothese, dass gd TZellen eine Rolle in der angeborenen, sowie der adaptiven Immunantwort spielen, allerdings auf andere Weise wirken wie die konventionellen ab T Zellen. Wir haben gezeigt, dass die direkte Aktivierung von Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen durch die Bindung von NKG2D mittels Interaktion mit DAP10 Adaptermolekülen und unabhängig von TCR/Antigen Erkennung erfolgt, ähnlich der NKG2D vermittelten Aktivierung von NKZellen. Kulturen aus peripheren Blutzellen, die mit immobilisierten NKG2D monoklonalem Antikörper (mAb) oder dem NKG2D Liganden MICA behandelt wurden zeigten vermehrte Expression von CD69 und CD25 in NK und Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen, jedoch nicht in CD8-Zellen. Desweiteren führte die Bindung von NKG2D in Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen zur Regulation von antigenpräsentierenden Molekülen nach NKG2D Stimulation, wie z.B. kostimulatorische Moleküle (CD80, CD68), antigenpräsentierende Moleküle (CD1a, HLA-DR), Adhäsionsmoleküle (CD54) und Aktivierungsmoleküle (CD69, CD95). Die Interaktion von NKG2D und Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen induzierte zudem die Produktion von Zytokinen, wie TNF-a, sowie Chemokinen wie MIP-1a, jedoch nicht von IL-6, IFN-g oder RANTES , MCP-1 und GM-CSF. Desweiteren aktivierte NKG2D die zytolytischen Maschinerie ebenso effizient, wie CD3. Dies konnte durch Messung der Freisetzung von Granula mit Esterase-Aktivität (BLTAssay) und von Perforin, sowie die verstärkte Expression von CD107a an der Zelloberfläche von Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Die zytologische Aktivierung durch NKG2D konnte durch Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen, die MICA transduzierte RMA Zellen jedoch nicht die Kontrolzellen töten konnten, bestätigt werden. Die Tatsache, dass das Töten dieser Zellen unabhängig von TCR und abhängig von NKG2D erfolgt, wurde durch mAb Hemm- Experimente unterstützt. Schließlich wurde DAP10, das die Signalweiterleitung von NKG2D in menschlichen NK Zellen überträgt, sowohl in nicht aktivierten und activierten Vg9Vd2 Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Zudem lassen Daten von intrazellulären Signalstudien vermuten, dass Scr Kinase, wie auch DAP-10-PI3K und der PLCg 1 eine wichtige Rolle beim Töten durch den NKG2D Signalweg spielen, der beachtliche Unterschiede zum TCR Signalweg aufweisen. Die Entdeckung, dass NK-Zellen und Vg9Vd2 T-Zellen ähnlich auf die Bindung von NKG2D reagieren, könnte für die Entwicklung von einer Vg9Vd2 T-Zell-basierten Immuntherapie für die Behandlung bestimmter Krebsarten von Bedeutung sein und im Allgemeinen helfen die Vg9Vd2 T-Zell Funktion zu verstehen.
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Synthesis, structures and reactivities of Group 14 metal alkyls. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collectionJanuary 1997 (has links)
by Wai Him Kwok. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Development of a prompt-gamma, neutron-activation analysis facility at the Texas A&M University Nuclear Science CenterInyang, Otu Effiong 15 May 2009 (has links)
A prompt-gamma, neutron-activation analysis facility earlier developed at the Nuclear Science Center of Texas A&M University could not be used successfully to analyze geologic samples due to high detection background, low neutron fluence rate and poor detection equipment . A systematic investigation into the performance capability of a prompt-gamma, neutron activation analysis facility was undertaken in this research project. The facility was reconstructed and used to obtain prompt-gamma spectra of chlorine and cadmium and from the spectra, the net peak area counts for the most intense prompt-gamma-ray energies were obtained. A theoretical model was developed which can predict the net peak area counts expected on these prompt-gamma-ray energies using the thermal neutron fluence rate at the sample position, the absolute efficiency of the detector, and the mass and partial gamma-ray production cross section data for the samples. The experimental and predicted results were compared to establish the performance capability of the reconstructed facility. Good agreements between experimental and predicted results were obtained for chlorine, but results from cadmium showed larger discrepancies due to self-shielding effects. Corrections for self-shielding effects were applied to results from cadmium and the experimental and predicted results were also in good agreement. The satisfactory results indicate that it is possible to implement the prompt-gamma, neutron-activation analysis technique at Beam Port #1 of the Nuclear Science Center Reactor. To be able to obtain excellent results from other samples, improvements in shielding materials to attain a lower detection background and a highly efficient detection system should be incorporated.
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Hur muskelaktiveringen påverkas vid en inåtrotation i axelleden med och utan Activation Grip. / How the muscle activation is affected during an internal rotation of the shoulder joint with and without Activation Grip.Abrahamsson, Filip, Björklin, Jimmy January 2012 (has links)
Bakgrund: Även om kaströrelsen i detalj skiljer sig mellan olika idrotter så är den biomekaniska funktionen i grunden densamma. Inom alla kastrelaterade idrotter återkommer den så kallade accelerationsfasen, här har det visat sig att inåtrotationen i axelleden har en hög korrelation med bollhastighet i kaströrelsen. Axelledens inåtrotatorer har alltså en viktig funktion för ett effektivt kast. En funktionell uppvärmning av dessa strukturer optimerar prestationsförmågan och minskar skaderisken. Kan träningsredskapet Activation Grip (AG) effektivisera uppvärmningen av den övre extremiteten hos kastidrottare? Syfte: Att undersöka och jämföra hur muskelaktiviteten i m. pectoralis major (PM), m. deltoideus anterior (DA), m. flexor carpi raidalis (FCR) och m. extensor digitoris communis (EDC) påverkas vid inåtrotation i axelleden med och utan träningsredskapet AG. Studien syftar även till att utvärdera AG som produkt. Metod: Muskelaktiviteten i PM, DA, FCR och EDC registrerades med hjälp av elektromyografi (sEMG) hos 18 aktiva idrottare inom överarmskastrelaterade idrotter (ålder 23,7 ± 5,7) vid inåtrotation i axelleden med maximal hastighet, jämfört med samma rörelse med AG och 30% belastning. Resultat: Resultatet visade på en signifikant högre muskelaktivering (p < 0.05) i DA, FCR, EDC under inåtrotationen med maximal hastighet. Hos PM sågs ingen signifikant skillnad i muskelaktivitet. AG fick över lag positiv respons från testdeltagarna. Konklusion: Med resultatet i beaktande så skulle AG kunna kombineras tillsammans med andra uppvärmningsövningar för att få specifik aktivering i önskad muskulatur. Vidare studier gällande rörelse, motstånd och hastighet för att effektivisera användningen av AG bör göras. Även om AG fick positiv respons så bör produkten utvecklas ytterligare.
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Continued Development of a Cloud Droplet Formation Parameterization for Global Climate ModelsFountoukis, Christos 01 July 2005 (has links)
This study presents continued development of the Nenes and Seinfeld (2003) cloud droplet activation parameterization. First, we expanded the formulation to i) allow for a lognormal representation of aerosol size distribution, and, ii) include a size-dependant mass transfer coefficient for the growth of water droplets to accommodate the effect of size (and potentially organic films) on the droplet growth rate. The performance of the new scheme is evaluated by comparing the parameterized cloud droplet number concentration with that of a detailed numerical activation cloud parcel model. The resulting modified parameterization robustly and closely tracks the parcel model simulations, even for low values of the accommodation coefficient (average error 4.11.3%). The modifications to include the effect of accommodation coefficient do not increase the computational cost but substantially improves the parameterization performance. This work offers a robust, computationally efficient and first-principles approach for directly linking complex chemical effects (e.g., surface tension depression, changes in water vapor accommodation, solute contribution from partial solubility) on aerosol activation within a global climate modeling framework.
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