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Although Chris Kraus's I Love Dick has been largely read as autofictional or autotheoretical, I argue that its formal characteristics and innovations can be better understood by looking at seventeenth- and eighteenth-century precedents in the amatory epistolary genre. By examining the formal constraints that belong to the epistolary medium Kraus employed—requirements such as the "I" of the writer, the "you" of the receiver, and a desire for exchange—I show how she deploys epistolary tropes such as the woman in love as natural writer of letters, and the assumed truthful nature of such letters. These epistolary affordances and the ways in which I Love Dick uses and in part revises them allow Kraus to blur the line between reality and fiction, but more importantly allow her to achieve an expansion of the "I" of the writer through what I call her stalking method of writing. It is precisely in the process of writing and in the concomitant minimizing and objectifying of the "you" of the receiver that the expansion of the "I" occurs. / Master of Arts / Chris Kraus's first novel I Love Dick was published by Semiotext(e)'s Native Agent series in 1997, but it was upon its second edition in 2006, and after a television adaptation by Jill Soloway in 2017, that the novel found a larger audience. Since then, critics have mainly discussed I Love Dick in relation to the genre of autotheory and autofiction, and called it the urtext for a certain kind of North American female writing that relies heavily on real, personal experiences that undergo varying degrees of fictionalization. While these are valuable interpretations, my research aims to correct an oversight in the current discourse around I Love Dick. By situating the novel within the tradition of love letter writing in the female voice, I show how I Love Dick employs and revises the affordances of the epistolary medium in general, and of the amatory epistolary genre in particular. Through a close analysis both of I Love Dick and of other lesser-known essays and interviews, as well as an analysis of Kraus's precedents, both in the Native Agent's series that she edited in the 1990s and in the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century amatory epistolary fiction, I reveal paradoxes that ultimately make I Love Dick a complex and ambiguous novel that defies simple categorizations.

There is a high degree of morphosyntactic microvariation with respect to the number and position of object markers found across Bantu languages. This paper examines variation in object marking in Swahili, against the backdrop of variation in object marking in Bantu more broadly. Verb forms in Standard Swahili are well-known to typically only permit one pre-stem object marker. However, here we show that there are isolated cases of post-verbal marking of objects from both a synchronic and diachronic perspective. The paper focuses on two case studies. Firstly, ‘Old Swahili’ – that is, the language of classical Swahili poetry – where examples of typologically unusual emphatic object marker doubling are found. Secondly, we show that post-verbal object marking is in fact also found in Standard (Modern) Swahili, namely in second person plural marking, in post-verbal locative markers and with non-verbal predication. However, we also show that the relationship between these forms, the Old Swahili paradigm of object marker doubling, and post-verbal object marking in Bantu more widely – in particular post-verbal plural addressee marking – is complex.

The paper discusses articulations of personality and communication structures in the lyric: who is speaking in a poem? What is the status of the person who speaks, or the one who is spoken about? Is it the author himself who is speaking, or is it someone else – an autonomous being, completely different and detached from the subject developed in the text? Who is addressed in and by a poem? It is made clear that conventional concepts of Stimmung (mood), Erlebnis (experience), and lyrisches Ich (the ›lyric I‹) should be set aside and the nature of lyric communication should be redetermined. For this purpose, a precise examination of the specific use of personal pronouns in poems is necessary, especially of the pronouns ›I‹, ›you‹ and ›we‹. The indistinct ›lyric I‹ should be substituted by the term ›articulated I‹. The poetic text as a whole is being structured by a superordinate entity, the Textsubjekt (›textual subject‹). Every speaking entity in a poem has a counterpart being addressed by it. Analyzing communication structures in poetry thus means first of all looking for an addressee who is constituted by the text. Only in a second step should we figure out if the address refers to the intended reader.

A presente pesquisa busca identificar procedimentos e mecanismos, verbais e visuais, pelos quais o discurso de divulgação científica para crianças, de autoria da SBPC (Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência) e materializado em reportagens de capa da Ciência Hoje das Crianças, se direciona e se orienta por seu destinatário presumido, assim como visa identificar como e para quais fins estabelecem-se relações dialógicas entre formas composicionais verbais e visuais. Centrando-se em reportagens de capa enquanto concretização do projeto e vontades discursivas de um sujeito histórica e socialmente situado, à luz de noções formuladas pelo Círculo de Bakhtin, tais como dialogismo, acabamento, esfera e endereçamento do enunciado, o trabalho explora duas hipóteses. Primeira, em se tratando de divulgação de conhecimentos científicos ao público infantil, mais do que a seleção temática de assuntos de cunho científico que poderiam interessar ao público infantil, a linguagem é a ponte que alinhava vínculos entre o autor, a ciência e o cientista e o destinatário-criança, segunda, no discurso científico endereçado aos pequenos, a reincidência de recursos lexicais típicos da ideologia do cotidiano é movida pelo objetivo de fazer entender. A análise detida do corpus iluminou dois tipos principais de relações dialógicas, a saber, 1) dialogismo entre as instâncias autoriais do autor-cientista e do ilustrador e 2) movimentos dialógicos em direção ao universo do leitor. / The present research aims at identifying the procedures and mechanisms, verbal and verbally-visual, used by the scientific diffusion speech to children, written by SBPC (Brazilian Society to the Science Progress) and materialized in cover articles of the magazine Ciência Hoje das Crianças Childrens Science Today. This research considers how this speech is aimed and led by its presumed addressee, and also identifies how and for which purpose the dialogical relations are established between verbal and visual compositional forms. This research is based on the notions proposed by the Bakhtin Circle, such as dialogism, completion, sphere and utterance addressing. Focusing on cover articles for this project building and the speech wills of a historically and socially situated subject, the work explores two hypothesis. The first deals with the diffusion of scientific knowledge to children, so that the language is the bridge that connects the author, science and scientist and addressee (children) more than only a thematic selection of scientific issues which could interest the children. The second hypothesis deals with the scientific speech addressed to the little ones. The reincidence of the lexical resources typical to the day-by-day ideology is moved by the objective of make it understood. The analysis taken from the corpus enlightened two main kinds of dialogical relations: 1) dialogism between the authors instances from the author-scientist and the illustrator; and 2) dialogical movements towards the readers universe.

As the title reveals, the thesis deals with primary and secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma among people over 50 years of age. Colorectal carcinoma, i.e. tumour disease of the colon or rectum, is a serious disease with increasing incidence. The Czech Republic has one of the highest incidence rates of this disease and is at the forefront of global statistics. Every year, about 8000 people are diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma in our country and about 4000 patients die of this disease every year. Almost four people out of ten have vicarious experience with colorectal carcinoma, claiming that someone in their immediate vicinity has developed this disease. Early detection of the disease is thus of crucial importance. Prevention and diagnostics play a major role because tumours detected at an early stage can be treated well. It is reported that lifestyle, the right regimen, plenty of physical activity, wholesome food with an appropriate proportion of fibre and vitamins have a 60 to 80 % impact on the development of carcinoma. The disease poses a threat mainly to people over fifty years of age and people with genetic predispositions. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part consists of several chapters. First of all, I will be dealing with the basic anatomy and physiology of the colon and rectum. Then I will be dealing with the colorectal carcinoma itself, its development, symptoms, incidence or epidemiological aspects of the disease in the Czech Republic. I will be dealing with the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma that include age, lifestyle, as well as hereditary predispositions. A large part of the thesis is dedicated to colorectal carcinoma prevention. I will be focusing on primary and secondary prevention, including the faecal occult blood test and colonoscopy. Finally, I will touch on diagnostics and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. The practical part makes use of the research data obtained through a quantitative interrogation method, a questionnaire. The questionnaire was anonymous and included 32 questions. The first group of the questions was focused on basic information about the respondents. The rest of the questions concerned respondents´ awareness of colorectal carcinoma, its risk factors and potential prevention. I explored the respondents´ attitudes to lifestyle, their concern for tumour diseases in general, as well as whether they regularly see their physician. A substantial part of the questionnaire was devoted to questions regarding the occult blood test and colorectal screening. The questionnaire was intended for people over 50 years of age. The purpose of the thesis was to map awareness of the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma, look into awareness of the options of secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma and whether people attend regular screenings. I examined the importance of giving media publicity to the disease and thus related interest in this issue. I wished to know whether there is a gender difference in the interest in undergoing colorectal screening. Four hypotheses were established in the research. Hypothesis 1: People over the age of 50 are informed about the risk factors of colorectal carcinoma. This hypothesis was confirmed. Hypothesis 2: People over the age of 50 know the options of secondary prevention of colorectal carcinoma. This hypothesis was only partially confirmed. Hypothesis 3: The number of colorectal screenings undergone by women over the age of 50 is statistically more significant than that of man over 50 years of age. This hypothesis was not confirmed for the occult blood test. However, men underwent colonoscopy more often. Hypothesis 4: The interest in undergoing colorectal screening increases with the level of education attained. The actual proportion of those who underwent an occult blood test or colonoscopy does not differ depending on education, and therefore hypothesis number 4 was not confirmed.

A presente pesquisa busca identificar procedimentos e mecanismos, verbais e visuais, pelos quais o discurso de divulgação científica para crianças, de autoria da SBPC (Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência) e materializado em reportagens de capa da Ciência Hoje das Crianças, se direciona e se orienta por seu destinatário presumido, assim como visa identificar como e para quais fins estabelecem-se relações dialógicas entre formas composicionais verbais e visuais. Centrando-se em reportagens de capa enquanto concretização do projeto e vontades discursivas de um sujeito histórica e socialmente situado, à luz de noções formuladas pelo Círculo de Bakhtin, tais como dialogismo, acabamento, esfera e endereçamento do enunciado, o trabalho explora duas hipóteses. Primeira, em se tratando de divulgação de conhecimentos científicos ao público infantil, mais do que a seleção temática de assuntos de cunho científico que poderiam interessar ao público infantil, a linguagem é a ponte que alinhava vínculos entre o autor, a ciência e o cientista e o destinatário-criança, segunda, no discurso científico endereçado aos pequenos, a reincidência de recursos lexicais típicos da ideologia do cotidiano é movida pelo objetivo de fazer entender. A análise detida do corpus iluminou dois tipos principais de relações dialógicas, a saber, 1) dialogismo entre as instâncias autoriais do autor-cientista e do ilustrador e 2) movimentos dialógicos em direção ao universo do leitor. / The present research aims at identifying the procedures and mechanisms, verbal and verbally-visual, used by the scientific diffusion speech to children, written by SBPC (Brazilian Society to the Science Progress) and materialized in cover articles of the magazine Ciência Hoje das Crianças Childrens Science Today. This research considers how this speech is aimed and led by its presumed addressee, and also identifies how and for which purpose the dialogical relations are established between verbal and visual compositional forms. This research is based on the notions proposed by the Bakhtin Circle, such as dialogism, completion, sphere and utterance addressing. Focusing on cover articles for this project building and the speech wills of a historically and socially situated subject, the work explores two hypothesis. The first deals with the diffusion of scientific knowledge to children, so that the language is the bridge that connects the author, science and scientist and addressee (children) more than only a thematic selection of scientific issues which could interest the children. The second hypothesis deals with the scientific speech addressed to the little ones. The reincidence of the lexical resources typical to the day-by-day ideology is moved by the objective of make it understood. The analysis taken from the corpus enlightened two main kinds of dialogical relations: 1) dialogism between the authors instances from the author-scientist and the illustrator; and 2) dialogical movements towards the readers universe.

ABSTRAKT-aj The aim of thesis is semiotic analysis of chosen audio-visual commercials of children's products. The thesis will contain introduction, ending, theoretic part and empiric part. I introduce semiotics and its classification like subject of science in theoretic part, explain concept of sign, semiosis and conception of sign by three representative of semiotics-Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles S. Peirce and Roland Barthes. Next I will focus on commercial. I will describe commercial discours, communication and marketing mix and classification of commercials. I'll introduce television as medium of commercial and come to the psychology of commercial where I will apply of methods gaining attention of consumers. Next I will apply children's consumer, children's marketing, children's and television commercial, how perception of television commercial influences children of different age, how to eliminate influence of commerical to children and in the end regulation of commercial. In empiric part I will do semiotic analysis of chosen audio-visual commercials of children's products. I introduce method of research and I will make efforts to confirm hypothesis, that commercials use as method gaining attention of children's primarily emotions, but when it is commercial of children 's product aim at adults...

In order to better identify and understand the differences between Japanese and English, the task of giving walking directions was used. Japanese and American public facilities (10 each) were randomly chosen from which to collect data over the phone in order to examine these differences based on the following five communication styles: 1) politeness, 2) indirectness, 3) self-effacement, 4) back-channel feedback (Aizuchi), 5) and other linguistic and cognitive differences in relation to space and giving directions. The study confirmed what the author reviewed in the literature: Japanese are more polite, English speakers tend to give directions simply and precisely, Japanese prefer pictorial information and most Americans prefer linguistic information, Japanese is a topic-oriented language and also an addressee-oriented language. The information revealed from this study will help Japanese learners develop important skills needed for developing proficiency in the target language and also teach important differences between the two languages.