Research in corrective feedback (CF) has developed over thirty years; however, little is known about how metalinguistic corrective feedback (MCF) assists the development of procedural knowledge. This quasi-experimental study sought to evaluate and compare the roles of oral MCF in proceduralizing English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ declarative knowledge of gender referents and morphosyntactical structure—third person singular -s. Sixty college EFL learners participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. All learners participated in 14 communicative form-focused activities that elicited the use of gender referents and third person singular morpheme -s in regular classes over 14 weeks. The experimental group received MCF on errors in use of the target structures. The control group received no MCF in use of the target structures. Pretests, posttests, and long delayed posttests administered 20 weeks after the instructional treatment assessed the participants’ declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge of both target structures. The metalinguistic knowledge test was employed to measure declarative knowledge. The elicited oral imitation test was adopted to measure procedural knowledge. Repeated measures ANOVA results indicated that the MCF group significantly increased their procedural knowledge of both target structures. Cohen’s effect size d revealed that MCF exerted a bigger effect on proceduralizing EFL learners’ knowledge on third person singular morpheme –s than on gender referents. These results also demonstrated a relationship between the efficacy of oral MCF and the target structures as well as the interactional effect of test formats tapping into declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. These findings shed light on the learnability of difficult structures through MCF and the necessity to employ metalanguage in EFL classrooms.

Thanks to different multimedia authoring tools and specialized software that facilitate the design and development of computer-based simulations, science teachers and instructional media designers have a variety of simulations to support instructional delivery. However, there is a lack of research on how instructional designers and science teachers can select, design, and implement science simulations most effectively based on the simulations' visual attributes. One of the design principles that play an important part in the simulation design process is the visual representation of on-screen objects used to describe science concepts or principles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of abstract and concrete visual representation of electricity concepts and principles in an instructional simulation on students' declarative knowledge, learning transfer, and perceptions of the simulation. The participants in this study were 39 elementary education pre-service teachers who were randomly assigned to either the concrete or the abstract treatment. The educational intervention was conducted over three 100-minute sessions. Since the sample violated the normality assumption, Mann-Whitney tests were conducted to verify whether the independent variable had significant effects on the three dependent variables. The data analysis found no statistically significant difference on learners' declarative knowledge, learning transfer, and perceptions about the simulation's attributes between those assigned to the concrete treatment and those assigned to the abstract treatment (p>.05). This finding did not favor one type of visual representation over the other.

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No description available.

Thesis (PhD (Sport Science))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 16-week multidimensional intervention programme on the speed and accuracy of decision making, declarative knowledge and visual skills of u/20 rugby players. Two intact groups of rugby academy players participated in this study. One academy group participated in the intervention programme, which included activities, including the statistical analysis of individual players, game analysis, tactical rugby discussions, rugby rule discussions and visual skills training. The other academy group served as the comparison group and completed both the pre- and post-tests. The results indicated significant improvements in the speed of tactical decision making by participants in both the experimental and the comparison groups. Both groups also indicated a significant deterioration in the accuracy of their decisions. Both groups achieved a significant improvement in their declarative knowledge of rugby rules, as well as in their visual skills. The similarity in the post-test scores of the two groups led to the conclusion that the intervention programme, as presented in this study, did not appear to make a significant impact on the players. Suggestions are made for the design of future intervention programmes to improve tactical decision making.

Submitted by Talita Fabiana Roque da Silva null (talitafabianaef@gmail.com) on 2017-02-28T22:29:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Texto final da dissertação.pdf: 4441806 bytes, checksum: d4d1428a218522f1c63c1803b616a206 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-07T14:10:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_tfr_me_bauru.pdf: 4441806 bytes, checksum: d4d1428a218522f1c63c1803b616a206 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T14:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_tfr_me_bauru.pdf: 4441806 bytes, checksum: d4d1428a218522f1c63c1803b616a206 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-06 / O ensino do esporte junto às aulas de Educação Física na escola ainda está circunscrito por um cenário de debates com opiniões distintas e divergentes. Uma delas está relacionada ao ensino do conteúdo esportivo somente através de vivência nas aulas, sem reconhecer o desenvolvimento de um conhecimento conceitual, vinculado à dimensão técnico tática do esporte. Junto ao ensino deste conteúdo, nos parece importante pontuar a dificuldade que muitos professores enfrentam quando ensinam algum esporte coletivo para um grupo grande de estudantes. Muitas vezes, um pequeno grupo joga enquanto a maioria da sala permanece na arquibancada, em algumas ocasiões sem sequer assistir o jogo. O trabalho com o conhecimento conceitual dos esportes, nestes casos, poderia mobilizar o grupo de estudantes que não está jogando a também aprender sobre o esporte, só que de um outro modo. É neste sentido, que o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e analisar o conhecimento conceitual técnico-tático do jogo de handebol quando o estudante observa jogos da referida modalidade (de seus colegas de sala e de vídeos utilizados pela pesquisadora/professora de Educação Física da turma). O estudo está baseado na pesquisa-ação, envolvendo a participação de trinta estudantes de uma turma de sexto ano de uma escola estadual de uma cidade do interior de São Paulo, com uma intervenção que durou onze semanas, envolvendo um total de vinte e duas aulas. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas: observações das aulas, registradas em diários, e questionários respondidos pelos estudantes. Para discussão dos resultados foram elaboradas três categorias de análise: 1. Os conhecimentos conceituais técnico-tático do jogo de handebol manifestados pelos estudantes; 2. O conhecimento declarativo técnico-tático do handebol e suas implicações para a construção de um jogo elaborado; 3. Ensino do handebol na escola com enfoque no conhecimento declarativo: limites e possibilidades. A melhora no desenvolvimento do conhecimento conceitual técnico-tático foi evidenciada nas respostas manifestadas pelos estudantes nos questionários, bem como em situações de aulas, registradas nos diários. Já no que se refere à construção de um jogo mais elaborado, foi possível constatar a mudança de postura e posicionamento dos estudantes em quadra durante o jogo. Trabalhar com o conhecimento declarativo proporcionou uma aprendizagem diferenciada aos estudantes, pois ultrapassou o ensino da técnica, na medida em que além da vivência prática do handebol os estudantes também construíram um conhecimento conceitual, ou seja, das regras e funcionamento do jogo. Algumas dificuldades também foram enfrentadas durante a pesquisa, como: a diferença de habilidade entre os estudantes e o pouco tempo pedagógico disponível para realização da intervenção. Ainda assim, foi possível constatar uma aprendizagem por parte dos estudantes no que se refere ao conhecimento conceitual técnico-tático do jogo de handebol, bem como a construção de um jogo mais elaborado demonstrado por eles. O estudo também nos permitiu construir um material didático para o desenvolvimento do conhecimento declarativo, especialmente nos esportes, para as aulas de Educação Física na escola. Tais resultados sinalizam para a necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre esta temática que nos permitam estabelecer diálogo entre elas com a expectativa de melhor explorarmos o conhecimento declarativo nas aulas de Educação Física. / Teaching sports in Physical Education classes at school is still surrounded by several discussions with different opinions. One of them concerns teaching the sport content only by the empirical experience in classes, not recognizing the development of a conceptual knowledge, associated with the technical and tactical dimensions of the sport. Besides teaching this content, it seems to be important to point out the difficulty many teachers have while teaching any team sport to a large group of students. Often, a small group plays while most of the class students are in the stands; sometimes they do not even watch the game. Working with the conceptual knowledge of sports, in these cases, could make the group of students who are not playing also learn about the sport, but under another perspective. In that sense, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the conceptual knowledge of handball techniques and tactics while the student watches to some matches (played by classmates and some videos used by the researcher/Physical Education teacher). This study was based on the action-research and involved the participation of thirty sixth-grade students of a State school located in a small city in the state of São Paulo, using a 12-week intervention and involving a total of 22 classes. To collect data, the following actions were taken: observation in the classes, registered in log books, and student-reported questionnaires. To discuss results, three categories were designed for analysis: the conceptual knowledge of handball techniques and tactics students showed to have; the declarative knowledge of handball techniques and tactics and their implications while building a higher quality game; teaching how to play handball at school focusing on the declarative knowledge: limits and possibilities. The improvement in the development of the conceptual knowledge of techniques and tactics was evidenced in the answers the students gave in the forms, as well as in class situations, duly registered in the log books. Regarding the capability of playing better, a change in students’ posture and positioning in court while playing was observed. Working with the declarative knowledge allowed the students to learn better, as it overcame teaching techniques, as, besides the practical experience in handball, students built a conceptual knowledge of the rules and functioning of the game. In addition, there were some difficulties in the research, such as: the different skills of the students and the short pedagogical time available for intervention. Yet it was possible to prove that students learnt the conceptual knowledge of handball techniques and tactics and they could build a higher-level game played. This study also allowed us to prepare a teaching material to develop the declarative knowledge, especially in sports, for the Physical Education classes at school. The results indicate the need for new researches on this theme, in a way to allow for a dialogue between them, aiming at better exploring the declarative knowledge in Physical Education classes.

Persons with Swedish as their first language often find it hard to learn subject-verb agreement when studying English. In Swedish this grammatical difficulty does not exist and it is therefore hard to introduce to learners that have Swedish as their native language.This investigation is based on the texts of 28 ninth graders of whom four were interviewed. My interest was in finding out how the students reflect on their own written work with a focus on subject-verb agreement with a particular focus on the third person singular s.My study shows that the four interviewed students claim that they never reflect on grammar in their spontaneous writing and that they never consciously try to apply rules that they have studied in school through being offered grammatical explanations. Instead they make their grammatical choices intuitively, using their procedural knowledge.

The United States of America has dropped behind many countries in terms of the Science and Engineering university degrees awarded since the beginning of the nineties. Multiple studies have been conducted to determine the cause of this decline in degrees awarded, and try to reverse the trend in US education. The goal of these studies was to determine the proper instructional methods that facilitate the knowledge acquisition process for the student. It has been determined that not one method works for all types of curriculum, for example methods that have been found to work effectively in curriculum that teaches procedures and physical systems often fail in curriculum that teaches abstract and conceptual content. The purpose of this study is to design an instructional method that facilitates teaching of abstract knowledge, and to demonstrate its effectiveness through empirical research. An experiment including 72 undergraduate students was conducted to determine the best method of acquiring abstract knowledge. All students were presented with the same abstract knowledge but presented in different types of organization. These organization types consisted of hierarchy referred as Bottom Up, Top Down, and Unorganized. Another factor that was also introduced is Graphing, which is a method that is believe to improve the learning process. The experiment was completed in 8 weeks and data was gathered and analyzed. The results strongly suggest that abstract knowledge acquisition is greatly improved when the knowledge is presented in a Bottom Up hierarchical fashion. On the other hand, neither Graphing nor the Top Down or Unorganized conditions affect learning in these novice students. iv This dissertation is dedicated to my parents who established my education career since the beginning of my first day of school. Their prayers and encouragements have an impact toward my life and education.

O presente estudo objetivou selecionar, sistematizar e validar o conhecimento declarativo sobre o movimento a ser transmitido no componente curricular Educação Física, de 5ª a 8ª séries do Ensino Fundamental para a Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo. O conhecimento declarativo sobre o movimento humano foi selecionado a partir de livros didáticos de Educação Física e, sua pertinência para a educação física escolar foi avaliada por 11 Docentes de ensino superior envolvidos com Licenciatura em suas instituições. A sistematização do conhecimento, a partir dos temas selecionados pelos Docentes, foi efetuada com a definição dos comportamentos esperados de saída ao final do quarto ciclo do Ensino Fundamental. Nesse processo teve-se em conta o nível de letramento dos alunos (de acordo com indicadores do Ministério da Educação) e os objetivos dos outros componentes curriculares. A validação da proposta foi realizada com base na avaliação realizada por 167 professores de Educação Física da rede Estadual de Ensino e 75 ATP’s. A escala utilizada para avaliação de cada comportamento por série foi a do tipo Likert, que tem como objetivo avaliar o grau de concordância ou discordância de determinadas afirmações. A maioria dos comportamentos esperados por séries recebeu uma aceitação maior que 80% por parte dos professores. Valores menores que esse percentual não apresentaram concordância para série adequada. Houve quatro comportamentos (referentes a dimensões biodinâmica e comportamental) que apresentaram unanimidade na aceitação para a 8ªsérie. / This study aimed at selecting, systematizing and validating the declarative knowledge on the movement that can be transmitted during physical education classes from 5th to 8th grades of the Basic Education in schools of the state of São Paulo. The selection of such declarative knowledge on human movement was based on physical education textbooks and its importance to physical education was evaluated by eleven professors. Starting from the themes selected by the professors, the systematization of the knowledge was undertaken based on the definition of the outcomes at the end of the 4th cycle of the Basic Education. During this process the level of litteracy of the students (according to indicators of the Ministry of Education) and the goals of other curricular components were taken into account. The proposal was validated by tests with 167 physical education teachers and 75 technical-pedagogical assistants from state schools. In order to evaluate the rate of agreement or disagreement of certain statements, the Likert scale was used to analyse the outcomes of each grade. Most part of the outcomes in each grade have more than 80% of acceptance. Within a minority of the outcomes the agreement of the adequate grade was not unanimous. In four of the outcomes, referring to biodinamic and comportamental aspects, the acceptance was unanimous regarding the 8th grade.

O presente estudo objetivou selecionar, sistematizar e validar o conhecimento declarativo sobre o movimento a ser transmitido no componente curricular Educação Física, de 5ª a 8ª séries do Ensino Fundamental para a Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo. O conhecimento declarativo sobre o movimento humano foi selecionado a partir de livros didáticos de Educação Física e, sua pertinência para a educação física escolar foi avaliada por 11 Docentes de ensino superior envolvidos com Licenciatura em suas instituições. A sistematização do conhecimento, a partir dos temas selecionados pelos Docentes, foi efetuada com a definição dos comportamentos esperados de saída ao final do quarto ciclo do Ensino Fundamental. Nesse processo teve-se em conta o nível de letramento dos alunos (de acordo com indicadores do Ministério da Educação) e os objetivos dos outros componentes curriculares. A validação da proposta foi realizada com base na avaliação realizada por 167 professores de Educação Física da rede Estadual de Ensino e 75 ATP’s. A escala utilizada para avaliação de cada comportamento por série foi a do tipo Likert, que tem como objetivo avaliar o grau de concordância ou discordância de determinadas afirmações. A maioria dos comportamentos esperados por séries recebeu uma aceitação maior que 80% por parte dos professores. Valores menores que esse percentual não apresentaram concordância para série adequada. Houve quatro comportamentos (referentes a dimensões biodinâmica e comportamental) que apresentaram unanimidade na aceitação para a 8ªsérie. / This study aimed at selecting, systematizing and validating the declarative knowledge on the movement that can be transmitted during physical education classes from 5th to 8th grades of the Basic Education in schools of the state of São Paulo. The selection of such declarative knowledge on human movement was based on physical education textbooks and its importance to physical education was evaluated by eleven professors. Starting from the themes selected by the professors, the systematization of the knowledge was undertaken based on the definition of the outcomes at the end of the 4th cycle of the Basic Education. During this process the level of litteracy of the students (according to indicators of the Ministry of Education) and the goals of other curricular components were taken into account. The proposal was validated by tests with 167 physical education teachers and 75 technical-pedagogical assistants from state schools. In order to evaluate the rate of agreement or disagreement of certain statements, the Likert scale was used to analyse the outcomes of each grade. Most part of the outcomes in each grade have more than 80% of acceptance. Within a minority of the outcomes the agreement of the adequate grade was not unanimous. In four of the outcomes, referring to biodinamic and comportamental aspects, the acceptance was unanimous regarding the 8th grade.