The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to examine the effects of knowledge on cognition and regulation of cognition on declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge, and procedural knowledge in geometry and (2) to examine the interrelationships among declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge, and procedural knowledge in geometry. The reciprocal relationships between metacognitive and knowledge factors were modeled by using data from tenth grade secondary school students. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized relationships of two metacognitive factors (knowledge of cognition, regulation of cognition) and three knowledge factors (declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge, procedural knowledge). The observed variables representing the latent variables were determined by carrying out exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis for the metacognitive awareness inventory and geometry knowledge test separately. Major findings revealed: (1) Declarative knowledge significantly and positively influences conditional and procedural knowledge / (2) Procedural knowledge has a signitificant and positive direct effect on conditional knowledge / (3) Declarative knowledge has a positive indirect effect on conditional knowledge / (4) Knowledge of cognition significantly and positively influences procedural knowledge / (5) Regulation of cognition has a significant but negative direct effect on procedural knowledge / (6) Knowledge of cognition has positive indirect effects on conditional and procedural knowledge / (7) Regulation of cognition has negative indirect effects on conditional and procedural knowledge / (8) Knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition have non-significant direct effect on declarative and conditional knowledge. The results showed that knowledge of cognition has the strongest direct effect on procedural knowledge and the direct effect of declarative knowledge on conditional knowledge is stronger than on procedural knowledge. In view of the findings considerable suggestions is provided for teachers, instructional designers, and mathematics education researchers.

This study compared the effect of the use of physical manipulative with self-metacognitive questioning versus manipulative without self-metacognitive questioning on the knowledge acquisition in polygons. Participants were 220 sixth grade students. A pretest, treatment and posttest two-group design was used. There were two treatment groups: manipulative with self-metacognitive questioning (MAN+META) and manipulative without self-metacognitive questioning (MAN) Three distinct knowledge tests were designed by the researcher: Declarative, conditional and procedural. Declarative knowledge test consisted of 18 multiple-choice questions. The conditional and procedural knowledge tests consisted of six and ten open-ended questions respectively. Mixed design analysis of variance results revealed that there is a significant effect for time but no group-by-time interaction effect suggesting that both groups responded equally well to treatment in the amount of change in their scores on the two outcome measures: pretests and posttests. A follow up analysis (paired t-test) was conducted to evaluate the impact of time on students&rsquo / pretest and posttest scores. The large effect size indicated that there was a statistically significant increase in scores of all three tests.

This thesis discuss how balance between declarative and procedural knowledge can be reached in music education. The purpose is to shine light on how balance between different kinds of knowledge shows itself in South African music teachers descriptions of their ways of teaching. The main focus lies in how non verbal and verbal knowledge present itself in the teacher's philosophies. The categorisation of different kinds of knowledge from the book Music Matters by David Elliott is used to distinguish the main question in the analysis. This categorisation suggests there are five categories of knowledge of where one is verbal and four non verbal. Seven teachers are included in the study and the results show that there are some difficulties in the process of balancing verbal and non verbal knowledges in their teaching situations. The difficulties is shown largely between the desire to teach through non verbal methods and the traditional way of teaching that is more directed towards verbal knowledge and the fact that it is the easiest and quickest way to use spontaneously in the teaching situations. The thesis concludes that despite the fact that there are areas of development in balancing knowledges in teaching situations, there is more elements of the philosophical theories discovered in reality than expected. The pattern show that the teacher's philosophical reflections present more gaps individually than put together which results in the reflection that if teachers use the knowledge and experience among each other in a larger extent, balance between different kinds of knowledge is more easily approached than when doing it on their own.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMMS.pdf: 4127828 bytes, checksum: 4eaf19a5e50c0ead0c03d7a1f4b7b5c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-04-25 / The companies inserted in the current dynamic context have discovered different ways to accomplish their activities and manage their processes. Regarding to NPD (New Product Development) process, it is possible to observe the adoption by companies of practices that enable better performance, efficient results and the continuous improvement of the process. The Stage-gates systematic can be considered as an example of these practices. This systematic divides the NPD in Stages interchanged by review and decision points, named gates. The gates goals are to evaluate accomplished activities, of which scope must be aligned to business strategy, and to decide if the condition of the process is to continue, to be postponed, to be recycled or even to be cancelled. Moreover, this systematic allows to structure moments to analyze the NPD process performance and manage continuous improvement, factors linked to creation and improvement of NPD process competences, that is, to learning organizational competences. The purpose of this work is to list the existing and explicit activities in the context of product development projects, and to discuss their association to the elements of the Declarative Knowledge of Organizational Learning. The research method was the case study, with characteristics of qualitative and descriptive analysis. The case was conducted in a Brazilian business unit of a multinational automotive company, through visits in order to follow some meetings and to interview people involved in the studied projects. The results of this work are the description and analysis of existing activities in NDP process that can be associated to the elements of Declarative Knowledge of Organizational Learning in the cross-team and within-team learning environment. Many practices, in the studied company, are almost ready to be used as learning activities addressed by Declarative Knowledge elements such as registering, reviewing, relating, keeping and sharing. These elements are presented in the company, especially in technical activities, but it is a matter of conscience to use them as improvement opportunities during the development process management. / As empresas inseridas no contexto dinâmico atual têm buscado maneiras diferenciadas para realizar suas atividades e gerenciar seus processos. Com relação ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP), observa-se que as empresas estão adotando práticas que permitam desempenhos superiores, resultados eficientes e a melhoria contínua do processo. A sistemática de Stage-gates pode ser considerada um exemplo dessas práticas. Essa sistemática divide o PDP em fases intercaladas por pontos de revisão e decisão, denominados gates. Os objetivos do gates são avaliar as atividades realizadas, cujo escopo deve estar alinhado com a estratégia de negócios da empresa, e decidir se o processo tem condições de continuar, ser adiado, reprogramado ou mesmo cancelado. Além disso, essa sistemática permite estruturar momentos para analisar o desempenho do processo e buscar a melhoria contínua, fatores atrelados ao aspecto da criação e melhoria das capacidades do PDP, ou seja, à capacidade de aprender da empresa. Este trabalho tem como objetivos elencar as práticas existentes no contexto de projetos de desenvolvimento de produtos e discutir a associação dessas práticas aos elementos do Conhecimento Declarativo da Aprendizagem Organizacional. O método de pesquisa adotado foi o estudo de caso, com características de análises qualitativas e descritivas. O caso foi conduzido em uma unidade de negócios brasileira de uma empresa multinacional do setor automotivo, por meio de visitas para acompanhar algumas reuniões de projetos e entrevistar pessoas envolvidas no desenvolvimento de produto. Os resultados deste trabalho são a descrição e análise das práticas já existentes no PDP e que estão associadas aos elementos do Conhecimento Declarativo da Aprendizagem Organizacional nos ambientes intra e interequipe. Muitas práticas, na empresa estudada, estão quase prontas para serem usadas como atividades de aprendizagem direcionadas pelos elementos do Conhecimento Declarativo, tais como documentar, revisar, relacionar, armazenar e compartilhar. Estes elementos estão presentes na empresa, particularmente em atividades técnicas, mas, é uma questão de conscientização, utilizá-los como oportunidades de melhoria durante a gestão do PDP.

Recent trends show that learners’ enrolment and performance in science at secondary school level is dwindling. Some science topics including genetics in biology are said to be difficult for learners to learn and thus they perform poorly in examinations. Teacher knowledge base, particularly topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), has been identified by many researchers as an important factor that is linked with learner understanding and achievement in science. This qualitative study was an attempt to explore the PCK of four successful biology teachers and how they developed it in the context of teaching genetics. The purposive sampling technique was employed to select the participating teachers based on their schools’ performance in biology public examinations and recommendations by science specialists and school principals. Pedagogical content knowledge was used as a theoretical framework for the study, which guided the inquiry in data collection, analysis and discussion of the research findings. The study adopted the case study method and various sources of evidence including concept maps, lesson plans, pre-lesson interviews, lesson observations, post-teaching teacher questionnaire, post-lesson interviews and document analysis were used to collect data on teachers’ PCK as well as how PCK was assumed to have developed. The data were analysed in an attempt to determine the individual teachers’ school genetics’ content knowledge, related knowledge of instructional strategies and knowledge of learners’ preconceptions and learning difficulties. The analysis involved an iterative process of coding data into PCK categories of content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and knowledge of learners’ preconceptions and learning difficulties. The findings of the study indicate that the four successful biology teachers generally have the necessary content knowledge of school genetics, used certain topic-specific instructional strategies, but lacked knowledge of genetics-related learners’ preconceptions and learning difficulties despite having taught the topic for many years. There were some instructional deficits in their approaches and techniques in teaching genetics. The teachers failed to use physical models, teacher demonstration and/or learner experimentation in their lessons (or include them in their lesson plans) to assist learners in visualizing or internalizing the genetics concepts or processes located at the sub-microscopic level. The teachers’ PCK in genetics teaching was assumed to have developed mainly through formal university education programmes, classroom teaching experiences, peer support and participation in in-service workshops. The implications for biology teacher education are also discussed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Humanities Education / PhD / Unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of cognitive style and prior knowledge on 6th grade students&#039 / knowledge acquisition in polygons in drama based learning environment. The sample of the study was composed of 112 sixth grade students from a public school in Altindag district of Ankara. There were 9 drama based lesson plans lasting 16 lesson hours in the study. The data was collected through Group Embedded Figure Test (GEFT), and three types of knowledge tests: Declarative Knowledge Test (DecKT), Conditional Knowledge Test (ConKT), and Procedural Knowledge Test (ProKT). GEFT developed by Witkin, Oltman, Raskin and Karp (1971) was used to determine cognitive styles of the students as field dependent (FD), field independent (FI), and field mix (FM). Three types of knowledge tests developed by Erdogan (2007) were used as pretests and posttests. The quantative analysis was carried out by using standard multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that students&rsquo / cognitive style was the most predictive variable in explaining students&rsquo / declarative, conditional and procedural knowledge Moreover, students&rsquo / prior declarative knowledge explained statistically significant amount of variance in students&rsquo / declarative and procedural knowledge acquisition, while students&rsquo / prior conditional knowledge explained statistically significant amount of variance in students&rsquo / declarative, conditional, and procedural knowledge acquisition. On the other hand, students&rsquo / prior procedural knowledge failed to explain declarative, conditional, and procedural knowledge acquisition of students.

Rationale: Audiology student training in New Zealand faces many difficulties with a limited number of qualified instructors and suitable external placements. With a continued shortage of audiologists in New Zealand, new methods of training need to be introduced and implemented. One solution is through the use of realistic, computer-based virtual patient simulators (VPS). HIT Lab New Zealand in conjunction with the University of Canterbury has designed a VPS for New Zealand audiology students. A speech audiometry component is to be developed based on best practice recommendations, and needs to be validated. Method: Two studies, one with 18 Master of Audiology (“expert”) and another with 18 (“novice”) undergraduate students, were evenly divided into simulator and non-simulator user groups. Simulator users had to complete 5 virtual patient cases in addition to the non-simulator users’ requirement to refer to provided lecture notes and speech audiometry protocols. Novice students were assessed on declarative, procedural and retained knowledge of speech audiometry; expert students were additionally assessed on training transfer. The intervention period was set at two weeks, and the retention assessment at four weeks post-intervention.   Results: Expert students who used the simulator significantly improved their training transfer skills. No significant differences were found between and within groups for declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. Training transfer and procedural knowledge were retained for both groups, but only non-simulator users retained declarative knowledge. Novice students who used the simulator significantly increased their declarative knowledge. Both groups’ procedural knowledge significantly regressed post-intervention. Declarative and procedural knowledge were retained for both groups. Implications: Simulator use appears to accelerate learning outcomes otherwise achievable through traditional learning methods, and does depend on the users’ existing knowledge base. Regular use may be necessary to retain desired learning outcomes. Improvements (e.g., more detailed feedback systems) are to be incorporated into the simulator, and sole reliance on the simulator for learning is not recommended. Future research into more holistic aspects of virtual patient use within the field of audiology and allied health care is warranted.

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En nous inspirant du modèle cognitif de production humaine d'Anderson, nous considérons, dans cette thèse, comme des processus universels intégrant le système de production humaine, une grande partie des stratégies d'apprentissage présentées dans différents classements. Dans cette perspective, nous avons examiné la différence stratégique entre les apprenants, comme le soutiennent d'aucuns, ainsi que la modification que pourrait produire une formation à l'emploi des stratégies d'apprentissage dans le répertoire des stratégies des apprenants. Nous montrons que le développement des compétences en langues implique inévitablement la mise en place de procédures générales de résolution de problèmes régies par des stratégies universelles. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la nature universelle des stratégies d'apprentissage. Dans cette perspective nous avons effectué une étude empirique visant à analyser les stratégies d'apprentissage de deux groupes d'apprenants adultes iraniens du français -dont l'un a reçu une formation à l'emploi des stratégies d'apprentissage. Les résultats de nos analyses de leurs productions orales et écrites confirment le fondement théorique de notre recherche. En effet, l'enseignement des stratégies d'apprentissage que proposent certains ne modifie pas l'utilisation des stratégies d'apprentissage ayant trait aux processus mentaux régissant les productions humaines chez l'apprenant adulte et ce sont les savoirs déclaratifs des apprenants qui différencient leurs productions langagières. / Based on the cognitive model of human production of Anderson, we considered in this thesis, a large part of the learning strategies presented in the various classifications as universal human process system production. In this context we examined the strategic difference of learners, as some argue, and the modification that could produce training in the use of learning strategies in the repertoire of strategies learners.We have shown that the development of language skills is based on the activation of general procedures for solving problems governed by universal strategies.We are particularly interested in this thesis, in the universal nature of learning strategies. In this perspective we conducted an empirical study which aims at analyzing learning strategies of two groups of Iranian adult learners, one of which received training in the use of learning strategies learning. The results of our analysis of their oral and written productions have confirmed the theoretical basis of our research. Indeed, the teaching of learning strategies, that offer some, do not change the use of learning strategies and their language productions depend on their declarative knowledge. .Keywords: cognitive model of human production, learning strategies, training in the use of learning strategies, declarative knowledge, Iranian adult learners.