Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-04T13:50:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 patricialopesdeoliveira.pdf: 2319756 bytes, checksum: 260651c3f2be3b0c7de18fedaa1cf491 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T15:56:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 patricialopesdeoliveira.pdf: 2319756 bytes, checksum: 260651c3f2be3b0c7de18fedaa1cf491 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T15:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patricialopesdeoliveira.pdf: 2319756 bytes, checksum: 260651c3f2be3b0c7de18fedaa1cf491 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A manteiga de garrafa é um produto artesanal, produzido a partir do batimento seguido da fusão do creme do leite, sendo típico da região nordeste do país e do norte/nordeste de Minas Gerais. Foi proposto um método de análise, alternativo ao método oficial por Cromatografia a Gás (GC), por Eletroforese Capilar de Zona (CZE) para a análise dos ácidos graxos (AG) presentes na manteiga de garrafa. O eletrólito utilizado constituiu de 15 mmol L-1 de solução tampão NaH2PO4 / Na2HPO4 (pH ~ 6.86); 4,0 mmol L-1 de SDBS; 8,3 mmol L-1 de Brij 35®, 45% v/v de ACN e 2,1% de 1-octanol e as condições de análise foram injeção hidrodinâmica (12,5 mbar por 4 s), voltagem de + 19 kV, temperatura no interior do capilar de 25 ºC, detecção indireta no UV em 224 nm, capilar de TSH com 75 μm d.i., 40 cm de comprimento efetivo e 48.5 cm de comprimento total. Com esta composição foi possível identificar e quantificar os AG: ácido esteárico (C18:0), ácido oleico (C18:1 cis 9), ácido palmítico (C16:0), ácido linoleico (C18:2 cis 9, 12), ácido linolênico (C18:3 cis 9, 12, 15) e ácido mirístico (C14:0). O padrão interno utilizado foi o ácido tridecanoico (C13:0). Os resultados para a quantificação obtidos por CZE foram comparados com o método oficial por GC, e não apresentaram diferença significativa em um intervalo de confiança a 95 %. As figuras de mérito deste trabalho foram representadas pela sensibilidade do método por CZE, assim, foram calculados o limite de detecção (LOD) e limite de quantificação (LOQ) para cada AG. A análise dos resultados permitiu concluir que a maioria das amostras de manteiga de garrafa foram adulteradas, possivelmente com óleos vegetais, devido ao elevado teor de ácido linoleico encontrado, que é um AG presente na gordura do leite com concentração variando entre 1 a 3 %. / The “manteiga de garrafa” is a Brazilian butter and a handmade product, produced from the beat followed by the fusion of milk cream, typical of the Brazilian Northeast and the north / northeast of Minas Gerais. An alternative method of analysis by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) for the analysis of fatty acids (FA) present in the “manteiga de garrafa” has been proposed. The background electrolyte optimized consisted of 15 mmol L-1 of NaH2PO4 / Na2HPO4 (pH ~ 6.86); 4.0 mmol L-1 of SDBS; 8.3 mmol L-1 of Brij 35®, 45% v/v of ACN, 2.1% of 1-octanol and the analysis conditions were hydrodynamic injection (12.5 mbar for 4 s), voltage + 19 kV, temperature 25 ºC, indirect UV detection at 224 nm, capillary TSH with 75 μm i.d., 40 cm of effective length and 48.5 cm of total length. With this arrangement it was possible to identify and quantify the following FA: stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 cis 9), palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2 cis 9, 12), linolenic acid (C18:3 cis 9, 12, 15) and miristic acid (C14:0). The internal standard used was tridecanoic acid (C13:0). The results for the quantification obtained by CZE were compared with the official method by Gas Chromatography (GC), and no significant difference in a confidence interval of 95%. The figures of merit of this work were represented by the sensitivity of the method by CZE, the were calculated the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) for each FA. The results showed that the majority of samples brazilian butter were adulterated, possibly with vegetable oils, due to the high content of linoleic acid, that is an FA existing in milk fat with concentration between 1 and 3 %.

No description available.

Orientador: José Alfredo Covolan Ulson / Resumo: O leite é um alimento de alto valor nutritivo e de extrema importância na dieta alimentar especialmente de gestantes, crianças e idosos. Entre os alimentos mais consumidos está o leite bovino, o qual tem sido alvo de adulterações por diversas substâncias em todo o mundo por motivações econômicas, muitas vezes colocando em risco a saúde do consumidor. No controle de adulterações no leite, sensores aplicados na indústria alimentícia são ferramentas importantes para o controle de qualidade. Atualmente, as análises disponíveis no mercado para verificação de possíveis adulterações no leite geralmente são custosas e/ou demoradas, devido a necessidade de ambiente laboratorial e utilização de equipamentos de alto valor. Portanto, é de extrema importância, o desenvolvimento de metodologias e sensores de triagem para identificação de adulterantes no leite que sejam viáveis economicamente e de fácil acesso e utilização. Neste intuito, este estudo utilizou diafragmas transdutores piezelétricos para implementar uma metodologia que identificasse adulterações no leite por meio do método de propagação de ondas mecânicas (vibração e emissão acústica). Leite pasteurizado puro e padronizado e três substâncias comumente encontradas nos casos de adulteração do leite (peróxido de hidrogênio, ureia e bicarbonato de sódio) foram utilizados para as análises. Foi desenvolvido em impressora 3D um dispositivo para a inserção das amostras de leite a serem analisadas, onde dois diafragmas piezelétricos fo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Milk is a food with high nutritional value and extremely important in the diet especially for pregnant women, children and the elderly. Among the most consumed foods is beef milk, which has been tampered with by various substances around the world for economic reasons, often endangering consumer health. In the control of milk adulteration, sensors applied in the food industry are important tools for quality control. Currently, commercially available analyzes for possible milk adulteration are costly and/or time consuming, due to the need for laboratory environment and use of high value equipment. Thus, is of utmost important to develop methodologies and screening sensors for the identification of milk adulteration that are economically viable and easy to access and use. To this end, this study used piezoelectric transducer diaphragms to implement a methodology which identify milk adulterations through the mechanical wave propagation method (vibration and acoustic emission). Pure and standardized pasteurized milk and three substances commonly found in cases of milk adulteration (hydrogen peroxide, urea and sodium bicarbonate) were used for the analyzes. A device was developed in 3D printer for the insertion of milk samples to be analyzed, where two piezoelectric diaphragms were adapted. The first was excited by a chirp signal with 1 V of amplitude and a frequency band from 0 to 65 kHz with 2 Hz pitch and 1.2 second duration, and concomitantly acquired the response signal of th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

China's economic success has helped it become one of the largest markets in the world. As a result, the demand for agricultural commodities in China has experienced a significant increase. Increasingly affluent Chinese people are paying increasing attention to food safety and quality instead of just quantity. Understanding how meat demands and prices are related to food safety and quality in Beijing will provide guidance for industry and policymakers interested in the Chinese meat market. The purpose of this study is to develop two models to analyze meat demand and prices associated with food safety and quality respectively. First, An Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is used to investigate the effects of food safety on meat consumption. To address the potential bias of zero consumption in the estimation procedures, a simulated maximum likelihood (SML) estimation is applied in the regression. Second, we analyze the implicit price of meat with the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes using a hedonic price model. Five meat categories are regressed on several intrinsic and extrinsic attributes in the model using household survey data collected in Beijing in 2007. The key results of this research have two major outcomes. First, food safety has a significant and positive influence on meat consumption for Beijing residents. Second, the quality-related attributes or characteristics such as meat appearance, supermarket, meat brand, and processed meat as well as demographic variables such as household head's income have a significantly positive influence on the price of meat, which suggest that the consumers in Beijing are willing to pay a price premium to guarantee the quality and safety of meat.

In spite of the documented success of Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (PR/HACCP) at the processing level, farm-level and retail-level application is optional. Several factors impact the gap of food safety regulations from farm to fork. This thesis focuses on the retail level. At the retail level, pathogen survival and the associated ability to cause further disease to humans even after being subjected to certain processing and packaging conditions have varying implications on the probability of sickness or death. This issue also arises over the fact that, sometimes, appropriate handling and processing instructions are not properly followed by consumers. The primary goals of the project are to develop an optimal food safety intervention strategy that incorporates risk, cost, and the value of pathogen reduction with alternative control mechanism. We wish to evaluate incentives for PR/HACCP-like planning and adherence to best management practices that promote safe food production. These incentives will be evaluated for the retail level. In addition, we will develop optimal intervention strategies for ready-to-eat meats and poultry products that incorporate risk assessment, cost of intervention, and the value of risk reduction of alternative strategies for the farm-to-table continuum. The model adopted in this study is an expansion of the stochastic optimization model developed by Nganje, Kaitibie, and Sorin (2005) to include the optimal intervention strategy at the retail ( consumer) level. These components are simulated with firm-level microbial data at the processing and retail level using stochastic optimizer software. Stochastic dominance was also used to compare across the optimal strategies and determine if there is one clear choice that is preferred. This allowed us incorporate risk preferences of firms. The scenario method was used to determine what factors would likely affect the adoption of PR/HACCP at the retail level. Finally, this thesis provides firms and policymakers a direction for future options concerning risk mitigation strategies.

[ES] El cacao es un producto de alto valor, no únicamente por sus características sensoriales, sino porque también presenta un alto contenido en antioxidantes y alcaloides estimulantes con efectos saludables. Debido a la alta demanda, la industria del cacao en polvo tiene el desafío de asegurar la calidad de grandes volúmenes de producción de una manera rápida y precisa, evitando la presencia de contaminantes o adulterantes en la materia prima, ofreciendo productos donde se preserven las propiedades saludables. La espectroscopia del infrarrojo cercano (NIR) es una tecnología rápida y no destructiva útil en el análisis de productos alimentarios. La presente tesis doctoral se centra en evaluar el potencial uso del NIR como una herramienta de control de calidad con el fin de poder resolver problemas que se presentan en la industria del cacao en polvo. Los problemas a resolver incluyen la detección de materiales no deseados o adulterantes en el cacao en polvo, y la monitorización rápida y precisa del contenido de flavanoles y metilxantinas del cacao en polvo durante el proceso de alcalinización. El primer capítulo evalúa la viabilidad del NIR, en combinación con análisis quimiométricos, en la detección de la presencia de materiales no deseados o adulterantes como son cascarilla de cacao o harina de algarroba. Para ello, diferentes muestras de cacao en polvo natural y con diferentes niveles de alcalinización (suave, medio y fuerte) fueron mezcladas con distintas proporciones de cascarilla de cacao (con cacao natural) o harina de algarroba (con cacao natural y alcalinizado). Los resultados obtenidos indican que el NIR, combinado con modelos estadísticos tales como el análisis discriminante por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-DA) y la regresión parcial de mínimos cuadrados (PLS), es un método rápido y eficaz para identificar cualitativa y cuantitativamente materiales no deseados o adulterantes como la cascarilla y la algarroba en cacao en polvo, independientemente del grado de alcalinización o el nivel de tostado de la harina de algarroba. En el segundo capítulo, el análisis composicional del cacao en polvo se orientó al control de los cambios producidos en el contenido de flavanoles y metilxantinas debidos al proceso de alcalinización al que se somete el caco en polvo. Se determinó el contenido de catequina, epicatequina, cafeína y teobromina mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC), correlacionándose los contenidos obtenidos para cada uno de estos compuestos con las determinaciones NIR. Se obtuvieron buenos modelos para la predicción de los compuestos mediante regresión PLS con valores superiores a 3 para la relación entre el rendimiento y la desviación (RDP), lo cual demuestra que los modelos obtenidos pueden ser utilizados para la rápida y fiable predicción del contenido de flavanoles y metilxantinas en cacaos naturales y con diferentes niveles de alcalinización. / [CAT] El cacau és un producte d'alt valor, no sols per les seues característiques sensorials, sinó perquè també presenta un elevat contingut en antioxidants i alcaloids estimulants amb efectes saludables. A conseqüència a l'alta demanda, l'industria del cacau en pols té el desafiament d'assegurar la qualitat de grans volums de producció d'una manera ràpida i precisa, evitant la presència de contaminants o adulterants en la matèria cosina, oferint productes a on se preserven les propietats saludables. L'espectroscòpia de l'infrarroig proper (NIR) és una tecnologia ràpida i no destructiva útil en l'anàlisi de productes alimentaris. La present tesis doctoral se centra en avaluar el potencial ús del NIR com una eina de control de qualitat amb l'objectiu de poder resoldre problemes que es presenten en l'industria del cacau en pols. Els problemes a resoldre inclouen la detecció de materials no desitjats o adulterants en el cacau en pols, i la monitorització ràpida i precisa del contingut de flavanols i metilxantines del cacau en pols durant el procés d'alcalinització. El primer capítol avalua la viabilitat del NIR, en combinació amb anàlisis quimiométrics, en la detecció de la presència de materials no desitjats o adulterants com són pellofa de cacau o farina de garrofa. Per a això, diferents mostres de cacau en pols natural i amb diferents nivells d'alcalinització (suau, mig i fort) foren barrejades en distintes proporcions de pellofa de cacau (en cacau natural) o farina de garrofa (en cacau natural i alcalinisat). Els resultats obtinguts per a NIR, combinats amb models estadístics com l'anàlisi discriminant per mínims quadrats parcials (PLS-DA) i la regressió parcial de mínims quadrats (PLS), és un mètode ràpid i eficaç per identificar materials no desitjats o adulterants com la pellofa de cacau o la farina de garrofa, amb independència del grau d'alcalinització del cacau o de torrat de la farina de garrofa. En el segon capítol, l'anàlisi composicional del cacau en pols s'orientà al control dels canvis produïts en el contingut de flavanols i metilxantines a causa del procés d'alcalinització al que se sotmet el cacau en pols. Es va determinar el contingut de catequina, epicatequina, cafeïna i teobromina mitjançant cromatografia líquida d'alta resolució (HPLC), i es van correlacionar els continguts obtinguts per a cadascun d'estos composts amb les determinacions NIR. Es van obtindré bons models per a la predicció dels composts mitjançant regressió PLS amb valors superiors a 3 per a la relació entre el rendiment i la desviació (RDP), la qual cosa demostra que els models obtinguts poden ser emprats per a la ràpida i fiable predicció del contingut de flavanols i metilxantines en cacaus naturals o amb diferents nivells d'alcalinització. / [EN] Cocoa is a product of high value, not only because of its sensory characteristics, but also because it has a high content of antioxidants and stimulating alkaloids with health effects. Due to the high demand, the cocoa powder industry has the challenge of ensuring the quality of large volumes of production in a fast and accurate way, avoiding the presence of contaminants or adulterants in the raw material, offering products where the healthy properties are preserved. The near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is a rapid and non-destructive technology useful in the analysis of food products. The present doctoral thesis focuses on evaluating the potential use of NIR as a quality control tool in order to solve problems that arise in the cocoa industry powdered. The problems to solve include the detection of unwanted materials or adulterants in the cocoa powder, and the rapid and accurate monitorization of the flavanols and methylxanthines content in the cocoa powder during the alkalization process. The first chapter evaluates the viability of the NIR, in combination with chemometric analysis, in the detection of presence of unwanted materials or adulterants such as cocoa shell or carob flour. For this, different samples of natural cocoa powder and with different levels of alkalization (light, medium and strong) were mixed with different proportions of cocoa shell (with natural cocoa) or carob flour (with natural and alkalized cocoa). The results obtained indicate that the NIR combined with statistical models such as the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and the partial least squares regression (PLS), is a fast and efficient method to identify qualitative and quantitative unwanted materials or adulterants such as shell and carob in cocoa powder, regardless of the degree of alkalization or level of roasting of carob flour. In the second chapter, the compositional analysis of cocoa powder was oriented to the control of the changes produced in the content of flavanols and methylxanthines due to the process of alkalization to which the cocoa powder is subjected. The content of catechin, epicatechin, caffeine and theobromine were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), correlating the contents obtained for each of these compounds with the NIR determinations. Good models were obtained for the prediction of compounds by regression PLS with values above 3 for the ratio of performance to deviation (RDP), which shows that the obtained models can be used for the quick and reliable prediction of flavanol content and methylxanthines in natural cocoas and with different alkalization levels. / This Doctoral Thesis has been carried out thanks to a doctoral studies scholarship granted by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) of the Republic of Ecuador / Quelal Vásconez, MA. (2019). Application of Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics to the Cocoa Industry for Fast Composition Analysis and Fraud Detection [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/135258 / TESIS

Agroterrorism is the deliberate introduction of a plant or animal disease with thegoal of causing fear, economic instability, illness, or death. After the 2002 terroristattacks on the World Trade Center, the security of the food supply is of increasingconcern to the United States. A major incidence of agroterrorism or food tampering would have far reaching impacts on the economy and public health. The first objective of this project was to determine knowledge and concern of agroterrorism in meat processing facilities in Kentucky, and to determine knowledge and concern of food tampering and food defense in food service establishments in Warren County, Kentucky. The second objective was to determine security strategies that were being implemented by these facilities. Two separate surveys, one for meat processors and the other for food service establishments, were designed to meet these objectives. An observational study was conducted for meat processing facilities. It was found that these facilities were generally unconcerned with agroterrorism, although a reasonable amount of security implementations were in place at these facilities. A statistical comparison between restaurants and non-restaurant food service establishments, such as schools, hospitals, and hotels, was performed. Both types of food service establishments expressed little concern about a food tampering event. Non- restaurant food service establishments were slightly more concerned than restaurants about both food tampering and food defense.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration