Portland Youth Advocates is a nonprofit organization in Portland, Oregon that since 1969 has supervised nearly a dozen innovative service programs for young people. One of these programs was a counseling and referral program that evolved in August 1970 and closed in September 1979. Although it used different names at various times, it was most often known as the Contact Center. Three of PYA's former programs are operating in 1981, having each incorporated separately since 1979. To address the problem of why the Contact Center was unable to continue as well, an ex post facto case study of the program is undertaken. To facilitate the study, the program's history is divided into five representative time periods. Four categories of sources are then consulted to indicate the program's performance in five fixed factors during each time period. Findings are initially presented for each factor in each time period. They are subsequently comprehensively analyzed from the viewpoint of two factors over time, a collective factor over time, and three special attitudes. A conclusion is then drawn regarding the Contact Center's demise. Data is sufficiently indicative as to suggest a reply to the problem. The Contact Center appears to have been a fairly well organized program that generally provided good service. Its difficulties seemed to derive from its increasingly troubled mediation with the external landscape--government officials, foundation executives, and other private human service agencies. Some of the disturbance the center encountered in this regard was a consequence of its acknowledged preference for clinical as opposed to political activity. But the evidence also implies that distinguishing attitudes assumed by program members may have exacerbated already tenuous relationships between the program and external entities. Because these attitudes roughly identify the Contact Center program with what is often called "alternative human service," the work concludes with a prescriptive essay regarding the perpetuation of such service. In this manner, the particular experience of the Contact Center inspires an informed contribution to the consideration of a national phenomenon in human service.

Self-determination and self-advocacy skills, necessary for students to successfully transition to secondary education and beyond, are often missing in students with disabilities. These skills are an important part of the process of addressing transition in an Individualized Education Program (IEP). The purpose of this case study was to gain an understanding of general education teachers' perceptions about self-determination and self-advocacy skills in students with disabilities. Guided by Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory, this study examined general education teachers' perceptions about self-determination and self-advocacy skills in students with disabilities, and attempted to determine how these skills changed after students with disabilities worked with a peer advocate. General education teachers' perceptions about self-determination and self-advocacy were identified, as well as differences in perceptions regarding students who worked with a peer advocate and those who did not. A purposeful sample of 5 general education teachers was selected to participate in this study. Teachers participated in 1 interview, completed an anonymous survey, and participated in 1 classroom observation. Descriptive analysis was used to present the information in a narrative. Participants felt that self-determination and self-advocacy skills were important for students with disabilities. Teachers with the experience of having peer advocates in their classroom noticed an increase of self-determination and self-advocacy skills in students with disabilities. This study may provide positive social change by giving insight to educators on ways to utilize peer tutors or advocates with students with disabilities to aid in their academic and social success, resulting in successful student participation in the IEP process and transitioning from middle school to high school.

Radio frequency identification, also known as RFID technology, has been commercially available since World War II. In recent years, interest has turned toward using RFID in supply chain management, such as monitoring and tracking business processes. There are many businesses that have already invested in an RFID supply chain management solution but little is known about the current state of diffusion of RFID technology and the role of advocacy groups in the diffusion process. This research investigated the current state of RFID diffusion in New Zealand according to diffusion of innovation and Moore’s theory to provide insight into the role of innovation advocacy groups such as New Zealand RFID Pathfinder Group (referred as the NZ RFID Pathfinder Group). RFID in supply chain management terms is inter-organisational and much of the role of advocacy groups is in networking between players in the supply chain management context. Therefore, this research focused on industry group leaders. The research was conducted in two main parts, an online questionnaire survey and a follow up interview. The online questionnaire survey used a quantitative approach while the interview used a qualitative one. In summary, the result show that: 14% industries (seven out of 51) have already adopted RFID technology, the industries were from importer, research institute, manufacturing, and distribution; 36% have plans (16 out of 44) to adopt RFID technology in the near future, the industries were from importer, research institute, manufacturing, and distribution; and 64% industries (28 out of 44) did not any plan to adopt RFID. The strong recommendation was to standardise each aspect of the technology, making the products available to clients and creating competition between RFID technology service suppliers, thus bringing down the cost through market forces. Increasing the number of members of advocacy group could also encourage RFID adoption. One group of potential RFID adopters in the future will be local branches of international companies with a mandate to adopt RFID technology. The results suggest that the NZ RFID Pathfinder Group should set the direction of NZ RFID adoption; get involved in national pilots; and the activities of lobbying governments and associations and information sharing.

The population of male primary caregivers in the United States has risen dramatically within the past decade. Accompanying this trend is the evolution of fathers and their impact in the home. The modern dad is more involved in parenting and housework than in previous generations. Despite fathers’ growing role in the home, current depictions of dads on TV merely perpetuate the portrayal of dads as blundering and incompetent. Analysis of current depictions of mothers and fathers in TV ads and shows reveals the gap between today’s parenting reality and pop culture’s rendering of reality. Further exploration into the shifting parenting landscape and notions of masculinity yields a population of fathers who not only welcome increased responsibility at home, but also act as thought leaders and influencers in the parenting realm. By committing to the development of accurate and balanced depictions of dads on TV, marketers have the opportunity to harness this growing population’s influence and gain vocal and technologically savvy brand advocates. / text

Darbe buvo nagrinėjama svarbiausio XVI – XVIII a. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės bajoriško teismo Lietuvos Vyriausiojo Tribunolo advokatų visuma (iš 1662 – 1792 metų laikotarpio), suvokiant ją kaip profesinį elitą. Šiam tikslui pasiekti tarpusavyje buvo derinami analitinis, statistinis ir prozopografinis metodai. Buvo stengiamasi išsiaškinti jame dirbusių advokatų skaičių, vidutinę darbo trukmę, juos įvardinti naudotus terminus. Analizuoti jų darbo bruožai, įvaizdis, kolektyvinė biografijos momentai - socialinė ir teritorinė kilmė, išsilavinimas kūryba, karjera. / The current thesis researches the advocates of the most important court of the nobility of Lithuania of the 16th –18 th century – the Grand Tribunal of Lithuania in the period of 1662 – 1792. They are investigated combining analytical, statistical and prosopographic methods. In the first part of the work the court itself is presented, the hours of its sessions and the sphere of its competences are analyzed. The second part reviews the general number of advocates (287) and the average number of advocates in each session (18). It also discusses the terms that are used in reference to the advocates (procurators, plenipotent, patron, mecenas) and the laws that govern the institution of advocacy in this court. The final part of the work is devoted to the analysis of the advocate’s social and regional backgrounds, their education and creative activities, professional and other types of career.

This study examines what frames the Swedish Lev Upp till Barnkonventionen campaign use, and whether the frames are in accordance to the frames suggested by Keck and Sikkink in their award-winning book Activists Beyond Borders. The Swedish Lev Upp till Barnkonventionen campaign is the only campaign in Sweden that aims to promote the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child into Swedish law. It started in 2009 as a network driven by 7 organizations, UNICEF, BRIS, World Childhood Foundation, Swedish Save the Children (Rädda Barnen), ECPAT, Plan Sverige and SOS-Barnbyar, together with the Swedish Children‟s Ombudsman (Barnombudsman). An ideational analysis of the texts, that the campaign uses to appeal to society and persuade, shows that four frames are frequently used within the campaign. Two of the frames are in accordance with the proposed frames, being "bodily harm to innocent and vulnerable people" and "legal inequality". The other two frames set the problem to be poverty/economic vulnerability or psychological harm. Although, all four frames identified follow the three parts a frame should include according to Keck and Sikkink – a problem, a cause with a short causal chain and a specific type of action to solve the problem. This study has contributed with another case study to the limited amount of cases that study how international norms are framed in national contexts. Furthermore, this study has discovered that Sweden, although is using other frames too, use the frames that Keck and Sikkink have proposed.

Radio frequency identification, also known as RFID technology, has been commercially available since World War II. In recent years, interest has turned toward using RFID in supply chain management, such as monitoring and tracking business processes. There are many businesses that have already invested in an RFID supply chain management solution but little is known about the current state of diffusion of RFID technology and the role of advocacy groups in the diffusion process. This research investigated the current state of RFID diffusion in New Zealand according to diffusion of innovation and Moore’s theory to provide insight into the role of innovation advocacy groups such as New Zealand RFID Pathfinder Group (referred as the NZ RFID Pathfinder Group). RFID in supply chain management terms is inter-organisational and much of the role of advocacy groups is in networking between players in the supply chain management context. Therefore, this research focused on industry group leaders. The research was conducted in two main parts, an online questionnaire survey and a follow up interview. The online questionnaire survey used a quantitative approach while the interview used a qualitative one. In summary, the result show that: 14% industries (seven out of 51) have already adopted RFID technology, the industries were from importer, research institute, manufacturing, and distribution; 36% have plans (16 out of 44) to adopt RFID technology in the near future, the industries were from importer, research institute, manufacturing, and distribution; and 64% industries (28 out of 44) did not any plan to adopt RFID. The strong recommendation was to standardise each aspect of the technology, making the products available to clients and creating competition between RFID technology service suppliers, thus bringing down the cost through market forces. Increasing the number of members of advocacy group could also encourage RFID adoption. One group of potential RFID adopters in the future will be local branches of international companies with a mandate to adopt RFID technology. The results suggest that the NZ RFID Pathfinder Group should set the direction of NZ RFID adoption; get involved in national pilots; and the activities of lobbying governments and associations and information sharing.

Diploma thesis "self-advocacy groups as a means of promoting the rights of people with mental disabilities" in the theoretical part focuses on the development and history of self-advocacy groups in the world and the Czech Republic. The practical part will build on the theoretical part it will reflect the experience of organizations in establishing and promoting self-advocacy groups. This diploma thesis will have a positive impact on organizational needs of Rhythm Benešov, o.p.s., because so far there is no guidance paper on this topic

Although there is a growing international consensus of adopting progressive abortion laws, we also see a backlash of reproductive health regulation across the globe, for example in Poland. In contrast to the existing literature on abortion in Poland, this thesis explores pro-choice advocates’ strategies in relation to their oppositional forces. To do so, pro-choice activities surrounding the near-total ban of abortion in 2020 and 2021 are studied through interpretative content analysis of pro-choice advocates’ websites, one Annual Report, and interviews with pro-choice advocates. Using previous research on how to capture resistance and well-grounded concept deriving from social movement theory, this study establishes how the strategies of pro- choice advocates are affected by their oppositional forces. The analysis showcases that the pro- choice advocates perceive Poland as a hub for far-right and conservative groups, and establishes that they are aware of the resistance they meet, including their maneuver possibilities and limitations in the political and institutional context. Pro-choice advocates need to expand their services and use alternative strategies to circumvent oppositional forces’ actions and power. Due to the due to the impact of oppositional forces, the resources of rest, good relationships within one’s group, and the networks of these groups, i.e., the emotional dynamics of their strategies, to be crucial. Correspondingly, due to the oppositional forces’ actions, smaller pro-choice groups are found to a greater extent using reactive tactics than proactive. The dynamics of power, including the institutional context, are in favor of pro-choice advocates’ oppositional forces, however, this thesis also acknowledges how innovative and problem-solving pro-choice advocates are, although being led down by their government and the society in which they work. As such, this study brings valuable insights to supplement the existing theoretical knowledge concerning feminist movements’ resistance and oppositional dynamics in a case of gender-inequitable change.

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