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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Vnímání krásy savců v ZOO Praha: vliv věku a vzdělání respondentů / Perception of beauty of mammals in Prague ZOO: Influence of respondents' age and education

Poláková, Petra January 2016 (has links)
1 Abstract Every year, the number of species considered as endangered increases, especially due to human activities. Nowadays, captive breeding in zoological gardens becomes an option for their survival in refugees. Zoological gardens function as so-called "Noah's Ark", which has the potential to shelter a large amount of individuals from many species. In the future, this opportunity may give us a chance to reintroduce a species that disappeared in the nature. There are many factors influencing which species will be selected to be kept in zoos, e.g., the IUCN status, taxonomical uniqueness, availability, etc., but it was found that especially the size of the animal and the human aesthetic preferences affect the selection. However, every group of animals is evaluated independently in the terms of beauty, and thus, it is necessary to detect these rules and then to apply them to conservation projects. This thesis examines the factors that influence human aesthetic preferences to mammals, both in terms of the characteristics of animals (their colour and morphology), and in terms of human factors (gender, age, education, residence). It was found that especially the pattern, saturation and overall lightness of the animal affect the evaluation of beauty in mammals. On the other hand, dark colours are evaluated...
2

Architecture Aesthetic Preferences and Architectural Habitus: A Comparison Among Architecture and Business Students at the University of Cincinnati

Khalighinejad, Farshad 11 June 2019 (has links)
No description available.
3

Ästhetisches Verständnis und ästhetische Wertschätzung von Automobildesign : eine Frage der Expertise / Aesthetic understanding and aesthetic appreciation of automotive design : a question of expertise

Oehme, Astrid January 2013 (has links)
Automobildesigner haben als Gestaltungsexperten die Aufgabe, die Identität und damit die Werte einer Marke in Formen zu übersetzen, welche eine Vielzahl von Kunden ansprechen (Giannini & Monti, 2003; Karjalainen, 2002). Für diesen Übersetzungsprozess ist es zielführend, ästhetische Kundenbedürfnisse zu kennen, denn die Qualität einer Designlösung hängt auch davon ab, inwieweit der Designer Kundenbe-dürfnisse und damit das Designproblem richtig erfasst hat (Ulrich, 2006). Eine Grundlage hierfür entsteht durch eine erfolgreiche Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion und den Aufbau eines gemeinsamen Kontextwissens (Lee, Popovich, Blackler & Lee, 2009). Zwischen Designern und Kunden findet jedoch häufig kein direkter Austausch statt (Zeisel, 2006). Zudem belegen Befunde der Kunst- und Produktästhetikforschung, dass der Erwerb von gestalterischem Wissen und damit die Entwicklung ästhetischer Expertise mit Veränderungen der kognitiven Verarbeitung ästhetischer Objekte einhergeht, die sich in Wahrnehmung, Bewertung und Verhalten manifestieren. Damit ist auch zu erwarten, dass die Präferenzurteile von Designern und Kunden bei der ästhetischen Bewertung von Design nicht immer konvergieren. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die systematische Untersuchung dieser expertisebedingten Wahrnehmungs- und Bewertungsunterschiede zwischen designge-schulten und ungeschulten Personen bei der Betrachtung von Automobildesign. Damit sollten Perzeption, Verarbeitung und Bewertung von Automobildesign durch design-ungeschulte Personen transparenter gemacht und mit der Verarbeitung designgeschul-ter Personen verglichen werden, um einen Beitrag zur gemeinsamen Wissensbasis und damit einer erfolgreichen Designer-Nutzer-Interaktion zu leisten. Die theoretische Einbettung der Arbeit basierte auf dem Modell ästhetischer Erfahrung und ästheti-schen Urteilens von Leder, Belke, Oeberst und Augustin (2004), welches konkrete Annahmen zu Verarbeitungsunterschieden von ästhetischen Objekten zwischen Experten und Laien bietet, die bisher allerdings noch nicht umfassend geprüft wurden. Den ersten Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bildete die Untersuchung von Unter-schieden zwischen Designern und designungeschulten Rezipienten bei der Beschrei-bung und Bewertung auf dem Markt vorhandenen Fahrzeugdesigns. Dabei sollte auch geprüft werden, ob eine lexikalische Verbindung zwischen Beschreibungsattributen von Fahrzeugrezipienten und den postulierten Markenwerten von Automobilmarken hergestellt werden kann. Diesem ersten Untersuchungsanliegen wurde in zwei Studien nachgegangen: Studie I diente der Erhebung von Beschreibungsattributen mittels Triadenvergleich in Anlehnung an Kelly (1955). Es wurde geprüft, ob designgeschulte Teilnehmer produkti-ver verbalisieren, dabei anteilig mehr symbolbezogene als formbezogene Attribute generieren und innerhalb ihrer Gruppe häufiger gleiche Attribute nutzen als designun-geschulte Teilnehmer. Hierfür beschrieben 20 designgeschulte Probanden und 20 designungeschulte Probanden mit selbst gewählten Adjektiven die Unterschiede zwischen vier präsentierten Fahrzeugen. Die Gruppen nutzten dabei entgegen der Annahmen sehr ähnliche Attribute und unterschieden sich somit auch nicht in ihrer Verwendung symbolbezogener und formbezogener Attribute. Die generierten Attribute wurden mittels Prototypenansatz (Amelang & Zielinski, 2002) den ermittelten und nachfolgend kategorisierten Markenwerten von 10 Automobilherstellern zugeordnet, so dass sechs Skalen zur Erfassung der ästhetischen Wirkung von Fahrzeugen entstanden. In Studie II wurde ein diese sechs Skalen umfassender Fragebogen an einer Stichprobe von 83 Designern und Designstudierenden sowie 98 Probanden ohne Designausbildung in einer Onlinebefragung hinsichtlich Skalenkonsistenz geprüft. Außerdem wurden erste Annahmen aus dem Modell von Leder et al. (2004) abgeleitet und durch einen Vergleich der beiden Teilnehmergruppen hinsichtlich der Bewertung der vier präsentierten Fahrzeugmodelle für die Skalen mit guter interner Konsistenz (Attraktivität, Dynamik, Fortschritt, Qualität), sowie eines ästhetischen Gesamturteils, der benötigten Bewertungszeit und der Automobilaffinität überprüft. Hierbei vergaben Designstudierende und insbesondere ausgebildete Designer radikalere Bewertungen als Designlaien, benötigten mehr Zeit bei der Bewertung und waren automobilaffiner als die ungeschulten Befragungsteilnehmer. Den zweiten Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildete eine konzeptionelle Zusammen-führung der Annahmen des Modells von Leder et al. (2004) und der Postulate zur Wirkung von Objekteigenschaften auf ästhetische Urteile (Berlyne, 1971; Martindale, 1988; Silvia, 2005b). Konkret sollte geprüft werden, welchen Einfluss marktrelevante Objekteigenschaften, wie z.B. das Ausmaß an Innovativität, auf die durch Expertise moderierte Bewertung von Design haben. In den Studien III und IV wurden hierfür systematisch bezüglich Innovativität und Balance gestufte Linienmodelle von Fahrzeu-gen präsentiert. In Studie III wurden die Modelle in einer Onlinebefragung durch 18 Designstudierende und 20 Studenten der Fahrzeugtechnik hinsichtlich Attraktivität, Innovativität und Balance bewertet. Im Einklang mit den Annahmen konnte gezeigt werden, dass sehr neuartiges Design von den designungeschulten Probanden als weniger attraktiv bewertet wird als von Betrachtern eines Designstudienganges. In Studie IV wurden neben den Ästhetikbewertungen zusätzlich das Blickverhal-ten und der affektiver Zustand der Versuchsteilnehmer in einem Messwiederholungs-design mit einer zwischengelagerten Phase elaborierter Designbewertung, in welcher der in Studie II geprüfte Fragebogen eingesetzt wurde, erhoben. An der Laborstudie nahmen je 11 Designer, Ingenieure, und Geisteswissenschaftler teil. Wiederum wurde innovatives Design von den designungeschulten Gruppen als weniger attraktiv bewertet. Dieser Unterschied reduzierte sich jedoch nach wiederholter Bewertung der Modelle. Die Manifestation expertisebedingten Blickverhaltens konnte nicht beobach-tet werden, wie auch die durch eine angenommene bessere Bewältigung einherge-hende positivere Stimmung oder höhere Zufriedenheit in der Expertengruppe. Gemeinsam mit den Befunden aus den Studien II und III wurde deutlich, dass Designausbildung und, noch ausgeprägter, Designexpertise neben einer höheren Attraktivitätsbewertung innovativen Designs auch zu einer differenzierteren Beurtei-lung von Innovativität führt. Dies wurde mit der Erweiterung des mentalen Schemas für Fahrzeuge durch die Beschäftigung mit vielfältigen Modellvarianten bereits während des Studiums interpretiert. Es wurden Hinweise auf eine stilbezogene, elaboriertere Verarbeitung von Fahrzeugdesign durch designgeschulte Betrachter beobachtet sowie eine mit Expertise einhergehende Autonomität ästhetischer Urteile als Ausdruck einer hohen ästhetischen Entwicklungsstufe (Parsons, 1987). Mit diesen bei unterschiedlichen Stichproben beobachteten, stabilen expertisebedingten Bewer-tungsunterschieden wurde eine begründete Basis für die geforderte Sensibilisierung für ästhetische Kundenbedürfnisse im Gestaltungsprozess geschaffen. Der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Fragebogen kann hierbei für eine elaborierte Messung von Fahrzeugdesignpräferenzen, zum Vergleich der ästhetischen Wirkung mit den intendierten Markenwerten sowie für die Diskussion von Nutzereindrücken eingesetzt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeiten tragen somit zur Erweiterung und Präzisierung des theoretischen Verständnisses von Ästhetikbewertungen bei und lassen sich gleichzeitig in die Praxis der Designausbildung und des Designprozesses übertragen. / Car designers are experts in creating car exteriors that transport a brand’s identity by giving a form to its values which has to appeal to a multitude of customers (Giannini & Monti, 2003; Karjalainen, 2002). In this process of translating values into forms it is quintessential to apprehend the customers’ requirements, as the designers understanding of these needs and thus of the design problem itself has a major impact on the quality of the design (Ulrich, 2011). One basis for this apprehension is shared contextual knowledge stemming from a successful interaction between the designer and the user (Lee, Popovich, Blackler & Lee, 2009). Unfortunately, there often is no direct exchange between designers and users (Zeisel, 2006). What is more, findings from research on the fine arts and product aesthetics prove that acquiring design knowledge and aesthetic expertise distinctly alters one’s cognitive processing of aesthetic objects, which also manifests in one’s perception, assessment, and behaviour. One should also expect experts’ preferential assessments to differ from the ones of users as far as aesthetic assessment is concerned. Considering these propositions, the goal of this doctoral thesis was to systematically examine these expertise-induced differences between design experts and laymen in perceiving and assessing automotive design. This thesis also contibutes to furthering the interaction between designers and users by establishing a shared knowledge basis and does so by analyzing the perception, processing, and assessment of car design by designers and laymen. Theoretical assumptions are based on the model of aesthetic appreciation by Leder, Belke, Oeberst and Augustin (2004), which provides detailed but hitherto untested assumptions on how experts and laymen differ in their processing of aesthetic objects. The thesis first focussed on examining the expertiseinduced differences in describing and assessing car design available „in the wild“, i.e. on the market. This and the lexical link between customers’ descriptive attributes and brand values as intended by the car companies were tested in two studies: Study I collected descriptive attributes by using Kelly’s (1955) method of triadic comparions. It also tested the assumption that experts verbalise more productively, generate a higher ratio of symbol-related to form-related attributes and are more homogenous in their use of attributes. In this study, 20 experts and 20 laymen were presented four cars and were to describe the differences between them using self-chosen adjectives. Contrary to the initial assumption, both groups used similar attributes and did thus also not differ in the ratio of symbol-related and form-related attributes. The attributes generated in this study were matched to the collected and categorised values of ten brands using a prototype approach (cp. Amelang & Zielinski, 2002), which resulted in six scales for covering the aesthetic impression of cars. Study II tested these scales for consistency on 83 designers and students of design and 98 design laymen in an online questionnaire. In addition, first predictions were derived from the model by Leder et al. (2004) and tested by comparing these two groups regarding their assessment of four cars on the scales that had shown a high level of internal consistency (attractiveness, dynamics, progressiveness and quality) as well as regarding their overall aesthetic appreciation, response time, and affinity for cars. In this study, the experts were more radical in their assessments, took more time working in the tasks, and cherished cars more than the laymen. The second focus of this work was to combine the assumptions of the model by Leder et al. (2004) and the postulations on how the characteristics of aesthetic objects influence aesthetic assessments (Berlyne, 1971; Martindale, 1988; Silvia, 2005b): Inhowfar do market-relevant characteristics such as innovativeness affect expertise-induced assessment of design? Study III and IV used line art models that were systematically graduated for innovativeness and balance to answer this question. In study III, 18 design students and 20 engineering students assessed these models in an online questionnaire regarding attractiveness, innovativeness, and balance. The results were in line with the assumptions and showed that laymen rated highly innovative design less attractive than experts. Study IV collected data on the aesthetic assessment, gaze behavior, and the participants’ affective state in a repeated measures design that included an intermediary phase of elaborately assessing design by using the questionnaire developed in study II. The sample consisted of 11 designers, 11 engineers, and 11 humanities scholars. Although highly innovative design – as in study III – was rated less attractive by the laymen, repeated measurement decreased this group difference. The study assumed but could not show effects of expertise-induced gaze behaviour, and an expertise-induced better coping with the task resulting in a greater satisfaction with one’s task performance. The findings of this thesis demonstrate that experience with design and – even more pronounced – expertise in this field result in a greater appreciation for innovative design and a more nuanced assessment of innovativeness. Probably, designers constantly enhance their mental schema due to being confronted with various variations of and solutions for a design problem. The studies suggest that experts process car design in a more style-related, elaborate manner and also that designers, due to their more advanced aesthetic level of development (Parsons, 1987) and expertise, are more autonomous in their assessment. These stable expertise-induced differences in assessment between laymen and experts could be demonstrated for various samples. Thus, they are a valid basis for dealing more sensitively with customers’ requirements in the design process. The questionnaire developed in this thesis can be applied to measure design preferences in detail, to compare the aesthetic impact to the intended brand statement, and to discuss users’ impressions. To conclude, the results presented in this thesis contribute to the theory of aesthetic assessment in providing a more precise understanding of aesthetic assessments and can also be applied to design education and design processes.
4

A cognitive approach to scent marketing: the effect of odor priming and processing dynamics on consumer aesthetic preferences and choices

De Luca, Ramona 23 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by ramona de luca (dl.ramona@libero.it) on 2018-03-02T14:09:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESI FINAL.pdf: 1940115 bytes, checksum: 774e9e7fa6ad07457b9e53e1396ce0c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-03-02T14:14:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESI FINAL.pdf: 1940115 bytes, checksum: 774e9e7fa6ad07457b9e53e1396ce0c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-02T16:52:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESI FINAL.pdf: 1940115 bytes, checksum: 774e9e7fa6ad07457b9e53e1396ce0c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Academic research on the effect of scent in marketing and consumer behavior have successfully demonstrated how odors improve cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses of consumers in the marketplace. Little attention has been turned to the cognitive mechanism through which scents provide information, and help individuals, and consumers, to attribute a meaning to physical, and psychological phenomena. In this dissertation, I discuss the underlying mechanism through which smell perceptions contribute to consumer decision-making, and preference formation, relying on the connection between smell, cognitive processing, and emotional paths. The dissertation is composed of three articles, which make an initial contribution to scent marketing by exploring the potential of a cognition-based approach to studies on olfaction (Article 1), empirically testing affective and semantic odor priming effects on consumer product and brand choices (Article 2), and empirically demonstrating how olfactory information added to an unscented product contribute to aesthetic preferences formation and processing style (Article 3). In particular, Article 1 consists of a systematic review of the most relevant studies on olfaction published from 1992 to 2017 and presents the current theories and approaches to the investigation of scent effects on consumer behavior, as well as introduces the opportunity of applying a cognitive-based approach to scent marketing studies. The article 2 contributes to olfactory priming literature demonstrating that the incidental exposure to an odor may non-consciously activate information which regulates consumer’s choice of products and brands. Eight experiments demonstrate that odors are primarily perceived through the dimension of their valence and that this process of odor perception and interpretation is an affective-based mechanism (i.e., affective priming) rather than associative-based (i.e., semantic priming). Article 3 explores how olfactory cues added to an unscented product (e.g., pencil) contribute to developing consumers’ aesthetic preferences for the product. I empirically test the PIA Model (Pleasure and Interest Model for Aesthetic Liking) in four experiments and demonstrated that olfactory information is processed across the two routes of heuristic and systematic processing simultaneous, whereas attribute-based information is processed primarily heuristically and then systematically. The final chapter presents the implications that a cognitive-based approach may provide to researchers, managers, and public policies makers to advance in scent marketing theory and practice. / Pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o efeito do cheiro nas áreas de marketing e de comportamento do consumidor demonstram com sucesso como os odores melhoram as respostas cognitivas, afetivas e comportamentais dos consumidores no mercado. Nesta tese discute-se o mecanismo subjacente pelo qual as percepções do cheiro contribuem para a tomada de decisão do consumidor e a formação de preferências, dependendo da conexão entre cheiro, processamento cognitivo e pistas emocionais. A tese, composta de três artigos, faz uma contribuição inicial para o marketing sensorial, explorando o potencial de uma abordagem baseada em cognição para estudos de marketing olfativo (Artigo 1), testando empiricamente os efeitos do odor priming afetivo e semântico nas escolhas dos consumidores para produtos e marcas (Artigo 2); e demonstrando empiricamente como as informações olfativas adicionadas a um produto cujo cheiro não representa um atributo central para sua avaliação, regulam a formação das preferências estéticas e o estilo de processamento (Artigo 3). O Artigo 1 consiste em uma revisão sistemática dos estudos mais relevantes sobre o olfato, apresentando as teorias e as abordagens mais utilizadas para a investigação dos efeitos do cheiro sobre o comportamento do consumidor, bem como introduz a oportunidade de aplicar uma abordagem cognitivista aos estudos de marketing olfativo. O Artigo 2 contribui para a literatura demonstrando que a exposição incidental a um odor pode ativar inconscientemente uma informação capaz de regular a escolha do consumidor de produtos e marcas. Oito experimentos demonstram que os odores são percebidos principalmente pela dimensão de sua valência (ou seja, agradável ou desagradável) e que esse processo de percepção e interpretação de um cheiro é um mecanismo afetivo (affective priming) e não associativo (semantic priming). O Artigo 3 explora como os cheiros adicionados a um produto cujo aroma não é um atributo central para sua avaliação, contribuem para o desenvolvimento das preferências estéticas dos consumidores para o produto. Quatro experimentos testam empiricamente o modelo PIA (Modelo de Prazer e Interesse), demonstrando que a informação olfativa é processada simultaneamente nas duas de processamento heurístico e sistemático, enquanto que a informação baseada em atributos é processada primeiramente de forma heurística e depois de forma sistemática. O capítulo final da tese apresenta as implicações que uma abordagem cognitiva pode fornecer aos pesquisadores, aos gestores de marketing e aos gerentes de políticas públicas para avançar na teoria e na prática de marketing olfativo.

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