Although expected to be beneficial to society, development projects, such as dam construction and mining, often result in the physical displacement of marginalized groups. This is known as Development-Induced Displacement and Resettlement (DIDR) and often has far-reaching negative consequences for the affected peoples (APS). These include further marginalization, increased poverty, identity deprivation and socio-psychological stress. While decades of knowledge inform theory and practice on the mitigation of these consequences, the psycho-socio-cultural (PSC) impoverishment that may result from DIDR is often left unaddressed. Furthermore, qualitative knowledge of the experiences of people affected by DIDR is lacking. This research study aimed to produce an in-depth understanding of how DIDR affects the PSC well-being and identity construction of APS. The research took the form of a qualitative case study, whereby a social constructionist, narrative method of inquiry was used to analyse and gather data. This involved undertaking in-depth, individual interviews with a small sample of APS who had been resettled from a farm to a town in Mpumalanga by a mining house. Briefly, it was found that, contrary to the prevalent finding that DIDR causes further impoverishment, the resettlement actually resulted in development for the APS and as such enhanced their PSC well-being and contributed positively to their identity construction. However, the complexity inherent in resettlement was highlighted, as the participants revealed that the resettlement had not come without some socio-economic costs. It is believed that the findings from this study will complement existing knowledge on DIDR, and inform the design and implementation of Relocation Action Plans (RAPs) that better mitigate the negative PSC effects of DIDR.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:49:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Luiz Pocai Filho.pdf: 19523426 bytes, checksum: 6c5119c175458823bd92407e9bbf7103 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / In 1999, a leak of ANEEL information enabled the Movimento dos Atingidos por Barranges (MAB) from accessing the first information about two hydroelectric plants in Chopim Valley that would be built. This work is intended to analyze the different interpretations of the future event in the community Nossa Senhora dos Navegantes in Clevelândia - PR. Gerdau company build dams bothered to create relationships with families affected in order to convince them of their need and its importance. At the heart of the issues of the struggle for land, militants formed with MAB to claim fair compensation. In the context of knowledge and practices, feelings of belonging and different relationship with time the dams allow analyze how affected reinterpret theirexperience of space and appear as its horizon of expectation. / Em 1999, um vazamento de informações da ANEEL possibilitou que o Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (MAB) acessasse as primeiras informações sobre duas Usinas Hidrelétricas no Vale do Chopim que seriam construídas. Esse trabalho tem por intenção analisar as diversas interpretações do acontecimento futuro na comunidade Nossa Senhora dos Navegantes em Clevelândia - PR. A companhia Gerdau que construiria as barragens se preocupou em criar relações com as famílias atingidas afim de convencê-las da sua necessidade e da sua importância. No âmago das questões da luta pela terra, militantes se formaram com o MAB para reivindicar uma indenização justa. No âmbito dos saberes e práticas, os sentimentos de pertença e as diferentes relações com o tempo das barragens permitem analisar como os atingidos reinterpretam seu espaço de experiência e como figuram seu horizonte de expectativa.

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a possibilidade de confeccionar juntas soldadas pelo processo de soldagem por fricção com pino consumível (Friction Hydro Pillar Processing), em aço classificado como grau R4 de acordo com a norma IAC W22. As juntas soldadas foram produzidas com três diferentes forças axiais: 30 kN, 45 kN e 60 kN, e após a soldagem, submetidos a três diferentes tempos de tratamento térmico de revenimento: uma hora, duas horas e quatro horas, na temperatura de 650 C. A microestrutura predominantemente martensítica resultante destes processos, foi caracterizada através de microscopia óptica, e de um mapeamento de microdureza Vickers. As soldas tiveram suas zonas afetadas pelo processo mensuradas através do software de análise de imagens ImageJ, sendo observadas maiores zonas para menores forças axiais empregadas. Caracterizou-se ainda, o nível de tensões residuais oriundos do processo de soldagem através do método de difração de nêutrons, para uma solda produzida com força axial de 45 kN, em duas diferentes condições, no estado de como soldado e com revenimento de quatro horas após a soldagem. Com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho pode-se concluir que as juntas soldadas com a força de 60 kN apresentaram a melhor combinação de propriedades avaliadas, que são, um menor tamanho de zonas afetadas pelo processo, e manteve um bom nível de dureza mesmo após o revenimento. Todas as juntas soldadas apresentaram uma ótima união metalúrgica, e os diferentes tempos de tratamento térmico empregados promoveram alterações microestruturais e nas propriedades do material já esperadas para o tratamento térmico de revenimento. / The aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of making joints welded by Friction Hydro Pillar Processing, in steel grade R4 according to IAC W22. The repairs were produced with three different axial forces: 30 kN, 45 kN and 60 kN, and after welding, subjected to three different tempering heat treatment times: one hour, two hours and four hours, at a temperature of 650 C. The predominantly martensitic microstructure resulting from these processes was characterized by optical microscopy and a Vickers microhardness mapping. The welds had their zones affected by the process measured through the ImageJ image analysis software, with larger zones being observed for smaller axial forces employed. It was also characterized the level of residual stresses from the welding process, through the neutron diffraction method, for a weld produced with axial force of 45 kN, in two different conditions, as welded and annealing for four hours after welding. With the results obtained in this work it can be concluded that the welded joints with the force of 60 kN presented the best combination of evaluated properties, which are, a smaller size of zones affected by the process, and maintained a good level of hardness even after the annealing. All the welded joints presented an excellent metallurgical bonding, and the different times of thermal treatment employed promoted microstructural changes and in the properties of the material already expected for the heat treatment of annealing.

nÃo hà / Durante os anos anteriores, mas sobretudo a partir da dÃcada de 1990, pesquisadores tÃm chamado a atenÃÃo para um campo emergente de estudos formados pela confluÃncia de ambientalismo e movimentos sociais, vertente polÃtica bastante promissora jà que integra demandas universalistas ao invÃs de particularistas, como à o caso da maioria dos movimentos sociais mais contemporÃneos. Como este campo à emergente e, portanto desafiador, pareceu-me pertinente propor como objeto de investigaÃÃo as relaÃÃes entre a questÃo ambiental e um movimento social especÃfico â o Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens (MAB), partindo da hipÃtese de que a as questÃes relativas ao meio ambiente deveriam receber um lugar de destaque na pedagogia e na metodologia deste movimento em razÃo de sua prÃpria natureza polÃtica. PorÃm, a partir da pesquisa e anÃlise dos documentos produzidos pelo MAB decidi verificar, atravÃs de um estudo de caso â e utilizando a observaÃÃo participante como mÃtodo â como a relaÃÃo entre a questÃo ambiental e a participaÃÃo polÃtica se configurava no cotidiano de moradores atingidos por barragens. Para proceder a esta verificaÃÃo escolhi a barragem do CastanhÃo, localizada no MÃdio Jaguaribe, CearÃ, e o reassentamento rural Novo Alagamar que à Ãpoca da pesquisa (2004-2005) jà obtivera resultados polÃticos considerÃveis atravÃs do apoio e da militÃncia no MAB. Os dados apresentados e discutidos neste trabalho, com apoio de textos teÃricos atuais, confirmam que a temÃtica ambiental à tÃo integrada na ideologia do MAB â seja na identificaÃÃo de problemas ou nas formas emergenciais de solucionÃ-los, que este movimento jà conseguiu, em diÃlogo com movimentos internacionais similares, produzir uma reflexÃo crÃtica sobre o modelo de polÃticas energÃticas e hÃdricas no momento histÃrico atual do modo de produÃÃo capitalista, comumente denominado globalizaÃÃo. Esta pesquisa tambÃm constatou que os moradores do reassentamento Novo Alagamar possuem uma compreensÃo do significado de meio ambiente e educaÃÃo ambiental, embora nÃo utilizem essas terminologias produzidas pela cultura institucional brasileira. Todos os dados obtidos por meio da observaÃÃo participante â o mÃtodo considerado como o mais adequado para registro de concepÃÃes implÃcitas â revelaram que, para os moradores do reassentamento, o ambiente à concebido como historicizado, isto, à inseparÃvel do ser humano e do universo social. / During the previous years, but above all starting in the 90âs, researchers have been calling the attention for an emerging field of studies composed by the confluence of environmentalism and social movements, a quite promising political trend since it integrates universalistic demands instead of particularistic ones, as it is the case of the majority of the most contemporary social movements. As this is an emerging field, and therefore a challenging one, I have found it pertinent to propose as an investigation object the relationships between the environmental issue and an specific social movement â the Affected by Dams Movement (MAB), based on the hypothesis that environmental issues should receive a prominent place in the pedagogy and methodology of this movement due to its own political nature. However, considering the research and analysis of the documents produced by the MAB, I have decided to verify through a case study â and using the participating observation as a method â how the relationship between the environmental issue and the political participation was configured in the daily routine of the residents affected by dams. To carry out this verification I have chosen the CastanhÃo Dam, located in the Middle Jaguaribe, CearÃ, and the Novo Alagamar rural resettling, which at the time of the research (2004-2005) had already obtained considerable political results through the support and militancy in the MAB. The data presented and discussed in this work, with the support of current theoretical texts, have confirmed that the environmental theme is very integrated in the ideology of the MAB â either in the identification of problems or in the emergent ways of solving them, this movement has already achieved, in dialogues with similar international movements, to produce a critical reflection on the model of energy and water policies in the current historical moment of the capitalist production way, commonly denominated globalization. This research has also verified that the residents of the Novo Alagamar resettling have an understanding of the environment meaning and environmental education, although they do not use those terminologies produced by the Brazilian institutional culture. All the data obtained through the participating observation â considered as the most appropriate method for the registration of implicit conceptions â have revealed that for the residents of the resettling, the atmosphere is conceived as historicized, that is, inseparable from the human being and social universe.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-08-31T20:05:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-AdrianaMaraAraujoLeal.pdf: 1605470 bytes, checksum: 5e809d0da87d46e2077716ab7023a4a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T20:05:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-AdrianaMaraAraujoLeal.pdf: 1605470 bytes, checksum: 5e809d0da87d46e2077716ab7023a4a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / FAPEMA / Objectives: To evaluate the effect of airborne-particle abrasion with niobium phosphate bioglass (NbG) microparticles on the bond strength (µTBS) and longevity of an adhesive system to different dentin substrates. Methods and Materials: Caries-free molars were used in this study. The dentin surfaces were evaluated in three groups: (1) Control – Healthy Dentin; (2) Partial removal of carious tissue; (3) complete removal of carious tissue. Half the teeth in each group were submitted to airborne-particle abrasion with NbG microparticles (15s/1cm/5bar). After this, the adhesive Clearfil S3 was applied and composite buildups were constructed incrementally; and specimens were longitudinally sectioned to obtain bonded sticks (1.0 mm2) to be tested in tension (0.5 mm/min) immediately or after 6 months of storage in water. The fracture patterns were evaluated by stereomicroscope (40x) and then by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis (post-hoc Dunn) and Mann-Whitney tests (α=0.05). Results: Healthy dentin showed the highest bond strength (µTBS). Airborne-particle abrasion with NbG increased the µTBS values in the complete caries removal group. The bond strength values in the 24-hr period were higher than those at 6 months. In the majority of the specimens the fracture mode was adhesive/ mixed. Conclusion: The authors concluded that airborne-particle abrasion on dentin with NbG particles increased the µTBS in the group in which carious dentin was completely removed. / Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do jateamento de micropartículas de vidro niobofosfato (NbG) na resistência de união (RU) e na longevidade de um sistema adesivo em diferentes substratos dentinários. Dezoito molares extraídos livres de cárie foram usados. As superfícies de dentina foram avaliadas em três grupos: (1) Controle – Dentina Sadia; (2) Remoção parcial do tecido cariado; (3) Remoção total do tecido cariado. Metade dos dentes de cada grupo sofreu um jateamento com partículas de NbG (15s/1cm/5bar). Em seguida o adesivo Clearfil S3 Bond Plus foi aplicado e uma coroa de resina composta foi construída. Os dentes foram seccionados para obtenção dos espécimes (1,0 mm2) e submetidos ao teste de microtração (0,5 mm/min) imediatamente e após 6 meses de estocagem em água. Os padrões de fratura foram avaliados usando estereomicroscópio (40x) e levados ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (SEM). Os dados foram analisados pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis (pos-hoc Dunn) e Mann-Whitney (α=0.05). Resultados: A dentina sadia apresentou os maiores valores de RU. O jateamento com NbG aumentou os valores de RU no grupo remoção total. Os valores de RU no período de 24h foram superiores ao de 6 meses. A maioria das fraturas dos espécimes foi adesiva/mista. Conclusão: Os autores concluíram que o jateamento à dentina com partículas NbG aumentou a RU no grupo onde a dentina cariada foi totalmente removida.

O presente trabalho investiga a soldabilidade dos aços ARBL (Alta Resistência e Baixa Liga) API 5L X80) e a tenacidade da ZAC (Zona Afetada pelo Calor), assim como a sua correlação com o ensaio CTOD (Crack Tip Opening Displacement) nos processos de soldagem Eletrodo Revestido estudado por Silva [2009] e GMAW-STT® (Gas Metal Arc Welding Surface Tension Transfer®) no passe de raiz com FCAW (Flux Core Arc Welding) para os passes de enchimento e acabamento. Foram utilizados corpos de provas SENB em chapa com espessura de 19 mm e chanfro em ½ V, onde ficaria mais fácil a localização do entalhe na região de grãos grosseiros na zona afetada pelo calor (parte reta do chanfro). Ensaio de tração e impacto Charpy entalhe com 1/2 V foram utilizados para determinar as propriedades mecânicas e de impacto do material testado. Foram comparados os processos SMAW (Eletrodo Revestido), muito utilizado para a soldagem de gasodutos e oleodutos, com os processos GMAW-STT® e FCAW, que têm maior produtividade do que o SMAW. A soldabilidade dos aços ARBL está associada às regiões da ZAC (Zona Afetada pelo Calor) que, por sua vez, encontra-se correlacionado com o processo de soldagem, composição química e com os parâmetros de soldagem utilizados durante o processo de solda, sendo que a qualificação dos procedimentos geralmente não exige o ensaio de tenacidade, como o CTOD. / This work studies HSLA steels (High Strength Low Alloy) API 5L X80 weldability, HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) fracture behavior and their relationship with the CTOD test (Crack Tip Opening Displacement) on the welding processes SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) studied by Silva [2009] and GMAW-STT® (Gas Metal Arc Welding Surface Tension Transfer®) in the root pass with FCAW (Flux Core Arc Welding) others welding passes. There were used 19 mm width SENB plate samples with a half V groove, where would be easier to locate the crack in the HAZ coarse grain region. Conventional tensile and Charpy V-Notch were performed to determinate mechanical and impact properties of the tested materials. SMAW process, widely used for gas and oil pipelines welding, was compared with GMAW and FCAW processes which have a better productivity than the first one. The HSLA steels weldability is related with HAZ region which also depends on welding process, its parameters and material chemical composition. Normally is not necessary to perform toughness test as CTOD test to evaluate the procedures.

The post-firing variability of fire-affected rock (FAR) recovered from a stone-cooking platform within a prehistoric stone grill was examined. This examination tested the physical properties of FAR recovered from site CA-SBR-3773, located the Crowder Canyon Archaeological District in San Bernardino County, California. There is a lack of archaeological research in this area of Southern California; however, this project established a fundamental perspective of thermal feature reuse and episodes of firing activity for prehistoric cooking features by examining the physical changes FAR experienced due to various heat exposures. Regional archaeologists often encounter these features as they speckle the landscape of upland desert regions in California. This research is an experimental project that compares the cultural stones’ properties to those of non-cultural origin, which have been fired various times during controlled replicative experimentation. The end comparison identifies the FARs’ change in physical conditions. Repeated exposure to high temperatures has a direct relationship to the stability and matrices of rock, in this particular case, schist (Yavuz et al. 2010). As the stone is repeatedly exposed to high temperatures, its durability and structural components begin to deteriorate. This deterioration can be measured and compared to pre-fired physical properties. One of these physical properties is the stones’ porosity, which is calculated using the measured absorption rate of stone before and after exposure to firing episodes. These firing episodes are meant to approximate the cultural use of these stones during prehistoric cooking episodes. The results of the experiment show that FAR may have some diagnostic capabilities to infer multiple firing episodes, confirm facility reuse, and support suggested mobility with respect to available resources and temporal episodes through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating and other analyses such as micro-botanical analysis.

The distribution pattern of diatoms from lakes and streams of varying salinity in the south-west of Western Australia was investigated. A total of 95 water bodies were sampled and separated into freshwater (<3 ppt), hyposaline (3-20 ppt), mesosaline (20-50 ppt) and hypersaline (>50 ppt). The south-west and specifically the inland wheatbelt region has been severely influenced by secondary salinisation, due to clearing of native vegetation for agriculture. There has been little research on diatom communities from salt-affected systems, with this data providing the basis for the development of an inference model based on species optima and tolerance limits to salinity. Physico-chemical variables measured from the study sites were collated and assessed. Salinity ranged from freshwater (0.04) to hypersaline (156.80 ppt), and pH ranged from acidic (2.90) to alkaline (10.51). Dissolved oxygen levels were recorded from 1.11 to 18.67 mgL-1, water temperature from 6.30 to 28.10 °C and peripheral vegetation scores from 1 (little or no cover) to 5 (dense cover). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that salinities were significantly higher in standing waters located further inland, compared to flowing waters in high rainfall areas. Hypersaline wetlands displayed significantly lower dissolved oxygen levels, higher water temperatures and reduced peripheral vegetation, compared to freshwaters. The pH of hypersaline sites was also significantly lower, associated with surrounding land use or underlying geology. The data collected provides important baseline information, with implications for aquatic biota. / The community structure of diatoms in relation to varying salinity concentration was explored. An artificial substrate collector (JJ periphytometer) was used to standardise sampling and ensure diatom assemblages were representative of ambient water quality. A total of 217 taxa were identified with the highest diversity observed in freshwater sites (up to 33 species), and limited to less than 15 in hypersaline waters. According to BIOENV, salinity was the key factor influencing diatom community structure. SIMPER analysis found a number of discriminating taxa between salinity ranges, specifically between assemblages from freshwater and hypersaline sites. Taxa such as Achnanthidium minutissimum and Gomphonema parvulum were indicative of freshwaters. In comparison, Amphora coffeaeformis and Nitzschia ovalis were associated with hypersaline water bodies. Diatom community structure was also examined from 20 hypersaline wetlands in the wheatbelt region with varying pH. Characteristic taxa including Amphora coffeaeformis, Hantzschia sp. aff. baltica and Nitzschia ovalis showed a wide tolerance to salinity and pH, or hypersaline acidic conditions. BIOENV analysis found there were no observable differences between diatom assemblages in relation to salinities above 50 ppt and that pH was highly correlated to species composition. The increasing occurrence of acid saline lakes is of concern and is most likely attributable to deep drainage practices and continued use of fertilisers in agricultural areas. / A diatom-based transfer function was developed from the south-west dataset, to document species optima and tolerance limits to salinity. CCA analysis showed that salinity accounted for a significant and independent amount of variation in the diatom data enabling an inference model to be derived. The most successful model was generated using tolerance-downweighted weighted averaging, with a high coefficient of determination and low prediction errors that remained high after jackknifing. The optima of freshwater diatoms were similar to those reported from other regions of the world, although the optima of hypersaline species tended to be higher. Comparatively, the model performed very well, with the potential to be applied in future paleolimnological studies. In conclusion, this study has shown diatoms to be effective biomonitoring tools, providing the basis for future sampling strategies that assess the biodiversity of salt-affected water bodies in Western Australia. Potential indicator species from different salinity ranges were identified and the sensitivity of diatoms allowed for the development of a statistically robust inference model for the south-west. The reported optima and tolerance limits of important taxa may be further explored to evaluate the success of remediation measures implemented for secondary salinised systems in this region.

<p>The purpose of this study was to describe how persons who have been affected by parental incarceration during their childhood have experienced the incarceration and the contact with the parent during and after the incarceration. The purpose was also to increase the understanding for children affected by parental incarceration on the bases of how the persons described their experiences. The questions at issue of the study were; How can persons affected by parental incarceration describe their experience of the incarceration? How do the persons describe their experience of the contact between them and the parent during the incarceration and which factors affected the possibility of a contact and the experience of the contact? How did the parental incarceration affect the contact between the person and parent? The method of the study was qualitative and four interviews were made. The result of the study was analyzed through the theories symbolic interactionism and ecological systems theory. The result showed that the experience of the incarceration and the contact during the incarceration depended for example on the relations between the child and parent. It also showed that the possibility of a contact was affected by different factors, for example, the distance to the prison.</p>

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often have a family history of the disease, implicating genetics as a major risk factor. Three genes are currently known to cause familial early-onset AD (&lt;65 years): the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the presenilins (PSEN1 and PSEN2). For the much more common late-onset disease (&gt;65 years), only the APOE gene has repeatedly been associated to AD, where the ε4 allele increases disease risk and decreases age at onset. As APOE ε4 only explains part of the total estimated disease risk, more genes are expected to contribute to AD. This thesis has focused on the study of genetic risk factors involved in AD. In the first study, we conducted a linkage analysis of six chromosomes previously implicated in AD in a collection of affected relative pairs from Sweden, the UK and the USA. An earlier described linkage peak on chromosome 10q21 could not be replicated in the current sample, while significant linkage was demonstrated to chromosome 19q13 where the APOE gene is located. The linkage to 19q13 was further analyzed in the second study, demonstrating no significant evidence of genes other than APOE contributing to this peak. In the third study, the prevalence of APP duplications, a recently reported cause of early-onset AD, was investigated. No APP duplications were identified in 141 Swedish and Finnish early-onset AD patients, implying that this is not a common disease mechanism in the Scandinavian population. In the fourth study, genes with altered mRNA levels in the brain of a transgenic AD mouse model (tgAPP-ArcSwe) were identified using microarray analysis. Differentially expressed genes were further analyzed in AD brain. Two genes from the Wnt signaling pathway, TCF7L2 and MYC, had significantly increased mRNA levels in both transgenic mice and in AD brains, implicating cell differentiation and possibly neurogenesis in AD.