The purpose of this study was to explore politicians’ attitudes toward the Equal Rights Amendment. It was hypothesized that certain social, background and political variables would influence the politicians’ attitudes toward ratification or rejection of the Equal Rights Amendment. Data were collected from legislators and former legislators from the states of West Virginia and Virginia. Approximately 70.2 percent of the 195 delegates and former delegates responded to the survey. The findings indicated that the social, background and political variables under investigation were not related to politicians’ attitudes toward the Equal Rights Amendment. Further, lobbying efforts in both states were generally ineffective. The general lack of relationships among the variables toward the Equal Rights Amendment was considered to be influenced by the traditional one-party political control of the state of Virginia. / Master of Science

This thesis explores the experiences of Canadian academic women in terms of location, space and voice. Within this qualitative study, the spaces of and for women within the university are examined by way of women's subjective experiences of 'value' and 'being valued'. Differences in experiences between women based on age, colour, tenure and academic rank are described through the voices of thirty academic women. The study argues that the "illusionary practices of equity" operating within the university milieu, exacerbate the tensions inherent in contradictory subject locations that women occupy within academe. The struggles of representation and identity within these contested spaces raise the challenges of whose voice will have space within the privileged locations of higher learning.

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"It is therefore the purpose of this paper to make a thorough study and analysis of the statutes and court decisions with a view to obtaining information relative to the statutes that could or might be affected by passage of an equal rights amendment...Any study of marital laws is a complicated undertaking, and this survey is only a beginning. The main objective is to emphasize and illustrate the need for granting equal rights to women in Texas. "-- leaf 3.

<p>The legal conception of contra legem derives from Roman law and is translated into "against the law". A decision contra legem arises when the text of law and the legislators purpose of law are disregarded. A paradoxal consequence is that there will always be a decision contra legem, when the text of lawand the legislators purpose of law are contradictory. It is therefore important that decisions contra legem are based on legitimate motives to ensure law and order. In fraudem legis is another legal conception from Roman law and is translated into "evasion of law". Eventhough both Swedish and German law in theory wants to separate in fraudem legis from legal acts made up for apperence, Swedish Supreme Court (HD) often treats them more or less the same. In practise it has often been regarded as too difficult to separate the parties intentions from the actual performed legal act.</p>

The legal conception of contra legem derives from Roman law and is translated into "against the law". A decision contra legem arises when the text of law and the legislators purpose of law are disregarded. A paradoxal consequence is that there will always be a decision contra legem, when the text of lawand the legislators purpose of law are contradictory. It is therefore important that decisions contra legem are based on legitimate motives to ensure law and order. In fraudem legis is another legal conception from Roman law and is translated into "evasion of law". Eventhough both Swedish and German law in theory wants to separate in fraudem legis from legal acts made up for apperence, Swedish Supreme Court (HD) often treats them more or less the same. In practise it has often been regarded as too difficult to separate the parties intentions from the actual performed legal act.

This thesis addresses the problems related to the assessment of gender-based claims of persecution under the international definition of 'refugee'. The 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees does not list 'gender' as one of the persecution grounds that entitle a person to seek refuge. In attempting to solve this apparent dilemma, the 'membership of a particular social group' category was long considered to be the appropriate assessment framework. / While nowadays the other four enumerated Convention grounds---race, religion, nationality, and political opinion---have increasingly received regard, the approach to gender-based persecution has so far been neither systematic, nor consistent. Moreover, the most critical interpretative hurdles continue to arise in the context of the 'membership of a particular social group' category, / This study therefore examines the link between the two concepts of gender-based persecution and the 'membership of a particular social group' category. For this purpose, both concepts are first considered independently (Parts II and III). Following this, the larger part of the analysis is assigned to the examination of the international case law concerning gender-based claims (Part IV) which shall determine if and how gender-based persecution can appropriately be accommodated under the 'membership of a particular social group' category,

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Legacy of ICTY and its Impact on Statute and Case Law of ICC Establishing of International Criminal Court is a significant moment in evolution of international criminal law. It is the first permanent institution of international justice with personal jurisdiction and it was founded for one purpose only - to finally end the era of impunity for war criminals all over the world. But ICC didn't appear from nowhere. There was a long road towards its establishment and who knows if it would ever happen without influence of so called ad hoc tribunals, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. It is a sad truth that international criminal law made its biggest evolution as a reflection of the world's most horrible conflicts. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze a legacy of one of these tribunals, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and to explore its influence not only on the Statute of International Criminal Court, but also on its case law. International Criminal Court is not operating for long, but we can still notice many references on ICTY case law in its judgments. The reason for this research is my particular relation towards Balkan region as well as my interest in international justice in general. The thesis is composed...