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Research on the estimation of age at death, sex and stature from skeletal remains has received more attention than methods used to evaluate ancestry. While this may be due to the stigma attached to classifying people into groups, the application, interpretation and precision of non-metric methods used to predict ancestry need to be examined; as these variables are routinely applied to forensic case work in South Africa. The aim of this study was to score fifteen non-metric cranial traits, namely nasal bone structure, nasal breadth, nasal overgrowth, anterior nasal spine, inferior nasal margin, interorbital breadth, zygomaxillary suture shape, malar tubercle, alveolar prognathism, mandibular and palatine tori, shovelshaped incisors, Carabelli’s cusps and the transverse palatine suture shape on a South African sample, with the intent to assess the influence of sex, ancestry and age at death on these facial features. A total of 520 crania were obtained from the Pretoria Bone, Raymond A. Dart and Kirsten Collections in South Africa and included 237 (135 males, 102 females) Africans, 158 (94 males, 63 females) Europeans and 125 (87 males, 38 females) persons of Coloured origin. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.11.5 for Windows. Ordinal regression was used to evaluate the effect the independent variables (age, sex and ancestry) had on the dependent variable (non-metric traits). Results showed that all the variables were associated with ancestral differences among and within groups. Interorbital breadth, nasal bone structure, nasal breadth and shovel-shaped incisors exhibited statistically significant interactions with sex and ancestry, whereas the appearance of the anterior nasal spine, alveolar prognathism, incisor shovelling of the upper incisors, and Carabelli’s cusp morphology were correlated with age at death. If traditional classification methods are used, then these non-metric traits are not a valid prediction of ancestry in South African populations. Future research is to focus on several statistical approaches, including multi-variate analysis, for the classification of non-metric traits. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Anatomy / unrestricted

Opinions on the relationship between non-specific stress and age at death on adults are not uniform. The inspiration for our diploma thesis was a study by Croatian authors Becic et al. (2014) who reported that individuals with non-specific stress indicators (cribra orbitalia) lived longer. Our aims were following: to estimate the longevity and compared influence of used methods on the relationship between non-specific stress and age at death, to test the relationship between age at death and non-specific stress indicators, particularly cribra orbitalia and linear enamel hypoplasia, and also to test the relationship between non-specific stress indicators and stature. Methods for age estimation are divided into two parts, methods used in the study Becic et al. (2014) and our method selection chosen from the literature appropriate for the oldest individuals. In this study, the presence of cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasia was observed in 294 adult individuals (111 women, 135 men and 48 undetermined individuals) from the Early Mediaeval (9th - 10th century) Slavic skeletal series at Mikulčice (Great Moravia), IIIrd church. When comparing age at death estimated by two different technics we found reduced age at death for the individuals with cribra orbitalia and also with enamel hypoplasia. There...

No / A revised method for estimating adult age at death using the auricular surface of the ilium has been developed. It is based on the existing auricular surface aging method of Lovejoy et al. ([1985] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:15-28), but the revised technique is easier to apply, and has low levels of inter- and intraobserver error. The new method records age-related stages for different features of the auricular surface, which are then combined to provide a composite score from which an estimate of age at death is obtained. Blind tests of the method were carried out on a known-age skeletal collection from Christ Church, Spitalfields, London. These tests showed that the dispersion of age at death for a given morphological stage was large, particularly after the first decade of adult life. Statistical analysis showed that the age-related changes in auricular surface are not significantly different for males and females. The scores from the revised method have a slightly higher correlation with age than do the Suchey-Brooks pubic symphysis stages. Considering the higher survival rates of the auricular surface compared with the pubic symphysis, this method promises to be useful for biological anthropology and forensic science.

This thesis presents an osteoarchaeological analysis of juvenile mortality profiles questioning the speculations made by some archaeologists that the under-representation of infants from Anglo-Saxon and medieval burial populations could be due to the practice of infanticide in England during these periods. Morphological and metrical age estimation and sex assessment methods are used to determine the age-at-death and sex of 1275 children from fifty-three Anglo-Saxon and medieval sites located in southern England. The age and sex distribution of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval children under six-years-old are then compared with age-specific United Nations demographic statistics see to whether or not a normative mortality profile is presented by the archaeological populations. This study identified an abnormal age-at-death distribution for the early Anglo-Saxon perinatal individuals. Excess female mortality was observed for the perinatal individuals from all three periods; early Anglo-Saxon, late Anglo-Saxon and medieval, and for the neonatal and infant individuals from the early Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods. The results of this osteoarchaeological analysis are discussed in conjunction with a review of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval documentary evidence which examines the possible social and economic motives for infanticide. Whilst this analysis of the historical sources revealed laws and penitentiary warnings against the neglect and deliberate murder of infants, the late Anglo-Saxon and medieval documents provided little evidence to suggest the social devaluation of women that would support a hypothesis of preferential female infanticide. There are few surviving early Anglo-Saxon documents however, so the significance of the abnormal mortality profiles from this period is considered.

Depuis les années soixante-dix, l’outil isotopique, d’abord développé en géochimie, s’est généralisé en anthropologie. Il est en effet susceptible d’apporter des informations métaboliques complémentaires à l’étude ostéologique, notamment sur la mobilité et l’alimentation des populations passées. Cependant, sur la trentaine d’éléments présente dans le corps humain, seuls six d’entre eux sont classiquement étudiés dans les ossements. Dès lors, les isotopes stables d’autres éléments représentent une source d’informations inexploitée. Ils pourraient effectivement contribuer aux questions cruciales que sont la diagnose sexuelle, l’estimation de la fécondité ou encore l’évaluation de l’âge au décès.Le but de ce travail de thèse est de comprendre l’origine de la variabilité isotopique du cuivre, du zinc et du fer dans le corps humain, et ainsi, d’évaluer l’apport potentiel de ces métaux de transition à l’anthropologie. Pour cela, les éléments ont été séparés par chromatographie sur résine échangeuse d’ions. Puis les rapports isotopiques ont été mesurés par spectrométrie de masse à source plasma et à multicollection (MC-ICP-MS).L’analyse du δ56Fe et δ65Cu de phalanges de squelettes du XVII-XVIIIèmes siècles provenant de Saint-Laurent de Grenoble a permis de mettre en évidence une différence isotopique entre hommes et femmes, reflet de celle observée dans le sang. Cette dissemblance isotopique est discutée à partir d’un modèle mathématique s’appuyant sur nos analyses du foie et de l’émail dentaire. Celui-ci nous a amenés à mettre en cause le rôle de la sollicitation hépatique dans la composition isotopique du sang plutôt que celui de l’absorption intestinale. L’étude du δ56Fe, δ65Cu et δ66Zn dans le sang d’une population française et d’une population yakoute a également contribué à dégager trois autres facteurs significatifs de variabilité isotopique : la ménopause, l’âge et le stress thermique.Nos résultats sont donc en faveur du développement de l’analyse des isotopes stables du Fe, Cu et Zn des restes humains en tant que vecteur potentiel d’informations sur leur âge au décès, âge à la ménopause, sexe et adaptation métabolique au froid. / First developed in geochemistry, isotopic analyses have progressively become a classical tool in anthropology since the seventies. They provide supplementary metabolic information to osteology, such as mobility or diet of past populations. However, isotopic studies only concern six elements among the thirty of the human body. Therefore, other elements could supply information on sex, age-at-death or fecundity, which still are crucial issues in anthropology.The aim of this thesis is to understand the origin of copper, iron and zinc isotopic variability in the human body, and to assess the contribution of these elements for anthropology. In order to do this, metals were purified from sample matrix by liquid chromatography on ion exchange resin and the isotope compositions were measured by multiple-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). δ56Fe and δ65Cu analyses performed on phalanx of skeletons coming from a french cementery (Saint-Laurent de Grenoble) revealed an isotopic sex difference which mirrors the one found in blood. Concerning its origin, calculations and data obtained on dental enamel support the hypothesis that the isotopic sex difference is due to a higher metal hepatic solicitation for women rather than differential intestinal absorption between men and women. Blood isotopic data from French and Yakut population also highlighted three other significant factors of variability: menopause, age, and cold stress. Our results argue for the development of Fe, Cu, and Zn stable isotope analyses in human remains as a potential vehicle for information on age-at-death, age at menopause, sex and metabolic adaptation to cold stress of past populations.

Bakgrunn: Levealderen for personer med Downs syndrom har økt dramatisk på 1900 tallet i hele den vestlige verden. Imidlertid er det få undersøkelser om levealderfor denne populasjonen på 2000-tallet, og vi har ikke funnet noen norske undersøkelser. Hensikt:Undersøkelsen skal gi innsikt i levealdersutvikling i Norge fra 1969 og frem til 2010 og fremtidig forekomst av voksne og eldre med Downs syndrom frem til 2050. Metode:Det er en kvantitativ nasjonal demografisk registerundersøkelse for å beregne levealdersutviklingen for personer med Downs syndrom (n = 2 593). Registerdataene som er samlet inn er kontinuerlige data som er basert på løpende tellinger i den nasjonale fødsels-og dødelighetsstatistikken. Innsamlede data er personer registrert med diagnosekode Downs syndrom, årfødt, år død, alder ved død og kjønn. Hovedresultat:Gjennomsnittlig alder ved død for personer med Downs syndrom fra 1969 til og med 2009 økte fra 16,57 år til 53,40 år. Det var ingen statistisk signifikant forskjell på alder ved død mellom menn og kvinner. Gjennomsnittlig alder ved død for alle som døde etter fylte 40 år i studieperioden økte fra 53,95 år til 58,35 år. Forventet andel personer med Downs syndrom som vil bli 40 år og eldre vil øke fra 52 % for de som blefødt i 1967 til 94 % for de som ble født i 2009. Konklusjon:Levealderen for personer med Downs syndrom har økt betydelig fra 60-tallet og detteskyldes i hovedsak nedgang i spedbarnsdødeligheten. For de som overlever barneårene viser undersøkelsen imidlertid nesten ingen økning i rest levealder i løpet av undersøkelsesperioden. Frem til 2050 kan vi forvente en fordobling av antallet som vil være over 40 år / Background: Life expectancy for people with Down syndrome increased dramatically in the Western worldduringthe 1900s. However, fewsurveys have investigated life expectancy for this population since 2000,none of themNorwegian. Aim: This study aimedt o provide insight into life expectancy for Norwegians with Down syndrome between 1969 and2 010, and to project future rates for adults with Down syndrome until 2050. Method: This quantitative national demographic registry study estimated the development of life expectancy for people with Down syndrome (n = 2,593). To calculate age at death, we collected data from death certificates reported to Statistics Norway.Together with data from Medical Birth Registry,we simulated life tables.Collected data included persons with the diagnosis code for Down syndrome, birth year, year of death, age at death,and sex. Main results:Between 1969 and 2010, mean age at death of persons with Down syndrome increased from 16.57 years to 53.40 years, respectively. We observed no statistically significant difference in age at death between men and women. Average age at death for persons who died after 40 years of age increased from 53.95 years to 58.35 years duringthe study period. We estimated that the percentage of people with Down syndrome older than 40 years of age will increase, from 52% to 94% for those born in 1967 and 2009, respectively. Conclusion:Life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has increased significantly since the 1960s, mainly due to a relative decrease in newborn and infant mortality. Importantly, such individuals who survive childhood showed almost no increase in remaining life expectancy during the study period. By 2050,we expect the number of people with Down syndrome aged 40 or more years to double / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-73-0</p>

This thesis presents an osteoarchaeological analysis of juvenile mortality profiles questioning the speculations made by some archaeologists that the under-representation of infants from Anglo-Saxon and medieval burial populations could be due to the practice of infanticide in England during these periods. Morphological and metrical age estimation and sex assessment methods are used to determine the age-at-death and sex of 1275 children from fifty-three Anglo-Saxon and medieval sites located in southern England. The age and sex distribution of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval children under six-years-old are then compared with age-specific United Nations demographic statistics see to whether or not a normative mortality profile is presented by the archaeological populations. This study identified an abnormal age-at-death distribution for the early Anglo-Saxon perinatal individuals. Excess female mortality was observed for the perinatal individuals from all three periods; early Anglo-Saxon, late Anglo-Saxon and medieval, and for the neonatal and infant individuals from the early Anglo-Saxon and medieval periods. The results of this osteoarchaeological analysis are discussed in conjunction with a review of the Anglo-Saxon and medieval documentary evidence which examines the possible social and economic motives for infanticide. Whilst this analysis of the historical sources revealed laws and penitentiary warnings against the neglect and deliberate murder of infants, the late Anglo-Saxon and medieval documents provided little evidence to suggest the social devaluation of women that would support a hypothesis of preferential female infanticide. There are few surviving early Anglo-Saxon documents however, so the significance of the abnormal mortality profiles from this period is considered. / Arts and Humanities Research Council

Yes / Age estimation methods are often based on the age-related morphological changes of the auricular surface and the pubic bone. In this study, a mathematical approach to quantify these changes has been tested analyzing the curvature variation on 3D models from CT and laser scans. The sample consisted of the 24 Suchey–Brooks (SB) pubic bone casts, 19 auricular surfaces from the Buckberry and Chamberlain (BC) “recording kit” and 98 pelvic bones from the Terry Collection (Smithsonian Institution). Strong and moderate correlations between phases and curvature were found in SB casts (ρ 0.60–0.93) and BC “recording kit” (ρ 0.47–0.75), moderate and weak correlations in the Terry Collection bones (pubic bones: ρ 0.29–0.51, auricular surfaces: ρ 0.33–0.50) but associated with large individual variability and overlap of curvature values between adjacent decades. The new procedure, requiring no expert judgment from the operator, achieved similar correlations that can be found in the classic methods.

L'estimation de l'âge au décès est une étape fondamentale de l'identification reconstructive en anthropologie médico-légale. La méthode de Brooks et Suchey est couramment utilisée et elle est basée sur l'observation des processus de maturation et de dégénérescence de la symphyse pubienne. Cependant, l'échantillon de référence peut avoir un effet sur l'estimation de l'âge. La méthode de Brooks et Suchey a été testée sur de nombreuses collections et les auteurs notent que l'estimation de l'âge est affectée par la variabilité interpopulationnelle. En outre, dans le domaine de la paléodémographie, les chercheurs ont mis en évidence que la structure par âge de l'échantillon cible avait tendance à ressembler à celle de l'échantillon de référence. Ainsi, les auteurs soulignent l'importance de disposer d'échantillons spécifiques à chaque population avec une répartition uniforme de l'âge. Ainsi pour l'estimation de l'âge au décès, ces critiques soulignent la nécessité de disposer de données spécifiques à la population française avec une structure par âge uniforme de l'échantillon de référence. Les techniques d'imagerie médicale, en particulier la tomodensitométrie, fournissent un moyen adapté pour développer une telle base de données. L'objectif de notre première étude était d'évaluer la fiabilité de la méthode de Brooks et Suchey sur un échantillon virtuel d'individus masculins français contemporains. Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective à partir de 680 symphyses pubiennes d'individus masculins adultes ayant bénéficié d'un examen tomodensitométrique dans deux hôpitaux (Toulouse et Tours, France) entre janvier 2013 et juillet 2014. Les résultats mettaient en évidence une surestimation de l'âge réel pour les stades I et II et une sous-estimation de l'âge réel pour les stades IV, V et VI. En outre, les stades moyens de l'échantillon de référence étaient significativement plus faibles pour le groupe d'âge de 14 à 25 ans et étaient significativement plus élevés pour les individus de plus de 35 ans. L'objectif de notre deuxième étude était de tester un échantillon de référence virtuel avec une structure par âge uniforme afin d'améliorer la précision de l'estimation de l'âge chez les individus de plus de 40 ans. Nous avons construit, de façon rétrospective, un échantillon de référence virtuel composé de 1100 symphyses pubiennes à partir d'examens tomodensitométriques réalisés dans deux hôpitaux entre janvier 2013 et juillet 2015. Un échantillon test composé de 75 symphyses pubiennes a été construit à partir d'examens tomodensitométriques post-mortem réalisés à l'Institut Médico-Légal de Montpellier (France).Comparativement à l'échantillon de référence de Brooks et Suchey, l'utilisation de notre échantillon a amélioré la précision pour les individus masculins de plus de 55 ans et une moindre sous-estimation pour les individus masculins de 56 à 70 ans. De la même façon, on notait une amélioration de la précision pour les individus féminins de plus de 70 ans et une moindre sous-estimation pour les individus féminins de plus de 55 ans. Les contributions de notre travail sont les suivantes : la méthode de Suchey-Brooks devrait être utilisée avec prudence en France, car l'estimation de l'âge est limitée par un manque de fiabilité liée à la variabilité interpopulationnelle. Nos résultats sont concordants avec les résultats précédents et les confirment pour la population française. À l'avenir, la méthode Suchey-Brooks pourrait bénéficier d'une actualisation de l'échantillon de références par la création de nouveaux échantillons spécifique à chaque population. Par ailleurs, notre travail a permis de présenter une large base de données de symphyses pubiennes pouvant constituer un échantillon de référence virtuel français qui pourrait permettre d'améliorer la fiabilité et la précision de l'estimation de l'âge au décès, en particulier chez les individus de plus de 40 ans. / Age at death estimation is a major step in forensic identification. The Suchey-Brooks' method is commonly used and based on observation of the maturation and degeneration processes of pubic symphysis. However, the reference sample may have an effect on the estimated age. The Suchey-Brooks' sample has been tested on numerous collections and the authors note that the estimated age is affected by the interpopulation variability. In addition, in the area of ??paleodemography, researchers found the age structure of the target sample tended to be similar to the reference sample. Thus, the authors highlight the importance of having samples "population specific" with a uniform distribution of age, especially for contemporary French individuals. Medical imaging techniques, particularly computed tomography, provide a suitable means for developing such a database. The aim of our first study was to test the reliability of the Suchey-Brooks' method on a virtual sample of contemporary French male individuals. We carried out a retrospective study of 680 pubic symphyses of adult male individuals who underwent a computed tomography examination in two hospitals (Toulouse and Tours, France) between January 2013 and July 2014. The results showed an overestimation of the actual age for phases I and II and an underestimation of the actual age for stages IV, V and VI. In addition, the mean stages of the reference sample were significantly lower for the 14 to 25 age group and were significantly higher for individuals over 35 years of age. The aim of our second study was to test a virtual reference sample with a uniform age structure in order to improve the accuracy of the age estimation in individuals over 40 years of age. We retrospectively built a virtual reference sample of 1100 pubic symphyses from CT scans carried out in two hospitals between January 2013 and July 2015. A test sample composed of 75 pubic symphyses was built from post-mortem computed tomography examinations performed at the forensic department of Montpellier (France). Compared to the Suchey-Brooks' reference sample, using our sample improved precision for male individuals over 55 years of age and a smaller underestimation for male individuals aged 56 to 70 years. Similarly, there was an improvement in accuracy for females over 70 and a smaller underestimation for females over 55 years of age. Contributions of our work are as follows: the Suchey-Brooks' method should be used with caution in France, as the age estimate is limited by a lack of reliability related to interpopulation variability. Our results are consistent with the previous results and confirm them for the French population. In the future, the Suchey-Brooks method could benefit from an update of the sample of references by creating new samples specific to each population. In addition, our work allowed us to present a large database of pubic symphyses that could constitute a virtual French reference sample that could improve the reliability and accuracy of the age at death estimation.