Why is it so often a gap between science and general opinion? And how authentic is the monuments when they has been moved or damaged. This paper deals with the question of how the archaeological science interpret things and places from prehistoric times, and how it is presented for a general public. Under what circumstances is there a gap between archaeological science and general opinion and why?

The crania from a mass grave associated to the Battle of Good Friday (1520) in Uppsala were re-examined in this study. The total skeletal material has been analysed before, but blunt force trauma was excluded and therefore a comprehensive trauma pattern could not be presented. In the current study, the perimortem cranial weapon-related trauma was examined by reconstructing the crania and conducting a trauma analysis. Standardised methods were used to identify and document blunt, sharp and puncture trauma. The results reveal that new blunt and sharp force trauma as well as one puncture trauma could be identified. Furthermore, the majority of weapon-related trauma were identified as sharp injuries, less than ten percent as blunt injuries and a few as puncture injuries. The cranial trauma pattern is interpreted to reflect the battle tactics, the situations in the battle, as well as the armour and weapons used by the soldiers. The notion of sharp force injuries forming the majority of trauma could imply that bladed weapons were used the most and blunt weapons were used less or caused less injuries visible on bone. The dominance of cranial trauma might indicate that head was a primary target. The trauma pattern implies that blunt weapons were used at least in face-to-face combat and bladed weapons were used in a variety of situations from face-to-face fight to more chaotic situations and against fleeing soldiers. Most of the new documented injuries were observable or easier to observe during or after the cranial reconstruction, indicating that reconstructing the crania is important for observing and identifying the maximal number of injuries possible. / Kranier från en massgrav kopplad till Långfredagsslaget 1520 i Uppsala har analyserats. Hela skelettmaterialet har undersökts tidigare, men trubbig våld fick uteslutas och en komplett bild av traumamönster har tidigare inte presenterats. I denna studie undersöktes spår efter perimortalt vapenrelaterad våld via rekonstruktioner av kranierna och efterföljande trauma-analyser. Standardiserade metoder användes för att identifiera och dokumentera spår av skarpt, trubbig och penetrerande våld. Resultaten visar att nya spår av trubbiga och skarpa skador samt en penetrationsskada kunde identifieras. Vidare framkom att majoriteten av vapenrelaterade skador var skarpa, mindre än en tiondedel var trubbiga och få var penetrerande. Skademönstren hos kranierna tolkas reflektera stridstekniker och situationen i slaget, samt möjlig utrustning och vapen som användes i slaget. Att majoriteten av skador är skarpa kan tyda på att blankvapen var de mest använda och att krossvapen användes mindre, eller orsakade färre skador som syns på ben. Det stora antalet kraniala skador tyder på att huvud var ett primärt mål för huggen. Skademönstren indikerar att krossvapen användes åtminstone i närstrid och att blankvapen användes i varierande situationer från närstrid till mer kaotiska stridsituationer och motflyende män. De flesta av nya vapenrelaterade skador kunde observeras eller blev lättare att observeras under eller efter rekonstruktionen av kranier. Detta tyder på att rekonstruera kranier är viktigt för att identifiera det mesta möjliga antal skador.

This diploma thesis aims to approach the royal town Litoměřice in the medieval form, then agglomeration structure and sacral architecture of this town. Litoměřice excels especially in terms of the richness of their heritage fund and by this thesis I would like to commemorate especially disappeared monuments, churches, which were located here. I would like to contain my thesis like a monography of early medieval town Litoměřice with an enumeration of churches, fortification, castle and medieval houses.

This dissertation is a cultural and social history of healing in Japan from the tenth to the thirteenth century. In particular, in this work I examine the connection between Buddhism and healing, and the interactions between Buddhist healers and other technicians involved in the treatment of illness, such as onmyōji and court physicians. This direction of research is informed by historical anthropology and microhistory, and constitutes and attempt towards an ethnography of early medieval Japan, an era in which Buddhism constituted the most pervasive cultural force. The study of Buddhism in its therapeutic dimension among the court elites thus doubles as a study of Buddhism in its everyday dimensions, and of its contributions to the understanding of the forces that shaped everyday life, with an emphasis on facets that are often overlooked in Japanese and western Buddhology, including the interpretation and treatment of illness, discourses on etiology, spirit possession and iatromancy (divination on disease).While generally treated as discrete entities, Buddhism, onmyōdō, kami cults, and court physicians and their therapeutic technologies existed side by side and intersected in complicated ways when seen in the daily life of court aristocrats. Through an analysis of the journals that these figures have left behind, I aim to complicate the boundaries separating these cultic realms by arguing that while distinct at the level of professional practitioners, Buddhism, onmyōdō and other spheres of specialized knowledge all functionally contributed to the culture of everyday life of court aristocracy. Focusing on practices and discourses that blur the boundaries between ritual and physical endeavors, and dealing with themes that range from spirit possession and its political implications to the relationship between kami and buddhas, from the ritual implications of an expanded access to the levers of power to the transformation of a foundational Buddhist ritual into a therapeutic practice, I criticize the tendency displayed by scholars to partition the activities of Buddhist monks, onmyōji and court physicians in epistemic terms, so that while court physicians would be concerned with the physical body, the others — and Buddhist monks in particular — would not. This distinction, which clearly echoes the modern differentiation between “medicine” and “religion,” is however inadequate to account for the complexity of the therapeutic arena of early medieval Japan. Through an examination of various practitioners of healing from the tenth to the thirteenth century, I will argue for the need to rethink neat taxonomies and sanitized epistemological spaces; rediscover the centrality of practice and redefine its relationship with normative texts and theorizations; and explore, on the ground, the complexity of daily life and its processes.

“Parsing Truth in Merovingian Gaul: Evidence and the Early Medieval Critic” considers how people distinguished truth from falsehood in a set of post-Roman kingdoms occupying much of modern France and western Germany from c. 450 to 751. Using Merovingian saints’ lives, legal documents, law codes, letters, and theological and philosophical texts, I consider how people and institutions navigated the possibility that information might be presented with the intent to deceive, or might just be wrong. Responses to questions about the reliability of information ranged from the practical to the abstractly epistemological, and the period produced multiple and contradictory arguments about how knowledge could, indeed, be certain. The dissertation concludes by examining some points of contact between Merovingian critical practices and Early Modern ones, looking specifically at the management of knowledge about relics at Sens.

M dwarf stars are the most abundant stars in the Galaxy and appear to host the vast majority of temperate, Earth-sized planets. Investigations into their detailed compositions are important for inferring the chemical evolution of the Galaxy and for understanding relationships between stellar composition and planet occurrence. However, detailed characterization of M dwarfs is hampered by a unique set of challenges due to their lower effective temperatures. Previous attempts to measure the compositions of M dwarfs relied on observations of M dwarfs with F-, G-, or K-type companions to calibrate metallicity-sensitive features in their near-infrared spectra. These methods are indirect tracers of metallicity, using sodium and calcium lines to estimate iron abundance and overall metallicity. As such, they are not suited for detailed chemical analysis. Utilizing state-of-the-art stellar atmosphere models, I showed that previous M dwarf metallicity calibrations are more sensitive to carbon and oxygen abundances than they are to overall metallicity. By accounting for the effects of carbon and oxygen, I developed the first calibrated method to directly measure the abundances of individual elements in M dwarfs. I showed that the abundances of iron and titanium can be measured directly from iron and titanium lines in high-resolution Y-band spectra. The relative abundance of titanium to iron correlates with stellar age due to the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. I showed that titanium enhancement combined with kinematics can constrain the ages of individual field M dwarfs. I developed a method to measure chemo-kinematic ages of M dwarfs and used it to investigate the tidal evolution of planets on eccentric, short-period orbits around M dwarfs. I found that short-period planets around M dwarfs can maintain non-zero eccentricities for at least 9 Gyr. Detailed chemical analysis of Sun-like stars is now being carried out by the hundreds of thousands thanks to numerous high-resolution spectroscopic surveys at optical wavelengths. In this dissertation, I reviewed current and planned spectroscopic surveys at near-infrared wavelengths that are amenable to M dwarf abundance analysis and presented a case study design of a compact, high-resolution, near-infrared spectrometer for 5-meter class telescopes.

Les études consacrées à l’enregistrement des actes privés à l’époque médiévale portent généralement sur la France méridionale. Sa partie nord n’a à l’inverse fait l’objet que de rares travaux. Le système y repose sur la juridiction gracieuse, c’est-à-dire la validation des actes par l’apposition du sceau d’une autorité ecclésiastique ou laïque.La figure du tabellion, apparue dans la « France du Nord » au dernier quart du XIIIe siècle,incarne cet exercice de la validation. L’étude se concentre sur une période où son activité est la plus florissante, de la toute fin du XIVe au milieu du XVIe siècle.Le corpus documentaire est constitué pour l’essentiel de minutes produites par les tabellions de Villepreux, de Chartres, et de Châteaudun, dont on a étudié à la fois l’aspect matériel et le contenu. On a aussi analysé et cherché à définir le statut et les fonctions du tabellion dans son office. On a enfin tenté de décrire son travail concret au quotidien, notamment dans le contact avec sa clientèle. / Studies of privately drawn-up agreements in the mediaeval period have generally coveredsouthern France. Little work has been done on the other hand regarding the north of the country.Here the system depended on non-contentious jurisdiction, in other words, authentification of actsby the apposition of the seal of an ecclesiastical or secular authority.The person whose job it was to authenticate these deeds, the tabellion, appears in the north ofFrance during the last quarter of the thirteenth century. Our study will concentrate on a periodwhen his activity was at its most flourishing, from the latter years of the fourteenth to the middle ofthe sixteenth century.The corpus of material available consists essentially of minutes written by the tabellions ofVillepreux, Chartres and Châteaudun, for which we have studied both their material aspect andtheir content. We have also analysed and sought to define the status and functions of the tabellionin the exercise of his duties. Lastly, we have attempted to describe his work on a daily basis, inparticular, his contact with clients.

No description available.

The thesis investigates certain themes relating to death and after-life in the poetry of the late Republican and early Imperial ages within the wider context of Roman literature and religion. The emphasis on the evidence of literature rather than on that of epigraphy and art was prompted by the_ fact that the latter are by nature more static and formalized than the former. The investigation has suggested that the Roman poets register and enlarge, as a rule, the ideas on death and after-life current in their time and thus promote a tradition which can be traced back, through the Greek classical age, to Homer and Hesiod. Although genuine Roman concepts and feelings persist, the general impression is that we have to do with a body of Hellenistic ideas. The concept of the Di Manes seems to· preserve something of the early Roman feelings of respect and fear towards the souls of the deceased, but it is found enriched with new and varied connotations. We can hardly speak of native Roman divinities of the underworld, with the exception perhaps of Orcus. Instead, the Greek figures of Dis (Pluto), Proserpina (Persephone), and Hecate, are very prominent in Roman poetry. This applies also to the demonic figures of Hades like Charon, Cerberus, the Erinyes (Furies) and others. Nor could the Latin authors ignore the imaginative topography of the Greek lower world. Vergil gives to the traditional theme of catabasis, the descent of a hero to Hades, scime Roman colouring in Aeneid 6, but on the whole the descent of Aeneas is simply the fullest example of a motif popular with Greek and Latin authors. Roman poetry also reflects most of the ancient ideas about the destiny of the human soul after death. Moreover, hero-worship and divine honours paid to mortals seem to have found a fertile soil in the traditional Roman concept of the holy ancestors (D! Parentes). The fusion of Greek and Roman elements in this area is best expressed in the works of Vergil. In sum, the investigation confirms the impression of the fluency and mobility of religious ideas in the Roman-Hellenistic world of the first century B.C. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The overall purpose of this study is to try gather more understanding about the concept and term chapel in Värmland during the middle ages. According to the perspective of landscapes and the chapels surroundings this study tries to reach the overall purpuse through archaeological investigations, reported findings and sites, old map material, geology characteristics and names of places and sites compared to Mats Anglerts division of independet chapels in three groups. First, the non serviced chapels called Capelle non curare. Second, colonisation chapels, located in border areas maintained from an adjacent parish. And third, parish chapels reduced to an annex parish when two parishes merged. The conclusion of this study is that most of the investigated chapels probably at some point worked as a colonisation chapel or a parish church, often located in border areas. But also that the chronological aspect is crucial and that the chapels might have had several functions simultaniously.