• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 45
  • 6
  • 5
  • 5
  • 3
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 97
  • 35
  • 34
  • 32
  • 32
  • 25
  • 20
  • 19
  • 19
  • 16
  • 16
  • 13
  • 12
  • 11
  • 11
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

The Blazar Envelope and the Relativistic Jet Dichotomy: Unification of Radio-Loud AGN

Meyer, Eileen 24 July 2013 (has links)
Motivated by recent successes in linking the kinetic power of relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei (AGN) to the low-frequency, isotropic lobe emission, I have re-examined the blazar and radio-loud AGN unification scheme through careful analysis of the four parameters we believe to be fundamental in producing a particular jet spectral energy distribution (SED): the kinetic power, accretion power, accretion mode, and orientation. In particular, I have compiled a multi-wavelength database for hundreds of jet SEDs in order to characterize the jet spectrum by the synchrotron peak output, and have conducted an analysis of the steep lobe emission in blazars in order to determine the intrinsic jet power. This study of the link between power and isotropic emission is likely to have a wider applicability to other types or relativistic jet phenomena, such as microquasars. Based on a well-characterized sample of over 200 sources, I suggest a new unification scheme for radio-loud AGN (Meyer et al. 2011) which compliments evidence that a transition in jet power at a few percent of the Eddington luminosity produces two types of relativistic jet (Ghisellini, et al., 2009). The `broken power sequence' addresses a series of recent findings severely at odds with the previous unification scheme. This scheme makes many testable predictions which will can be addressed with a larger body of data, including a way to determine whether the coupling between accretion and jet power is the currently presumed one-to-one correspondence, or whether accretion power forms an upper bound, as very recent observations suggest (Fernandes et al. 2011). This work is a first step toward a unified understanding of the relativistic jets found in radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their connection to accretion onto the super-massive black holes from which they emanate.
52

Discovery of Giant Gamma-ray Bubbles in the Milky Way

Su, Meng 09 August 2012 (has links)
Based on data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, we have discovered two gigantic gamma-ray emitting bubble structures in our Milky Way (known as the Fermi bubbles), extending \(\sim 50\) degrees above and below the Galactic center with a width of \(\sim 40\) degrees in longitude. The gamma-ray emission associated with these bubbles has a significantly harder spectrum \((dN/dE \sim E^{-2})\) than the inverse Compton emission from known cosmic ray electrons in the Galactic disk, or the gamma-rays produced by decay of pions from proton-ISM collisions. There is no significant difference in the spectrum or gamma-ray luminosity between the north and south bubbles. The bubbles are spatially correlated with the hard-spectrum microwave excess known as the WMAP haze; we also found features in the ROSAT soft X-ray maps at \(1.5 - 2 keV\) which line up with the edges of the bubbles. The Fermi bubbles are most likely created by some large episode of energy injection in the Galactic center, such as past accretion events onto the central massive black hole, or a nuclear starburst in the last \(\sim 10 Myr\). Study of the origin and evolution of the bubbles also has the potential to improve our understanding of recent energetic events in the inner Galaxy and the high-latitude cosmic ray population. Furthermore, we have recently identified a gamma-ray cocoon feature within the southern bubble, with a jet-like feature along the cocoon's axis of symmetry, and another directly opposite the Galactic center in the north. If confirmed, these jets are the first resolved gamma-ray jets ever seen. / Astronomy
53

Μελέτη της σμηνοποίησης των ενεργών γαλαξιακών πυρήνων στις ακτίνες Χ

Κουτουλίδης, Λάζαρος 25 May 2015 (has links)
Πρόσφατες παρατηρήσεις με τον δορυφόρο Chandra δείχνουν ότι οι Ενεργοί Γαλαξιακοί Πυρήνες (AGN) πιθανόν να κατανέμονται διαφορετικά στον χώρο από ότι οι συνηθισμένοι γαλαξίες, ιχνηλατώντας πυκνές περιοχές του Σύμπαντος. Στην παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζουμε την πλέον λεπτομερή ανάλυση που έχει ποτέ πραγματοποιηθεί, τόσο σε πλήθος δεδομένων όσο και μεθόδων ανάλυσης, των Κοσμολογικών Δομών σε πεδία του δορυφόρου ακτίνων-Χ Chandra. Συγκεκριμένα αναλύουμε α) την χωρική συνάρτηση συσχέτισης σε διαφορετικές ερυθρές μετατοπίσεις και διαφορετικές φωτεινότητες β) υπολογίζουμε την χωρική συνάρτηση συσχέτισης για τις πηγές για τις οποίες υπάρχουν φασματοσκοπικές οπτικές παρατηρήσεις και διερευνούμε πιθανή εξάρτηση της σμηνοποίησης με την φωτεινότητα, την απορρόφηση και το οπτικό χρώμα γ) υπολογίζουμε την γωνιακή συνάρτηση συσχέτισης των AGN και την συγκρίνουμε, μέσω της εξίσωσης Limbers με την χωρική συνάρτηση συσχέτισης που έχει υπολογιστεί απευθείας. Τα αποτελέσματα της διδακτορικής αυτής διατριβής συμβάλλουν σημαντικά στην κατανόηση τόσο της κατανομής της ύλης στο Σύμπαν όσο και του τρόπου με τον οποίο πυροδοτείται το φαινόμενο των Ενεργών Γαλαξιακών Πυρήνων. Χρησιμοποιώντας το μεγαλύτερο δείγμα πηγών ακτίνων Χ που έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί ποτέ με τον δορυφόρο Chandra, ανιχνεύουμε τις Δομές Μεγάλης Κλίμακας. Συγκεκριμένα υπολογίσαμε την χωρική συνάρτηση 2 σημείων για 1466 AGN που έχουν ανιχνευθεί στις ακτίνες Χ, αξιοποιώντας τα πεδία Chandra Deep Fields (CDFs) , ECDF-S, COSMOS και AEGIS στο ενεργειακό εύρος (0.5 − 8 keV). Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν φασματοσκοπικές ερυθρομεταθέσεις στο εύρος 0 < z < 3 για τις πηγές ακτίνων Χ με μέση τιμή ερυθρομετάθε- σης z = 0.976. Αναλύοντας την χωρική συνάρτηση σε δύο συνιστώσες, μια παράλληλη και μία κάθετη στην οπτική διεύθυνση λόγω των ιδιάζουσων ταχυτήτων, που οφείλονται στο τοπικό βαρυτικό δυναμικό και προκαλούν στρέβλωση στις θέσεις των αντικειμένων στο χώρο των ερυθρομεταθέσεων, υπολογίσαμε το χαρακτηριστικό μέγεθος της σμηνοποίησης r0 στην τιμή r0 = 7.3 ± 0.6h−1Mpc με κλίση γ = 1.48 ± 0.12. Η τιμή αυτή αντιστοιχεί στην τιμή της παραμέτρου που συνδέει τις διαταραχές πυκνότητας μεταξύ της φωτεινής με την σκοτεινή ύλη και ονομάζεται παράμετρος bias, b(z) = 2.26 ± 0.16. Χρησιμοποιώντας δύο διαφορετικά εξελικτικά μοντέλα bias εκτιμήσαμε την μάζα της άλω της σκοτεινής ύλης που είναι εμβαπτισμένοι οι Ενεργοί Γαλαξίες ακτίνων Χ, με τιμή Mh = 13(±0.3)×1013h−1M⊙. Η τιμή της παραμέτρου b όπως και η αντίστοιχη μάζα της άλω είναι εμφανώς μεγαλύτερη από την αντίστοιχη μάζα σκοτεινής ύλης που περικλείει τους Ενεργούς Γαλαξίες που έχουν ανιχνευθεί στο οπτικό μέρος του φάσματος, για την ίδια ερυθρομετάθεση. Χωρίζοντας το δείγμα των AGN στις ακτίνες Χ σε διαφορετικές περιοχές ερυθρομεταθέσεων, και παρατηρώντας την τιμή του bias πως εξελίσσεται σε συνάρτηση με την ερυθρομετάθεση, σε συμφωνία με πρόσφατες μελέτες, διαπιστώσαμε ότι μία μοναδική μέση τιμή μάζας άλω σκοτεινής ύλης δεν αναπαράγει τα δεδομένα σε όλες τις ερυθρομεταθέσεις. Επιπλέον γύρω από ερυθρομετάθεση z ∼ 1, μελετώντας 650 πηγές ακτίνων Χ, και λαμβάνοντας υπ’ όψιν την εξάρτηση της σμηνοποίησης με την ερυ- θρομετάθεση, βρήκαμε ενδείξεις εξάρτησης της σμηνοποίησης με την φωτεινότητα στις ακτίνες Χ, δηλαδή ότι οι πιο φωτεινές πηγές παρουσιάζουν μεγαλύτερο χαρακτηριστικό μέγεθος σμηνοποίησης r0 και κατά συνέπεια εδράζονται σε άλω σκοτεινής ύλης μεγαλύτερης μάζας. Οι παραπάνω διαπιστώσεις είναι σύμφωνες με το κοσμολογικό μοντέλο στο οποίο το αέριο που τροφοδοτεί με μάζα την υπερμαζική μελανή οπή, για μέσης φωτεινότητας AGN, προέρχεται κυρίως από το νέφος θερμού αερίου που βρίσκεται στην άλω του γαλαξία που εδράζεται η μελανή οπή. Ο πληθυσμός όμως των AGN δεν είναι ομοιογενής ως προς την απορρόφηση. Προκειμένου να εξετάσουμε τα διάφορα προτεινόμενα μοντέλα για AGN που εμπεριέχουν την απορρόφηση καθώς και να συγκρίνουμε με προηγούμενες μελέτες σμηνοποίησης ως προς την παράμετρο της απορρόφησης αναλύουμε την χωρική συνάρτηση συσχέτισης δύο σημείων, για πηγές ακτίνων Χ, με φασματοσκοπική πληροφορία. Η μελέτη συμπεριλαμβάνει τα πεδία CDF-N, CDF-S, AEGIS, ECDF-S, και COSMOS για την συνολική ενεργειακή περιοχή 0.5 − 10kev για το εύρος ερυθρομεταθέσεων 0.6 < z < 1.4, την εποχή δηλαδή που εμφανίζεται η μέγιστη πυκνότητα πληθυσμού AGN. Αξιοποιώντας την φασματοσκοπική πληροφορία που μας παρέχεται από τα 5 πεδία, το δείγμα πηγών αποτελείται από 359 πηγές που είναι απορροφημένες στις ακτίνες Χ και 371 πηγές που είναι μη απορροφημένες στις ακτίνες Χ. Υπολογίζοντας την χωρική συνάρτηση συσχέτισης διαπιστώσαμε ότι τόσο τα μη απορροφημένα AGN στις ακτίνες Χ όσο και τα απορροφημένα AGN στις ακτίνες Χ παρουσιάζουν παρόμοιο χαρακτηριστικό μέγεθος σμηνοποίησης, γεγονός συμβατό με το μοντέλο ενοποίησης των AGN. Επιπλέον συγκρίνουμε τα αποτελέσματα με τα αντίστοιχα για AGN που διαχωρίζονται ως προς την απορρόφηση στο υπέρυθρο. Ο διαχωρισμός των AGN ως προς το υπέρυθρο στηρίζεται στην διαφορά του δείκτη χρώ- ματος ανάμεσα στο οπτικό (R περιοχή) και στο υπέρυθρο (4.5μm). Τα χρώματα δηλαδή προέρχονται από περιοχές του ξενιστή γαλαξία και του τόρου, και δεν ”αγγίζουν” την μελανή οπή όπως οι ακτίνες Χ. Οι διαφορές που προκύπτουν ανάμεσα στα δύο κριτήρια εξηγούνται λόγω της συνεισφοράς της ακτινοβολίας του ξενιστή γαλαξία και επηρεάζει πολύ σημαντικά το κριτήριο που διαχωρίζει τα απορροφημένα και μη AGN, με βάση την απορρόφηση στο υπέρυθρο. Για τον υπολογισμό απευθείας της χωρικής συνάρτησης συσχέτισης χρειαζόμαστε επισκόπηση στο οπτικό που θα παρέχει φασματοσκοπική πληροφορία είτε ακριβείς φωτομετρικές μετρήσεις που είναι δύσκολο να επιτευχθούν λόγω των σφαλμάτων που εμπεριέχουν. Ακόμα καλύτερη στατιστική μπορεί να επιτευχθεί υπολογίζοντας την γωνιακή συνάρτηση συσχέτισης (ACF). Με την συγκεκριμένη μέθοδο αξιοποιούμε όλες τις πη- γές που έχουν ανιχνευθεί και όχι μόνο αυτές που έχουν φασματοσκοπική πληροφορία. Μέσω της εξίσωσης Limbers μπορούμε να αναχθούμε από την γωνιακή στην χωρική συνάρτηση συσχέτισης. Τα αποτελέσματα όμως που προκύπτουν από προηγούμενες μελέτες στις ακτίνες Χ, έρχονται σε αντίθεση με τις μελέτες που υπολογίζουν απευθείας την χωρική συνάρτηση συσχέτισης. Όλες οι μελέτες που αξιοποιούν την γωνιακή συνάρτηση συσχέτισης βρίσκουν συστηματικά μεγάλα χωρικά μήκη σμηνοποίησης. Ένας τρόπος για την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση είναι να εξετάσουμε τον υπολογισμό απο κοινού της γωνιακής και της χωρικής συνάρτησης συσχέτισης για τον ίδιο σύνολο αντικειμένων. Στην παρούσα μελέτη υπολογίζουμε την χωρική συνάρτηση συσχέτισης για τα πεδία AEGIS και ECDFS χρησιμοποιώντας 312 και 228 πηγές αντίστοιχα με φασματοσκοπική πληροφορία. Στην συνέχεια υπολογίζουμε την γωνιακή συνάρτηση συσχέτισης των ίδιων πηγών και την ανάγουμε στην χωρική χρησιμοποιώντας εναλλακτικά είτε την κατανομή ερυθρομετάθεσης όπως αυτή προκύπτει από την συνάρτηση φωτεινότητας, είτε όπως αυτή εξάγεται απευθείας από τα παρατηρησιακά δεδομένα. Χρησιμοποιώντας τον κατάλληλο μαθηματικό φορμαλισμό για κοσμολογία ΛCDM, διαπιστώνουμε για πρώτη φορά ότι η γωνιακή συνάρτηση συσχέτισης ανάγεται στην αντίστοιχη χωρική με αρκετά μεγάλη ακρίβεια. Επειδή ο μηχανισμός επαύξησης ύλης στην μελανή οπή επηρεάζεται άμεσα από το εγγύς περιβάλλον, επομένως επηρεάζεται και το χρώμα του ξενιστή γαλαξία, ένας στατιστικός τρόπος εξέτασης απευθείας του περιβάλλοντος είναι η μελέτη της χωρικής συνάρτησης συσχέτισης. Η μελέτη αυτή στηρίζεται επίσης στην ανάλυση των πηγών των ακτίνων Χ των πεδίων CDF-N, CDF-S, ECDFS-S, AEGIS και COSMOS για το ενεργειακό εύρος 0.5 − 10keV σε εύρος ερυθρομεταθέσεων 0.6 < z < 1.4 με την επιπλέον πληροφορία του δείκτη χρώματος U − B όπως επίσης και του απόλυτου μεγέθους στο κυανό MB. Διαχωρίζοντας το δείγμα ανάλογα με το χρώμα στο οπτικό σε μπλε και κόκκινους, διαπιστώσαμε ότι τα AGN που εδράζονται σε κόκκινους ξενιστές γαλαξίες έχουν μεγαλύτερα r0 και επομένως βρίσκονται σε πυκνότερα περιβάλλοντα σε σχέση με τα AGN που εδράζονται σε μπλε ξενιστές γαλαξίες. Διερευνώντας εάν το παρατηρούμενο χρώμα στο οπτικό επηρεάζεται απο την απορρόφηση των AGN ακτίνων Χ, και το κατά πόσο το κόκκινο χρώμα οφείλεται αποκλειστικά στο γηραιό αστρικό πληθυσμό ή οφείλεται στη σκόνη, διαπιστώσαμε ότι η σκόνη που μπορεί να οφείλεται σε αστρογέννεση επηρεάζει σε σημαντικό βαθμό το χρώμα των κόκκινων ξενιστών γαλαξιών. Επομένως ο διαχωρισμός των AGN ανάλογα με το χρώμα που εμφανίζουν στο οπτικό μέρος του φάσματος, δεν είναι ξεκάθαρος, κατά συνέπεια δεν μπορούμε να καταλήξουμε σε ασφαλή συμπεράσματα αν το περιβάλλον στο οποίο εδράζονται, επηρεάζει το χρώμα του ξενιστή γαλαξία. / Over the last decade Chandra extragalactic surveys indicate that AGN are distributed in space in different way than the normal galaxies, tracing denser regions of the Universe. In this thesis we provide the most accurate estimate for data analysis methods using sources compiled from Chandra satellite. Specifically a) we estimate the spatial two point correlation function in different redshift and luminosity intervals b) using the spectroscopic redshift information we derive the spatial correlation function and we investigate possible dependence of clustering on luminosity, on obscuration and on optical color c) we perform an angular correlation function analysis and via Limber’s equation, we compare with the direct measurements of spatial clustering. These results are not only important for constraining the accretion history of the Universe but they may also hold the key for understanding how galaxies evolve. Using the largest X-ray selected AGN sample used so far for this scope, we present the spatial clustering properties of 1466 X-ray selected AGN compiled from the Chandra CDF-N, CDF-S, ECDF-S, COSMOS and AEGIS fields in the 0.5 − 2keV band. The Xray sources span the redshift interval 0 < z < 3 and have a median value of z = 0.976. We employ the projected two point correlation function, in order to avoid the distorting effect of peculiar velocities, to infer the spatial clustering and we found a clustering length of r0 = 7.3 ± 0.6h−1 Mpc and a slope of γ = 1.48 ± 0.12 which corresponds to a bias b(z) = 2.26 ± 0.16, i.e the value that encapsulates how extragalactic sources trace the underlying mass fluctuation field. Using two different halo bias models, we consistently estimate an average dark-matter host halo mass of Mh = 13(±0.3) × 1013h−1M⊙. The X-ray AGN bias and the corresponding dark matter host halo mass, are significantly higher than the corresponding values of optically selected AGN, at the same redshifts. The redshift evolution of the X-ray selected AGN bias indicates, in agreement with other recent studies that a unique dark-matter halo mass does not fit well the bias at all the different redshifts probed. Furthermore we investigate if there is a dependence of the clustering strength on X-ray luminosity. To this end we consider only 650 sources around z ∼ 1 and we apply a procedure to disentangle the dependence of clustering on redshift. We find indications for a possible dependence of the clustering length on X-ray luminosity in the sense that the more luminous sources have a larger clustering length and hence a higher dark-matter halo mass. These findings appear to be consitent with a galaxy-formation model where the gas accreted onto the Supermassive Black Hole (SMBH) in intermediate luminosity AGN, comes mostly from the hot halo atmosphere around the host galaxy. But the AGN population is not homogeneous in terms of their obscuration properties. In order to investigate several models which include obscuration for the formation and evolution of AGN, and to compare with several studies which have attempted to measure the clustering of obscured and unobscured AGN we perform a spatial correlation function analysis. We present hte clustering properties of 371 unobscured and 359 obscured X-ray selected (0.5−10keV) AGN with spectroscopic redshifts. These are found in the CDF-N, CDF-S, ECDF-S, COSMOS and AEGIS fields in the redshift interval 0.6 < z < 1.4. We found that both samples have identical clustering lengths. This result supports the unification models. Furthermore we compare our findings with recent results that base the obscured and unobscured AGN classification on the optical/IR colour (R − 4.5 > 6.1). We find that the two selection criteria above, select different obscured AGN samples. In particular reddened AGN with R − 4.5 > 6.1 are divided almost equally between X-ray obscured and unobscured AGN. In order to derive directly the spatial clustering length for a large sample of X-ray AGN an extensive spectroscopy campaign is required or high quality of photometric redshift measurements. Even better statistics can be provided by the angular correlation function (ACF). With this method we make use all the available sources, not only those having spectroscopic redshifts. Several studies have explored the angular clustering of AGN in x-ray wavelengths. These studies measure the projected angular clustering and then via Limber’s equation derive the corresponding spatial clustering length. These results contradict with the direct measurements of clustering, with all the angular correlation analyses finding systematically large correlation amplitudes. A way to break this impasse is to derive both the angular and spatial clustering for the same set of objects. In this study we derive the spatial correlation function in the AEGIS and ECDF-S fields using 312 and 258 sources with spectroscopic redshift information. Then we derive the ACF for exactly the same sources, to infer the spatial correlation length, using in one case the redshift distribution providing from luminosity function and in other case the redshift distribution as it observed from the sources with spectroscopic redshifts. Using the appropriate evolution model for a ΛCDM cosmology, we find for the first time that the clustering length derived from the spatial correlation function matches that derived from the angular correlation function. It is now well established that there is an interplay between the evolution of galaxies and the accretion of SMBH that hosts. Since the triggering of AGN is affected from the close environment, it is possible that color of the the host galaxy of AGN is also affected. In order to examine possible dependence of clustering of AGN on host galaxy color we present the clustering properties of 308 X-ray selected sources in blue host galaxies and 172 X-ray AGN in red host galaxies, in the 0.5 − 10keV. These are found in the CDF-N, CDF-S, ECDF-S, COSMOS and AEGIS fields in the redshift interval 0.6 < z < 1.4. We derive red and blue X-ray AGN from their optical colors of the host galaxy. We distinguish AGN host red and AGN host blue using the observed color bimodality in the whole sample using the information of color magnitude space. We perform a spatial correlation function analysis for the two samples and we found that X-ray AGN red host are clustered significantly higher than the AGN blue host. Further examination of the AGN red host indicates that is a mixed population, since encapsulates a significant fraction of obscured high X-ray luminosity and star forming sources.
54

MODELING THE INFRARED EMISSION FROM DUST IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

Nenkova, Maia M. 01 January 2003 (has links)
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are compact regions in the centers of some galaxies. They emit significantly in the whole range of the electromagnetic spectrum and show variability at different timescales. Observational evidence suggests the presence of a dusty torus obscuring the central radiation source of AGN. According to the Unified Model the observed general properties of AGN emission can be understood on the basis of orientation of this torus toward an observer. Two main types of AGN are distinguished: Type 1, with detected emission from the inner torus cavity viewed pole-on, and Type 2, viewed through the obscuring torus. There are numerous attempts in the past decade to model the emission from the torus, considering a homogeneous distribution of dust. However, important problems in explaining the observations still remain unsolved: it is hard to suppress the 10 m emission feature of silicate dust for a pole-on view and at the same time produce an absorption feature for an edge-on viewed torus; despite the huge optical depths inferred from X-ray observations of Type 2 sources, the observed absorption feature is shallow. Unlike observations, models of homogeneous tori with large optical depths always produce deep absorption feature. While it is realized that dust contained in clumps would resolve these issues, modeling of a clumpy medium poses a serious computational challenge. We are the first to incorporate clumps in our model of a dusty torus and to successfully explain the infrared emission from AGN. We model two types of clouds: directly illuminated by the AGN and diffusely heated by other clouds. We calculate the emission of the first type as angle-averaged emission from a dusty slab. The second type of clouds is modeled as dusty spheres embedded in the radiation field of the directly heated clouds. The radiative transfer problem for a dusty slab and externally heated sphere is solved exactly with our code DUSTY. The overall emission of the torus is found by integration over the spatial distribution of clouds. We find a very good agreement of our model results with observations. Comparison with them can constrain the physical conditions in the AGN dusty tori.
55

Radio AGN evolution with low frequency radio surveys

Ker, Louise Moira January 2013 (has links)
Supermassive black holes are leading candidates for the regulation of galaxy growth and evolution over cosmic time, via ‘feedback’ processes, whereby outflows from the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) halt star formation within the galaxy. AGN feedback is generally thought to occur in two modes, high-excitation (HERG, or ‘quasar-mode’) and low-excitation (LERG or ’radio-mode’) each having a different effect on the host galaxy. LERGs curtail the growth of the most massive galaxies, whereas HERGs are thought to be activated by mergers/interactions, switching off star formation at high redshift. A critical problem in current extragalactic astrophysics lies in understanding the precise physical mechanisms by which these feedback processes operate, and how they evolve over cosmic time. Radio-loud AGN are an essential tool for studying major feedback mechanisms, as they are found within the largest ellipticals, and hence are beacons for the most massive black holes across the bulk of cosmic time. In this thesis I develop and study existing complete radio samples with extensive new multi-wavelength data in the radio, optical and infrared, aiming to investigate the evolution of AGN feedback modes, and methods to locate and study such systems at the very highest redshifts. This will serve to inform further studies of radio-AGN planned with next generation radio instruments such as the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR). Very few radio-loud AGN systems are currently known at high redshifts, and the effectiveness of traditional high redshift selection techniques, such as selection based on steep spectral index, have not been well quantified. A purely evidence-based approach to determining the efficiency of various high redshift selection techniques is presented, using nine highly spectroscopically complete radio samples; although weak correlations are confirmed between spectral index and linear size and redshift, selection first of infrared-faint radio sources remains by far the most efficient method of selecting high-z radio galaxies from complete samples. Radio spectral curvature in four of the complete samples is analysed and the effect of radio spectral shape on the measurement of the radio luminosity function (RLF) of steep-spectrum radio sources is investigated. Below z=1, curvature has negligible effect on the measurement of the RLF, however at higher redshifts, where source numbers are low, the shape of the radio spectrum should be taken into account, as individual source luminosities can change up to 0.1-0.2 dex, and this can in some cases introduce errors in space density measurements of up to a factor of 2-3 where source numbers are low. Building upon these samples, the very first independent determinations of the separate RLFs for high and low excitation radio sources across the bulk of cosmic time are made, out to z=1. Here it is shown that HERGs show very clear signs of strong evolution, in line with theoretical predictions. LERGs also show some very weak evolution with redshift, showing increases in space density of typically around a factor of 2. These measurements are also used to estimate the contribution of LERGs, which typically show weak or no emission lines to the ‘missing redshift’ population, which are sources within the complete samples not identifiable spectroscopically. Complementary to this, a pilot study is presented in selecting ‘missing redshift’ sources which are classed as infra-red faint (IFRS), which show no optical or near-IR identification, and are compact in the radio. Follow up spectroscopy on these candidate high z sources detected no line emission. Finally, work carried out towards the testing and commissioning of the new LOFAR telescope is presented. The findings from this thesis will serve to both streamline and inform high redshift radio-AGN searches and studies planned to be carried out with LOFAR and other multi-wavelength complementary surveys in the near future, and help to open up an as yet unexplored epoch in radio-AGN formation and evolution.
56

Astrophysical signatures of axion-like particles

Day, Francesca January 2017 (has links)
The Standard Model of particle physics has enjoyed unprecedented success in predicting experimental results. However, evidence from astrophysical observations points to the existence of a dark sector of particles that interact only very weakly with the Standard Model. In this work, we search for dark sector signatures in X-ray telescope data. Much of this work concerns a class of hypothetical particles, the axion-like particle (ALP). ALPs are a theoretically well-motivated extension of the Standard Model. If ALPs exist, they may lead to intriguing astrophysical signatures: in the presence of a background magnetic field, ALPs and photons can interconvert. We could detect ALPs by searching for photon to ALP conversion. For example, photons produced by point sources in or behind galaxy clusters may convert to ALPs in the cluster's magnetic field. This could lead to observable spectral anomalies. Using this strategy, we place world leading bounds on the ALP-photon coupling. One potential signal of dark matter is an anomalous line in the spectra of galaxies and galaxy clusters. In 2014, an anomalous line was found at an energy of 3.5 keV. The nature and cause of this line is still under discussion. We analyse a scenario in which the 3.5 keV line arises from dark matter decay to ALPs, which interconvert with 3.5 keV photons in astrophysical magnetic fields. We further report an anomalous deficit at 3.5 keV in the spectrum of the Active Galactic Nucleus at the centre of the Perseus galaxy cluster. This motivates the study of a new model in which both features are caused by “fluorescent dark matter” which resonantly interacts with 3.5 keV photons. We analyse observations of Perseus at 3.5 keV to date, and show that they are well explained by this model. Further theoretical and experimental work is needed to discover or exclude fundamental physics effects in X-ray spectra.
57

The high-redshift clusters occupied by bent radio AGN (COBRA) survey

Golden-Marx, Emmet Gabriel 31 January 2021 (has links)
Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally-bound structures in the universe. Since clusters are comprised of hundreds of galaxies, hot X-ray emitting gas, and dark matter, they offer a unique laboratory in which to explore the evolution of large-scale structure and galaxies. To understand how massive, low-redshift galaxy clusters evolve to become what is observed in the modern universe, astronomers need to trace the evolution of progenitor clusters. Though there are thousands of well-studied low-redshift clusters, there are significantly fewer spectroscopically confirmed high-redshift clusters. Because most massive galaxies host supermassive black holes, one cluster tracer at both low and high redshift are active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Specifically, bent, double-lobed radio sources are commonly found in clusters. I find high-redshift clusters hosting bent AGNs and explore their evolution and red sequence galaxies over cosmic time. To characterize cluster evolution, I examine the galaxy populations surrounding each AGN to determine if bent AGNs are commonly found within clusters with evolved red sequence populations. I then identify evolution among the member galaxies in the clusters, I estimate cluster morphology, and I explore the relationship between bent radio source morphology and the surrounding cluster. By measuring the color of each galaxy and the overdensity of galaxies surrounding each AGN, I identify 39 red sequence cluster candidates, 17 of which are at redshifts of z > 1.0. Using my red sequence surface density measurement, I show that each bent AGN is not necessarily centrally located, but is generally within ~ 400 kpc of the cluster center. With this sample, I probe the dynamics of the host galaxies using the radio source morphology and find that most of the radio sources do not follow radial paths relative to the cluster center. By analyzing the morphology of the radio sources in my sample, I find that richer clusters host narrower bent sources. I also see a range of red sequence populations in the clusters, with variations, in particular, among the populations of faint red sequence galaxies. With my surface density measurements, I place preliminary constraints on cluster morphology, finding both relaxed and merging systems.
58

Fermi-LAT gamma-ray and multi-wavelength SED analysis and modelling of PKS 0426-380 : A thesis analysing the behaviour and properties of the blazar PKS 0426-380

Löfström, Nathanael January 2022 (has links)
An analysis is made on the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasar PKS 0426-380 using two sets of data. The first set of data is the Fermi-LAT data collected over the time 54682.66 − 59317.66 in Modified Julian Date within the energy range of 100 MeV to 500 GeV. The second set of data is a multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution within the approximate frequencies of <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%0A%0A%5Cleft%5B10%5E%7B10%7D,%2010%5E%7B27%7D%20%5Cright%5D" data-classname="equation" data-title="" />. First, the Fermi-LAT data were analysed and after modelling a lightcurve over the entire available time, a period of interest was located. The next step was to obtain a multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution of said period. Then, using JetSeT modelling, the data were analysed and a model of the Synchrotron Self-Compton, External-Compton and Synchrotron curves was fitted to the data. The final model which contained the best fit provided a set of physical parameters that described the source. These parameters were finally compared to two other Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars and conclusions regarding the properties of PKS 0426-380 were eventually drawn. A discussion comparing a related work on the same source to the results in this thesis followed. With the large differences in the constrained data between the Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars as background, three predictions concluded the thesis. These are, firstly, a cautioned approach to future searches for periodicity in AGN's. Secondly, in time, local periodicity for AGN's might be more common and interesting for future research. Finally, no certain values for the physical parameters of the AGN can be assessed and the results can only be wived as indications of the actual properties. / <p>Passed</p>
59

Study of CO Emission in Nine Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies at z ∼3

Faerber, Timothy January 2021 (has links)
Massive galaxies evolve through different phases including starburst-dominated and active galactic nuclei (AGN)-dominated phases. These phases are predicted to be prevalent at earlier times (z ∼ 2 − 3). In this thesis I present high-sensitivity observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array to investigate mid-J (Jupper = 4 and 5) CO emission in nine Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer-selected hyperluminous, hot dust-obscured galaxies (Hot DOGs). These sources are thought to represent a transition phase between starburst- and AGN-dominated galaxies at z ≈ 2.5 − 5. All nine sources are detected in continuum and line emission. I conclude that the sources are gas-rich with Mgas ≈ 1010−11 M . Previous far-infrared spectral energy distribution decomposition revealed that six of the sources have significant cold dust components suggesting high star-formation rates (SFR ≈ 2000 − 9000 M  yr−1 ). The molecular gas in the sources is shown to follow roughly the same star-formation trend as a smaller sample of Hot DOGs and other populations of star-forming and quasar-host galaxies at low- and high-redshift. The resolved CO emission line data displays large velocity dispersions (FWHM ≈ 400 − 900 km s−1 ) consistent with other high-z star-forming and quasar-host galaxies. For a subset of the sources, the line data shows disturbed morphologies and velocity gradients possibly consistent with rotation or galaxy interaction. The results from this analysis suggest that the studied sources are heavily dust-obscured quasars undergoing extreme starburst episodes. The estimated gas and dynamical masses of the sources are consistent with other populations of massive galaxies at low- and high-z, indicating that they likely represent a stage in the evolution of massive galaxies. / <p>Presentaiton given over zoom platform during COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
60

Feedback in Cluster Cores

Rafferty, David A. 25 September 2007 (has links)
No description available.

Page generated in 0.046 seconds