Not available / text

Women's status in Indian agrarian communities has been discussed in terms of cultural and agricultural practices, which affect women adversely in the northwestern wheat region and favourably in the southern rice region. The correlation is tested by the female farm labour participation (FLP) rate and the juvenile sex ratio (JSR). / I examine the correlation between women's contribution to agriculture and their status in wet paddy and dry millet regions in Tamil Nadu. Compared to northwestern India, the JSRs are more balanced and FLPs are high in both regions, yet the implications of high FLPs differ. Thanjavur shows a high female labour participation in peak seasons, but year-round underemployment. In Kongu, the cultivation of garden crops requires both male and female labour throughout the year. / The contrasts originate from varied factors such as ecology and irrigation, cropping system, the distribution of land wealth, and on- and off-farm employment opportunities.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Full text release at OhioLINK's ETD Center delayed at author's request

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-237).

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Mississippi State University. Department of Curriculum and Instruction. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Esta dissertação de mestrado trata sobre a inserção de mercado de agricultores familiares que atuam como feirantes na cidade de Chapecó, Estado de Santa Catarina. Como objetivos foram analisadas a confiança, a reciprocidade e as relações de tempo e espaço presentes na dinâmica de prática da feira-livre. A partir do entendimento da feira-livre como uma extensão das atividades das propriedades rurais, uma forma de mercado construído localmente, é preciso novas formas de avaliar a inserção dos agricultores familiares no comércio. Nesse sentido, foi evidenciado a importância dos mercados de proximidade para a autonomia frente ao sistema agroalimentar hegemônico. Para tanto, foram analisadas as peculiaridades presentes na prática dos feirantes, a formação histórica do mercado de feira-livre, a quantidade de agricultores familiares que atuam como feirantes, a quantidade de feirantes do município e de arredores, a diversidade de produtos ofertados, os canais de comercialização acessados pelos feirantes além das feiras-livres e as relações de mercados dos agricultores familiares que atuam como feirantes. Por fim, a partir das respostas dos feirantes e da análise de conteúdo, foi evidenciado de que maneira se fazem presentes na dinâmica social das feiras-livres: as representações de confiança face a face, de reciprocidade e as relações de tempo-espaço entre os agentes copresentes na dinâmica de mercados dos feirantes agricultores familiares. Para o contexto do estudo, estas representações se mostram importantes como valores não econômicos que ajudam a construir identidades, que remetem às estratégias de reprodução social e de superação do modelo hegemônico de mercado. / This thesis deals with the insertion of family farmers market that act as market traders in the city of Chapecó, state of Santa Catarina. In order to trust, reciprocity and relations of time and space dynamics present in the practice of open-air market is analyzed. From understanding the outdoor market as an extension of the activities of farms, a form of local construction market, we need new ways to evaluate the inclusion of family farming in trade. In this regard, the importance of local markets characterized by autonomy in the food hegemonic system. To this end, it uses what the peculiarities present in the practice of street fairs, its historical development, the number of farmers who act as market participants, the number of traders in the city and its surroundings, the diversity of products offered, the marketing channel access by traders and market relations farmers who act as market participants. Finally, based on the responses of suppliers and content analysis, it was possible to show how present in the social dynamics of free trade: the trusted face to face representations, reciprocity and relations of time and space between the co-present agents in the market dynamics of family farmers fair. For the study context, these representations show how important non-economic values that help build identities that relate to the strategies of social reproduction and overcoming dominant market model.

Esta dissertação de mestrado trata sobre a inserção de mercado de agricultores familiares que atuam como feirantes na cidade de Chapecó, Estado de Santa Catarina. Como objetivos foram analisadas a confiança, a reciprocidade e as relações de tempo e espaço presentes na dinâmica de prática da feira-livre. A partir do entendimento da feira-livre como uma extensão das atividades das propriedades rurais, uma forma de mercado construído localmente, é preciso novas formas de avaliar a inserção dos agricultores familiares no comércio. Nesse sentido, foi evidenciado a importância dos mercados de proximidade para a autonomia frente ao sistema agroalimentar hegemônico. Para tanto, foram analisadas as peculiaridades presentes na prática dos feirantes, a formação histórica do mercado de feira-livre, a quantidade de agricultores familiares que atuam como feirantes, a quantidade de feirantes do município e de arredores, a diversidade de produtos ofertados, os canais de comercialização acessados pelos feirantes além das feiras-livres e as relações de mercados dos agricultores familiares que atuam como feirantes. Por fim, a partir das respostas dos feirantes e da análise de conteúdo, foi evidenciado de que maneira se fazem presentes na dinâmica social das feiras-livres: as representações de confiança face a face, de reciprocidade e as relações de tempo-espaço entre os agentes copresentes na dinâmica de mercados dos feirantes agricultores familiares. Para o contexto do estudo, estas representações se mostram importantes como valores não econômicos que ajudam a construir identidades, que remetem às estratégias de reprodução social e de superação do modelo hegemônico de mercado. / This thesis deals with the insertion of family farmers market that act as market traders in the city of Chapecó, state of Santa Catarina. In order to trust, reciprocity and relations of time and space dynamics present in the practice of open-air market is analyzed. From understanding the outdoor market as an extension of the activities of farms, a form of local construction market, we need new ways to evaluate the inclusion of family farming in trade. In this regard, the importance of local markets characterized by autonomy in the food hegemonic system. To this end, it uses what the peculiarities present in the practice of street fairs, its historical development, the number of farmers who act as market participants, the number of traders in the city and its surroundings, the diversity of products offered, the marketing channel access by traders and market relations farmers who act as market participants. Finally, based on the responses of suppliers and content analysis, it was possible to show how present in the social dynamics of free trade: the trusted face to face representations, reciprocity and relations of time and space between the co-present agents in the market dynamics of family farmers fair. For the study context, these representations show how important non-economic values that help build identities that relate to the strategies of social reproduction and overcoming dominant market model.

Industries related to agricultural cooperatives record some of the highest injury rates in the U.S. Therefore, agricultural cooperatives are highly motivated to invest in occupational health and safety (OHS). This thesis examines the economic efficiency of OHS investments at agricultural cooperatives and identifies cooperative characteristics leading to greater economic efficiency of OHS investments. A multiple input-output data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate technical efficiency. The effects of cooperative characteristics on the efficiency of OHS investments are estimated using ordinary least squares, censored regression, truncated regression, and the Simar and Wilson (2007) bootstrap procedure. Results show that the mean technical efficiency score was 0.833. Furthermore, a cooperative’s annual insurance premia has a significant, negative relationship with technical efficiency. In contrast, the experience levels of a cooperative’s top safety person and top managerial person and a location’s total workers employed have significant, positive relationships with efficiency in all estimated models. / North Dakota State University. Department of College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources

Bibliography: leaves 204-212. / This thesis analyses agrarian development in the Natal Midlands during the 1940s and 1950s. Based predominantly on archival and primary sources, it seeks to provide some empirical evidence in an area where such information is sorely lacking. The first chapter briefly analyses the national agricultural economy in the 1940s before turning to the Natal Midlands. The importance of urban factors in fuelling the post-war boom is examined, as is the way in which different groups of farmers reacted to these developments. The second chapter discusses the position of farm workers. The system of labour tenancy is considered and stress is laid on the various tensions within the system which became prominent at this time. The use of the courts and the police in helping farmers control their workers, informal methods of control and labourers' resistance are also examined. The next chapter discusses the severe farm labour shortage and shows how it emerged from the tensions within labour tenancy and the increasing urban opportunities seized by farm workers. Attention is also paid to the farm labour policies of the pre-apartheid state and these are compared with the policies demanded by organised agriculture. The final chapter examines these processes during the 1950s. The effect of the slowdown in agricultural growth is discussed as is the limited success of the apartheid state's farm labour policies. It is suggested that the key to understanding the state's lack of success lies in differentiating between different categories of farmers. The agricultural crisis in the late 1950s and its effects are also analysed. Finally, it is suggested that the key determinants of agrarian development are accumulation and struggle rather than state policies.

The rise of on-demand platform work typified by Uber has intensified a decades-long trend away from standard work relationships and toward contingent work structures, characterized by the unbounding of work in space and time. Yet many workers have always toiled outside of a traditional workplace and “standard” schedule. My dissertation examines how contingent workers in four different industries navigate unstable work schedules across unsettled work geographies, drawing on 120 interviews with agricultural and oil and gas workers in Texas and on-demand delivery workers and university adjuncts in New York City. Across these “old” and “new” cases of contingent work performed across rural and urban landscapes, work processes restructure space and time in such a way that workers do not know when, for how long, or where they will have work. I call this temporal and spatial instability positional uncertainty – repurposing an oilfield term for the inability to pinpoint precisely where one is at any given moment in the drilling process. The experience of positional uncertainty forces workers to subordinate the rhythms and geographies of their own lives to the temporal and spatial imperatives of their respective labor processes, leading to time struggle (unpaid periods of waiting or “zombie time” and overwork) and challenges in space (related to the bifurcation or unbounding, respectively, of the spaces of work and home). Workers respond, first, by doing boundary work, and second, by telling both critical and anchoring stories in attempts to bring coherence and meaning to the day-to-day and the long-term. The dissertation highlights the integral role of time and space in structuring social life, the active maneuvers by which workers struggle to re-configure time and space to produce coherence and make a life for themselves, and the short- and long-term costs of the transfer of risk onto workers through positional uncertainty. The strategic comparison reveals parallel strategies across disparate cases in response to the warping of time and space and illuminates how positional uncertainty exacerbates deep-set structural inequalities.