A presente pesquisa analisou as Agriculturas Urbanas de Belém-PA e Porto Alegre-RS no que se refere aos papéis e funções socioeconômicas da atividade nos espaços em que ocorrem suas práticas. A opção pelos dois municípios envolveu trabalhos anteriores que evidenciaram a existência da atividade e fomentaram a curiosidade na observação do fenômeno no Norte e no Sul do Brasil. Focando a análise da dinâmica espacial e suas interações socioeconômicas evidenciou-se perspectivas distintas de ações e práticas bem como de enfoques dados à Agricultura Urbana nos dois Municípios. Foi possível perceber que a atividade agrícola situada no espaço urbano tende a se adaptar a demandas citadinas e/ou relacionar-se com práticas agropecuárias desejadas pelos atores. Inicialmente percebe-se a existência de expansão do território urbano, o que é uma tendência contemporânea e que já desvirtua a própria delimitação do espaço rural e urbano. Simultaneamente existem áreas transitórias em que a atividade agrícola segue com relevância no contexto local. Nas áreas mais centrais ocorrem apenas demandas específicas no que se refere à agricultura. Foi possível observar que existe um benefício desta prática no âmbito urbano, uma vez que a mesma possibilita “encurtar canais” do produtor até o consumidor, exceto quando o produtor enfrenta dificuldades na logística da cadeia produtiva. Assim, a pesquisa mostrou maior vantagem socioeconômica às produções que visaram à comercialização e o autoconsumo, pois manteve a diversificação de produtos na mesa e garantiu renda para os indivíduos. As diferenciações observadas da produção do Norte e do Sul se deram principalmente no foco produtivo, considerando desde oportunidades de mercado até dificuldades físicas enfrentadas pelos produtores. A produção agrícola sulina demonstrou ser mais comercial do que a produção do norte, preferencialmente direcionada ao autoconsumo. Por fim, constatou-se que existem Agriculturas Urbanas, que se apresentam de diversas formas, desde a pequena produção em hortas até cultivos maiores, expressando diferentes estratégias, organizações e focos produtivos. / The present research analyzed the urban agricultures in the municipalities of Belém-PA and Porto Alegre-RS, evaluating the socioeconomical role and function of this activity in spaces where it is applied. The municipalities were chosen on the basis of previous studies evidencing the presence of such activities, as these fomented the curiosity in the observation of the phenomenon in the North and South of Brasil. Focusing the analysis in the spatial dynamics and its socioeconomical interactions, we could detect distinct actions and practices in both municipalities, which also differ in terms of the importance given to the urban agriculture. It was possible to realize that the agricultural activity situated in the urban space tends to adapt itself to the cities demands and/or be related to the agropecuary practices whished by the authors. First, the existence of an expansion of the urban space could be notes, which is a contemporary tendency that distorts the delimitation of the rural and urban spaces. Simultaneously, there are areas of transition in which the agricultural activity continues relevant in the local context. In the central areas there are only specific demands related to the agriculture. It was possible to observe the existence of a benefit of this practice in the urban scope, since it enables to “shorten the channels” between the producer and the consumer, except when the producer deals with difficulties in the productive chain logistics. So, the research showed more socioeconomical advantages for the productions aimed to the commercialization and autoconsumtion, because these maintained the diversification of products in the table and guaranteed an income for the individuals. The differentiation observed between North and South productions occurred mainly in the productive plan, considering market opportunities and physical difficulties faced by producers. The agricultural production in the south was shown to be more commercial than that in the north, preferentially related to autoconsumption. Finally, we found that there are urban agricultures that manifest themselves in different ways, from the small production in vegetable gardens to bigger crops, expressing different strategies, organizations and productive focus.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-06T14:51:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Julio Jose do Nascimento Silva.pdf: 1033478 bytes, checksum: b9ad38ecd46c3d8a9eb97e0fce3dcc0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T14:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julio Jose do Nascimento Silva.pdf: 1033478 bytes, checksum: b9ad38ecd46c3d8a9eb97e0fce3dcc0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different irrigation levels in the presence and absence of mulch on soil moisture dynamics in castor bean (Ricinus Comunnis L.) BRS Energy cultivation in communal farming. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial scheme (4x2) x3, with four primary treatments, which are the irrigation based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc), L1 = 60% ETc, L2 = 80% ETc; 100% ETc = L3, L4 = 120% ETc, and two secondary treatments, is the absence and presence of mulch on density equal to 12 ton ha-1 and three replicates. Altogether 27 measurements were taken along the crop cycle. The mulch kept the soil moisture above field capacity. The increase in humidity due to the presence of mulch was 23.8% and 26% in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers, respectively, compared to its absence. Irrigation allowed moisture in both covering systems to present optimal levels, above the field capacity moisture and far below saturation. Furthermore, it was also perfomed growth analysis. The experimental design was a completely randomized in a factorial scheme (4x2) x4. Eight measurements were performed in the following periods: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days after germination (DAG) and evaluated three plants per plot. Analyses of non-destructive growth, stem diameter (AD), plant height (PH) and Leaf Area Index (LAI). From the measured data of AP, DC, and IAF, we calculated the absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) for each variable respectively. All growth variables showed significant differences along the crop cycle mainly to the presence of cover, except absolute and relative growth rates of DC. The effects of irrigation levels were only significant for plant height (PH) and the Leaf Area Index (LAI). Finally, the crop yield components of castor bean (Ricinus Comunnis L.) were evaluated. The experimental design was same as above. It was performed a single harvest at 120 days after germination (DAG), and sampled three plants per plot. Analyses of the number of racemes per plant (NRP), length of racemes (CR) in centimeters (cm), productivity of fruits (PF) in kilograms per hectare (kg/ha), yield of berries (PG) in kilograms per hectare (kg/ha), mass of 100 seeds (M100) in grams (g) and water use efficiency (EUA) in kilograms of berries per cubic meter (kg/m³) have been performed. All variables except the M100 showed a significant difference to the adopted treatment. The NRP, the PC and the EUA responded significantly to the presence of ground cover, as the CR, the PF and PB responded significantly to the effects of individual irrigation depths and the soil cover. The irrigation depth of 679.77 mm corresponding to 100% of ETc was the best choise allowing an average yield of 2461.4 kg ha-1 of berries for the crop. / Objetivou-se com o presente estudo, avaliar o efeito de lâminas de irrigação na presença e ausência de cobertura morta sobre a cultura da mamona BRS Energia em Neossolo Flúvico em vale aluvial em Pesqueira, semiárido de Pernambuco, em condições de moderada salinidade. O experimento foi implantado em 08 de setembro de 2010 sendo finalizado em 18 de janeiro de 2011. O início da germinação das plantas se deu no dia 20 de setembro, perfazendo um total de 120 dias úteis. Avaliou-se a influência dos tratamentos na dinâmica de umidade do solo, com delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4x2)x3, correspondentes às lâminas de irrigação, baseadas na evapotranspiração de cultura (ETc), sendo L1 = 60% ETc; L2 = 80% ETc; L3 = 100% ETc; L4 = 120% ETc, ausência e presença de cobertura morta na densidade de 12 t ha-1, e três repetições. Foi realizada análise multivariada de medidas repetidas no tempo, ao todo foram realizadas 27 medições ao longo do ciclo da cultura. A cobertura morta preservou a umidade do solo sempre acima da capacidade campo. O incremento na umidade em função da presença de cobertura morta foi de 23,8% e 26% nas camadas de 0 a 20 cm e 20 a 40 cm, respectivamente, em relação à ausência da mesma. A irrigação proporcionou níveis ótimos de umidade em ambos os sistemas de cobertura, acima da capacidade de campo e bem abaixo da umidade de saturação. Outrossim, também foi realizada análise crescimento da cultura, onde foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4x2)x4, bem como análise multivariada de medidas repetidas com o tempo, em que foram conduzidas 8 medições nos seguintes intervalos: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 dias após a germinação (DAG), sendo avaliadas 3 plantas por parcela experimental. Realizaram-se análises de crescimento não destrutivas: Diâmetro do Caule (DC), Altura das Plantas (AP) e Índice de Área Foliar (IAF). A partir dos dados medidos de AP, DC e IAF, foram calculados a Taxa de Crescimento Absoluta (TCA) e Taxa de Crescimento Relativo (TCR) para cada variável, respectivamente, exceto para o IAF. Todas as variáveis de crescimento apresentaram diferença significativa ao longo do ciclo da cultura principalmente na presença de cobertura, exceto as taxas de crescimento absoluta e relativa do DC. Os efeitos das lâminas de irrigação apenas foram significativos para altura de plantas (AP) e para o Índice de Área Foliar (IAF). Por fim, foram avaliados os componentes de produção da cultura, utilizando-se o delineamento anterior. Foi realizada uma única colheita aos 120 dias após a germinação (DAG), sendo coletadas amostras de 3 plantas por parcela experimental. Realizaram-se análises do número de racemos por planta (NRP); comprimento de racemos (CR), em centímetros (cm); produtividade de frutos (PF) em quilogramas por hectare (kg/ha); produtividade de bagas (PG), em quilogramas por hectare (kg/ha); massa de 100 sementes (M100) em gramas (g) e eficiência no uso da água (EUA), em quilogramas de bagas por metro cúbico de água (kg/m³). Todas as variáveis, exceto a M100 apresentaram diferença significativa aos tratamentos. O NRP, a PC e a EUA responderam significamente à presença de cobertura do solo. Já o CR, a PF e PB responderam significativamente aos efeitos isolados das lâminas e da cobertura do solo. A lâmina de 679,77 mm correspondente a 100% da ETc foi a que permitiu melhor desempenho da cultura com, uma produtividade média de 2.461,4 kg ha-1 de bagas.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-14T16:34:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cassia Bezerra Machado.pdf: 2752807 bytes, checksum: 3c460d2f22ef6a6b581888068caeaf58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-14T16:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cassia Bezerra Machado.pdf: 2752807 bytes, checksum: 3c460d2f22ef6a6b581888068caeaf58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The increasing emissions of greenhouse gases (among them carbon dioxide, CO2) causes global warming and change the global climate. The main expected changes in the semiarid regions due to global warming are reduction of water resources, rainfall and excessive flow rate, salinization and desertification. In this way, studies that investigate the relationship between the fluxes of CO2, water and energy are essential to predict how agricultural ecosystems will respond to those climate changes. The transfer of water and energy and their relationship to CO2 fluxes in grasslands, and how these will be affected by climate change, is not well studied in northeastern Brazil, and no research has been conducted in this region, investigating these fluxes in a pasture intercropped with corn. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determinate the fluxes of water and energy (evapotranspiration, ET) and CO2 in brachiaria pasture intercropped with maize, and relate these fluxes with the biomass production of these crops. The research was conducted at the Riacho do Papagaio Farm in São João-PE, in the Agreste Meridional region. In the center of the area was installed a metallic tower with a eddy covariance system, composed of an open path analyzer of CO2 and H2O and a three-dimensional sonic anemometer, as well as sensors for measuring speed and wind direction, humidity and air temperature, rainfall, global radiation and net radiation. Next to the tower was measured soil’s heat flux, as well as temperature and soil moisture profiles. Biomass and leaf area index of brachiaria and corn were determined in samples collected from June to December 2013. Furthermore, were determined the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), canopy conductance (gc) and the decoupling factor (Ω). It was found that during the most part of the experiment, the latent heat flux (LE) was the major consumer of the available energy, and sensible heat flux (H) was higher in the latter part of the study, due to the length of shortage of rainfall and warming of the region. The daily and seasonal variation of ET in the consortium corn-grass was controlled mainly by soil moisture and leaf area index (LAI). During periods of low soil moisture, deficit vapor pressure exerted major role in ET controlling. The Ω and gc were strongly influenced by soil moisture, being substantially reduced when the water storage in the soil layer (0-20 cm) was below 20 mm. The CO2 fluxes were affected by LAI and soil moisture, but the corn-grass consortium served as a source of carbon to the atmosphere during drier periods and lower LAI. In wetter periods and higher IAF, served as drain of atmospheric carbon. Throughout the experimental period, the consortium abducted 3.59 t of C ha-1, equivalent to 14.66 kg of C ha-1 d-1. / O aumento crescente das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (dentre eles o dióxido de carbono, CO2) ocasiona aquecimento global e causa mudanças climáticas globais. As principais mudanças esperadas em regiões semiáridas decorrentes do aquecimento global são redução dos recursos hídricos, das chuvas e vazões, além de salinização e desertificação. Desse modo, pesquisas que investiguem as relações entre os fluxos de CO2, água e energia são de fundamental importância para se prever como os ecossistemas agrícolas responderão a essas mudanças climáticas. As transferências de água e energia e sua relação com os fluxos de CO2 em pastagens, e como estas serão afetadas pelas mudanças climáticas, ainda não é muito estudada no nordeste do Brasil e nenhuma pesquisa foi realizada, nessa região, investigando esses fluxos em pastagem consorciada com milho. Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar os fluxos de água e energia (evapotranspiração, ET) e de CO2 em pastagem de braquiária consorciada com milho, além de relacionar esses fluxos com a produção de biomassa dessas culturas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na fazenda Riacho do Papagaio em São João-PE, na região do Agreste Meridional. No centro da área foi instalada uma torre metálica equipada com o sistema de covariância dos vórtices turbulentos, composto por um analisador de CO2 e H2O de caminho aberto e um anemômetro sônico tridimensional, além de sensores para medidas da velocidade e direção do vento, umidade e temperatura do ar, precipitação pluviométrica, radiação global e saldo de radiação. Próximo à torre foram medidos o fluxo de calor no solo, bem como perfis de temperatura e de umidade do solo. A biomassa e o índice de área foliar da braquiária e do milho foram determinadas em amostras coletadas de Junho a Dezembro de 2013. Além disso, foram determinados a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), a condutância do dossel (gc) e o fator de desacoplamento (Ω). Verificou-se que, durante a maior parte do período experimental, o fluxo de calor latente (LE) foi o principal consumidor da energia disponível, sendo que fluxo de calor sensível (H) foi maior na parte final da pesquisa, devido ao período de escassez de chuvas e aquecimento da região. A variação diária e sazonal da ET no consórcio milho-braquiária foi controlada principalmente pela umidade do solo e índice de área foliar (IAF). Nos períodos de baixa umidade do solo, o déficit de pressão de vapor exerceu papel preponderante no controle da ET. O Ω e a gc foram fortemente influenciados pela umidade do solo, sendo substancialmente reduzidos quando o armazenamento de água no solo (camada de 0-20 cm) ficou abaixo de 20 mm. Os fluxos de CO2 foram afetados pelo IAF e umidade do solo, sendo que o consórcio milho-braquiária atuou com fonte de carbono para a atmosfera nos períodos mais secos e de menor IAF. Nos períodos mais úmidos e de maior IAF atuou como sumidouro de carbono atmosférico. Em todo período experimental, o consórcio sequestrou 3,59 t de C ha-1, o equivalente a 14,66 kg de C ha-1 d-1.

Baseado em uma relação simples entre volume de madeira em pé e deflúvio observados em duas microbacias com povoamentos de eucaliptos, este estudo compara os resultado obtido por três modelos de programação linear: (i) um que maximiza o valor total do projeto, com restrições de área e de produção de madeira; e (ii) dois outros modelos que fazem o mesmo com o controle do indicador hidrológico (deflúvio). A hipótese principal do trabalho é que a consideração do indicador hidrológico no planejamento de povoamentos florestais afeta significativamente os regimes de manejo, alterando os planos de colheita e o fluxo de produção de madeira. A área de estudo é constituída por trinta e cinco unidades de gestão, com áreas que variam de 30 ha a 800 ha e diferentes produtividades, totalizando 8007 ha. Regimes de talhadia simples, baseados em dois cortes, diferem entre si apenas pela idade em que a floresta é cortada. O nível de deflúvio e o volume de madeira em pé foram estatisticamente ajustados utilizando um modelo exponencial baseado na coleta de dados na área de estudo. O resultado da relação entre deflúvio e estoque de madeira mostra uma curva que é convexa em relação a origem e negativamente inclinada. Como as áreas de corte raso e florestas novas produzem fluxos de deflúvio elevados, a regularização do mesmo foi incluída como restrição no modelo. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a inclusão das restrições hidrológicas no modelo afetou o manejo, alterou o fluxo de produção de madeira e resultou em valores presente líquidos globais diferentes para cada modelo, confirmando então a principal hipótese do trabalho. A água e a madeira são dois recursos de grande importância e devem ser controlados simultaneamente. As técnicas de programação linear se mostraram eficientes para gerir o manejo desses recursos. / Based on a simple relationship between growing stock and water outflow observed on two watersheds planted with Eucalyptus in Brazil, this study compares the results obtained by three different linear programming formulations: (i) one that maximizes the net present value simply constrained by area and a regulated wood production flow; and (ii) two other models that maximize the net present value constrained by area, a regulated wood production flow, and specific hydrological goals. As one of the hypothesis, it is stated that the inclusion of hydrological constraints in the model will affect significantly the selection of forest regimes, altering the final harvest-scheduling plan and the wood production flow. Thirty-five management units, with areas ranging from 30 ha to 800 ha and different site indexes, form an Eucalyptus plantation project with 8.007 hectares. Simple coppice regimes, based on two clear cuts followed by the complete renewal of the plantation, differ one to another only by the age at which the clear cut is scheduled. Water outflow levels and stock volume levels were statistically adjusted according to an exponential model based on data collected on watersheds in the study area. The resulting relationship between outflow and stock volume shows a curve that is convex to the origin and negatively sloped. Given that clear-cut areas produce highly undesirable water outflows to the watershed, maximum water outflow limits had to be included as constraints in the model. Results obtained by the hydrologically constrained model confirm the hypothesis that the wood production flow is affected by limiting water outflow. The study allowed the attribution of economical values to different levels of limitations in terms of total water production in the watershed. Water and wood, two of the most important assets to a forester, should be managed together. Linear programming modeling techniques, proved to be very efficient when managing such resources.

A presente pesquisa de mestrado teve o objetivo de analisar o modelo socialista de agricultura coletiva proposto pelo Movimento dos Sem-Terras (MST) por meio das cooperativas de produção agropecuárias (CPAs) e suas contradições. A idéia era compreender em que medida a coletivização do trabalho agrícola fortalece a luta pela resistência na terra. Com essa finalidade a pesquisa foi proposta aos cooperados da Copava (Cooperativa de Produção Agropecuária Vó Aparecida), fundada em 20 de novembro de 1993, na agrovila III do assentamento Pirituba, situada no município de Itaberá, sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo. Nas CPAs a terra, o trabalho e a renda são administrados coletivamente pelos próprios cooperados. Apesar de a CPA ser um empreendimento de tipo empresarial, é radicalmente diferente de uma empresa capitalista, pois não há extração de mais-valia. A divisão da renda é feita conforme o número de horas trabalhadas de cada um após serem pagas ou amortizadas as dívidas com a produção e gastos em investimentos para ampliação da estrutura da cooperativa. A Copava foi fundada por 27 famílias, totalizando 46 sócios, e ocupando uma área de 189 alqueires de terra. A corrente teórico-metodológica marxista-leninista é a que fundamenta esse modelo de CPA, sendo que as contradições encontradas decorrem da oposição entre a visão socialista e a visão camponesa de uso da terra. Através da CPA, a Copava tem conseguido garantir ao longo do ano o abastecimento de pão, leite, arroz e feijão para todos os cooperados. Porém, uma contradição fundamental desse modelo é que o aumento da produtividade possibilitado pela CPA, não reflete necessariamente a um aumento da renda em dinheiro para o cooperado, devido aos altos custos de manutenção e ampliação da infra-estrutura da cooperativa, a dificuldade de comercialização dos produtos, e a falta de crédito e financiamento governamental que acaba obrigando a cooperativa a fechar contratos com empresas capitalistas, que se apropriam da renda gerada pelos cooperados. / This masters research aimed to analyze the model of socialist agriculture conference proposed by the Movement of Landless Peasants (MST) by means of agricultural production cooperatives (CPAs) and its contradictions. The idea was to understand the extent to which the collectivization of the agricultural work strengthens the fight for land resistance. With this purpose the research was proposed to the Copava cooperative (Cooperative Agricultural Production Vó Aparecida), founded on November 20, 1993, in the settlement Pirituba, agrovila III, located in Itaberá, southwest of São Paulo. CPAs in the land, work and income are managed collectively by the cooperative members themselves. Although the CPA is a venture-type business, is radically different from a venture capitalist, because there is no extraction of surplus value. The division of income is made according to the number of hours worked each after being paid or written off debts with the production and investment spending to expand the cooperative structure. The Copava was founded by 27 families, totaling 46 members, covering an area of 189 acres of land. The current theoretical and methodological Marxist-Leninist ideology that underlies this is the CPA model, and found the contradictions arising from the contrast between the socialist vision and the vision of peasant land use. Through the CPA, Copava has managed to ensure year round supply of bread, milk, rice and beans for all members. However, a fundamental contradiction of this model is that the increased productivity made possible by the CPA, does not necessarily reflect an increase in cash income for the cooperative because of the high costs of maintaining and expanding the infrastructure of the cooperative, the difficulty of marketing products, and lack of credit and government funding that ends up requiring the cooperative to close contracts with capitalist enterprises that take on much of the income generated by the associates.

Orientador: Pedro Ramos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T05:42:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Herrera_JoseAntonio_D.pdf: 5522360 bytes, checksum: e010c047b5bf56ac42d6d6e702c77299 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O atrelamento do Brasil aos países desenvolvidos fez com que suas atividades econômicas fossem mais influenciadas por demandas externas do que pelas necessidades internas. Tal fato contribuiu para participações regionais desiguais. Nesse contexto a Amazônia é integrada à economia nacional de modo que o capital se aproveita das assimetrias das trocas não leais e desiguais para se expandir no território. Esse fenômeno se fez alterando as relações sociais e os meios de produção, estabelecendo mecanismos de geração de lucros facilitados na utilização dos recursos naturais. A exploração dos recursos passam ser mais intensa, degradando o meio ambiente e agravando os problemas sociais. A imposição do capital nas relações estabelecidas apesar de transformar a produção agropecuária familiar, não a eliminou, e essa apresenta distintas formas de produção e diferentes relações sociais. Partindo dessa premissa, buscou-se estudar a integração da Amazônia à economia nacional como resultado da expansão do desenvolvimento capitalista brasileiro, compreendendo como ocorre a interferência do capital no espaço agrário amazônico, principalmente na unidade de diversidade que constitui a produção agropecuária familiar no Sudoeste Paraense. O estudo foi realizado em três municípios que apresentavam diferentes formas de ocupação: Pacajá, área de Colonização Antiga; Anapu, área de PDS - Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável; e Senador José Porfírio, a área de Projeto de Assentamento Convencional do INCRA - Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária. Com base na teoria marxista, fez-se o estudo da integração da região à economia nacional, da estruturação do espaço agrário amazônico e principalmente como ocorreu a interferência do capital na realidade vivenciada por cento e cinquenta (150) famílias durante o ciclo agropecuário 2007-2008. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram utilizados parâmetros qualitativos (interpretação da realidade) e quantitativos (análise estatística) para compreender as determinações da atividade produtiva e o desempenho econômico. O fulcro do estudo está em entender como o desenvolvimento capitalista se aproveita das adversidades para se apropriar dos meios de produção no espaço agrário amazônico, compreendendo as diferentes formas de produção que os produtores agropecuários familiares estabelecem para permanecerem em meio às interferências do capital / Abstract: The linkage to the developed economies of Brazil made their economic activities were more influenced by external demands than by internal needs, this fact has contributed to unequal regional participation. In this context the Amazon is integrated into the national economy so that capital takes advantage of the asymmetries of unequal and not loyal exchanges to expand in the territory. This phenomenon was made changing social relations and the means of production, establishing mechanisms for generating easily gains using the natural resources. The exploitation of resources increase, degrading the environment and worsening social problems. Despite the imposition of capital in established relationships have transformed the family farm production, not eliminated it, and this presents different forms of production and different social relations. From this premise, we sought to study the integration of the Amazon to the national economy as a result of the expansion of capitalist development in Brazil, realizing as it does the interference of the capital in an Amazonian agrarian landscape, especially in the unity of diversity that constitutes the family agricultural production in Southwest of the state of Pará. The study was conducted in three counties, with different forms of occupation: Pacajá, Old Colony area; Anapu area PSD - Project for Sustainable Development, and Senador José Porfírio, the area of Conventional Settlement Project NICAR - National Institute of colonization and Agrarian Reform. Based on Marxist theory, it was studded the integration of the region to the national economy, the structure of Amazonian agrarian space and, especially, as was the interference of the capital actually experienced by one hundred fifty (150) households during the 2007-2008 agricultural cycle. In the methodological procedures were used qualitative (interpretation of reality) and quantitative parameters (statistical analysis) to understand the determination of productive activity and economic performance. The focus of the study is to understand how capitalist development takes advantage of adversity to take ownership of the means of agricultural production in the Amazon area, including the different forms of production that provide family farmers to remain amid the interferences of the capital / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

Les accords mondiaux parrainés par l’ONU pour le développement durable et la réduction des émissions de gaz d'effet de serre, proposent la réduction de la déforestation et l'augmentation de la productivité des zones occupées par les systèmes de production agropastoraux. En Amazonie brésilienne, la déforestation couvre une zone de 760,305.5 km2 en 2014. Les différents usages de la zone déforestée ont des impacts environnementaux et des rendements financiers et sociaux spécifiques. Connaître l'occupation et l'usage des terres ainsi que les systèmes de production prédominants dans cet espace est une condition de base de la planification des actions dédiées au développement durable. Cette étude propose des méthodologies destinées à la cartographie détaillée de l'occupation et de l'usage des terres (LULC), et à l'identification de la régionalisation des systèmes de production agropastoraux. La cartographie LULC de l'Amazonie brésilienne a confirmé les résultats des études antérieures montrant que la plupart des surfaces déboisées sont utilisées principalement pour l'élevage (environ 60%), qu’environ 20% sont couvertes par une végétation secondaire et 5% par l’agriculture annuelle de large échelle. La régionalisation des systèmes de production agropastoraux a été réalisée en deux étapes. La première étape a été effectuée au niveau des divisions administratives municipales, en utilisant des données spatialement explicites de LULC et de déforestation, analysées conjointement avec des données socio-économiques spatialisées au niveau municipal. Les résultats de cette première étape de traitement ont permis d'identifier cinq systèmes de production agropastoraux à l'échelle de l'Etat. La configuration territoriale a ainsi montré que chaque système de production crée différents types de paysages. La deuxième étape a été menée sur des cellules de 10x10 km avec des données spatialement explicites de LULC, de déforestation et une matrice de distance aux infrastructures, et en utilisant des métriques paysagères. Il est alors possible de classer le système de production prédominant dans chaque cellule, et d'identifier l'effet de chaque système de production sur le paysage. Neuf systèmes de production agropastoraux ont été mis en évidence : deux dans les forêts (domaine forestier, phase initiale), trois dans l'agriculture (agriculture stricte, agriculture dominante et aires de coexistence) et quatre dans l'élevage (élevage intensifié pour la viande, élevage non intensifié pour la viande, élevage intensifié pour la viande et le lait et élevage non intensifié pour la viande et le lait). Les méthodologies qui résultent de cette thèse permettront la création d'un système opérationnel de surveillance continu et à faible coût de LULC et des systèmes de production agropastoraux dans les territoires déboisés. Grâce à ce système de surveillance, il sera possible de suivre les impacts des politiques publiques qui visent à un développement durable de la région / Recent global agreements sponsored by UN to sustainable development and reduction of greenhouse gases emission, undergo by the reduction of deforestation and an increase of productivity of the areas occupied by agricultural production systems. In 2014 the Brazilian Amazon deforestation reached 760.305,5 km2. This area has different land uses with different financial and social returns and different environmental impacts. To know the land use and land cover (LULC) and the predominant production systems in this deforested area is a basic condition for planning actions and public policies for sustainable development. This study developed methodologies for detailed LULC mapping, and to regionalization of agricultural production systems. The mapping of LULC of Brazilian Amazon confirmed previous studies, showing that most of the deforested area is used for livestock activity (about 60%), followed by secondary vegetation (about 20%) and annual crops (about 5%). Regionalization of agricultural production systems was carried out in two stages. The first one was carried out at local administrative boundary, using spatially explicit data of LULC and deforestation, analyzed in conjunction with municipal socioeconomic data spatialized at local level. Based on these results we identified, among five agricultural production systems at the state level. The dimension of territorial configuration showed that each agricultural production system form different types of landscapes. The second stage was conduced with cells of 10 X 10 Km, with LULC spatially explicit data, deforestation and a matrix of distance to infrastructure elements, and using landscape metrics. Was possible to classify the predominant agricultural production system in each cell, and identify the effect of these systems on the landscape. Nine agricultural production systems were found: two in forest domains (Forest Domain, Initial Front), three in agriculture domain (Strict Agriculture, Dominant Agriculture and Coexistence Area) and four in livestock domain (Intensified Beef, Not Intensified Beef, Intensified Beef-Milk and Not Intensified Beef-Milk). The methodologies resulted from this thesis will enable the creation of an operational monitoring system of LULC, continuous and at low cost, and also of the prevailing agricultural production system in each of the deforested territory. With this monitoring system, it will be possible to follow up the effect of public policies in the region, looking for sustainable development.

This thesis conducts historical research into Swanton Pacific Ranch in the County of Santa Cruz, an interdisciplinary facility for education and research managed by Cal Poly’s College of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences. The study seeks to determine whether there have been discernable changes in vegetation alliances (communities), spatially or in type, within a 110-acre Study Area from the early twentieth century to the present day and how the changes compare with other similar historical analyses in California. Historical farming and ranching uses of the area are researched, and two family case studies are presented as paradigms of potential changes to vegetation as well as the connectivity with the larger socioeconomic context of Italian immigration into California. Examination of the vegetation alliances over the course of the historical study period utilizes several types of historical imagery, including twentieth-century aerial photography, ground level photography and nineteenth-century maps. This thesis diverges from scholarship that posits substantial alteration of ecological systems by anthropogenic activities by arguing that the primary alliances and geospatial borders of the vegetation in the Study area have remained essentially stable, i.e., unchanged at a macro level, since at least the early twentieth century, and that this stability has persisted despite long-term agricultural activities. This thesis contributes to the historiography of Swanton Pacific Ranch by providing a preliminary exploration of the botanic resources and the attendant anthropogenic agricultural activities on the land that may have affected those resources. It provides a framework for further study of Ranch resources as well as the cultural context of the agricultural history of the North Coast-Santa Cruz region.

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of agricultural infrastructure on agricultural productivity and agricultural income of smallholder farmers in the North West Province, South Africa. Factors that contribute to the availability, accessibility and satisfaction of smallholder farmers with regards to agricultural infrastructure were also assessed in the study. Using cross sectional data from the North West Province of South Africa, 150 smallholder farmers were selected using stratified sampling to group farmers into those who had agricultural infrastructure and those who did not have. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, divided into six sections as follows: personal socio-economic characteristics of farmers; characteristics of the land; agricultural infrastructure of smallholder farmers; agricultural production and markets; and production activities and financial support rendered to farmers. The data were coded, captured and analysed using STATA 14.0. Data were analysed through descriptive analyses, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Heckman selection procedure and Tobit Regression Models. This result revealed that most of the farmers were male, aged between 41 and 60 years of age, had contact with extension services, had contact with extension services only occasionally and did not engage in non-farming activities. Smallholder farmers had less than 10 years of farming experience, a household size of less than or equal to five members, had about one household member assisting in the day-to-day farming activities. Most of the farmers did not belong to any organisation. Generally, the farmers indicated that they were involved in dry land farming. Farmers who irrigated their farms, did so on approximately 15 and 45 hectares of land. Farmers also indicated that they received agricultural support from CASP and used commercial seeds, fertilizers and animal vaccines as their production inputs. Furthermore, smallholder farmers in the study area received support for inputs while majority indicated they did not have to repay for the inputs. Majority of farmers indicated that infrastructure impacted on their farming enterprises through increases in productivity in their farming enterprises. The study found that the factors influencing agricultural income for smallholder farmers with agricultural infrastructure were: Physical infrastructure index (Coef=0.78: P=0.01); Social infrastructure availability index (Coef=0.61: P<0.01); Institutional infrastructure availability index (Coef=1.05: P<0.01); Level of education of farmers (Coef=0.96: P<0.01); Access to extension services (Coef=1.05: P<0.01); Membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.59: P<0.05); Age of smallholder famers in the study area (Coef=0.05: P<0.01); and Household members assisting in farming activities (Coef=0.24: P<0.05). In terms of smallholder farmers with accessible agricultural infrastructure, factors influencing agricultural income were: Physical infrastructure access index (Coef=1.29: P<0.01); Social infrastructure access index (Coef=0.38: P<0.1); Equipment infrastructure access index (Coef=0.62: P<0.01); Level of education for smallholder farmers (Coef=1.21: P<0.01); Access to agricultural extension services (Coef=1.64: P<0.01); Membership of Farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.77: P<0.05); Age of smallholder farmer (Coef=0.01: P<0.01); and Household members assisting in the farming enterprises (Coef=0.39: P<0.01). In terms of satisfaction of smallholder farmers with agricultural infrastructure, factors influencing agricultural income were: Physical infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=0.35: P<0.1); Social infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=0.37: P<0.1); Institutional infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=1.25: P<0.01); Equipment infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=1.04: P<0.01); Level of education of respondents (Coef=1.24: P<0.01); Access to extension services (Coef=1.58: P<0.01); Age of smallholder farmers in the study area (Coef=0.05: P<0.01); Number of years farming (Coef = -0.57: P<0.1); and Number of household members assisting in farming (Coef=0.19: P<0.1). The results of the Heckman selection model revealed that the variables impacting on agricultural income were: agricultural infrastructure availability index (Coef=1.12: P<0.01); and access to extension services (Coef=0.62: P<0.05). Furthermore, those impacting on agricultural production were: infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=-1.31: P<0.01); infrastructure accessibility index (Coef=-0.59: P<0.05); Level of education of smallholder farmers (Coef=0.64: P<0.01); access to extension services (Coef=1.29: P<0.01); and membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.66: P<0.01). The results of the Tobit Regression Model showed that among others factors influencing availability of agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: assistance of household members in farming enterprise (Coef=0.702: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.962: P<0.01); farm acquisition (Coef=0.323: P<0.01)farmer occupation (Coef=0.785: P<0.01); member of farmers’ organisations (Coef=2.066: P<0.01); sources of labour (Coef=1.283: P<0.01); farming experience (Coef=0.100: P<0.01); and agricultural production inputs (Coef=-0.763: P<0.05). In terms of accessibility to agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: engagement in non-farming activities Coef=1.275: P<0.01); contact with extension services (Coef=1.205: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.403: P<0.01); farmer occupation (Coef=0.456: P<0.01); membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=1.111: P<0.01); sources of labour (Coef=0.653: P<0.01); farming experience (Coef=0.045: P<0.05) and land tenure (Coef=0.156: P<0.01). In terms of satisfaction with agricultural infrastructure, among other factors influencing satisfaction with agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: organisation for extension services (Coef=1.779: P<0.01); assistance of household members in farming enterprise (Coef=0.411: P<0.01); government agricultural support to farmers (Coef=0.419: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.464: P<0.01); membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=1.011: P<0.01); age of farmer (Coef= 0.030: P<0.01); level of education (Coef= 0.483: P<0.01); marital status (Coef=0.290: P<0.01); and gender (Coef= -0.576: P<0.01). The results of the analysis were used to close the knowledge gap with regards to the impact of agricultural infrastructure, availability, accessibility and satisfaction on the productivity and agricultural income of smallholder farmers in the North West Province. In terms of recommendations, the study highlighted that agricultural industries and government should commit in assisting smallholder farmers to be productive and to participate in economic activities. This could be achieved through collaboration with industries in implementing initiatives that assist and accelerate the development of smallholder farming and also through assisting smallholder farmers access agricultural infrastructure. / Agriculture and Animal Health / Ph. D. (Agriculture)

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of agricultural infrastructure on agricultural productivity and agricultural income of smallholder farmers in the North West Province, South Africa. Factors that contribute to the availability, accessibility and satisfaction of smallholder farmers with regards to agricultural infrastructure were also assessed in the study. Using cross sectional data from the North West Province of South Africa, one hundred and fifty smallholder farmers were selected using stratified sampling to group farmers into those who had agricultural infrastructure and those who did not have. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, divided into six sections as follows: personal socio-economic characteristics of farmers; characteristics of the land; agricultural infrastructure of smallholder farmers; agricultural production and markets; and production activities and financial support rendered to farmers. The data were coded, captured and analysed using STATA 14.0. Data were analysed through descriptive analyses, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Heckman selection procedure and Tobit Regression Models. This result revealed that most of the farmers were male, aged between 41 and 60 years of age, had contact with extension services only occasionally and did not engage in non-farming activities. Most of the smallholder farmers had less than 10 years of farming experience, had household sizes of less than or equal to five members, had about one household member assisting in the day-to-day farming activities. Most of the farmers did not belong to any farmer organisation. Generally, the farmers were involved in dry land farming. Farmers who irrigated their farms, did so on approximately 15 and 45 hectares of land. Farmers also received agricultural support from CASP and used commercial seeds, fertilizers and animal vaccines as their production inputs. Furthermore, smallholder farmers in the study area received support for inputs and majority did not have to repay for the inputs. Majority of farmers indicated that infrastructure impacted on their farming enterprises through increases in both productivity and sizes of their farming enterprises. The study found that the factors influencing agricultural income for smallholder farmers with agricultural infrastructure were: Physical infrastructure index (Coef=0.78: P<0.01); Social infrastructure availability index (Coef=0.61: P<0.01); Institutional infrastructure availability index (Coef=1.05: P<0.01); Level of education of farmers (Coef=0.96: P<0.01); Access to extension services (Coef=1.05: P<0.01); Membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.59: P<0.05); Age of smallholder famers in the study area (Coef=0.05: P<0.01); and Household members assisting in farming activities (Coef=0.24: P<0.05). In terms of farmers without agricultural infrastructure available, factors influencing agricultural income were: physical infrastructure availability index (Coef = 0.74; P<0.01); social infrastructure availability index (Coef = 0.77: P<0.01); institutional infrastructure availability index (Coef = 0.61: P<0.01); level of education (Coef = 0.89: P<0.01); access to extension services (Coef=1.24: P<0.01); age of farmers (Coef = 0.06: P<0.01) and assistance of household members in farming enterprises (Coef=0.33: P<0.01). In terms of smallholder farmers with accessible agricultural infrastructure, factors influencing agricultural income were: Physical infrastructure access index (Coef=1.29: P<0.01); Social infrastructure access index (Coef=0.38: P<0.1); Equipment infrastructure access index (Coef=0.62: P<0.01); Level of education for smallholder farmers (Coef=1.21: P<0.01); Access to agricultural extension services (Coef=1.64: P<0.01); Membership of Farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.77: P<0.05); Age of smallholder farmer (Coef=0.01: P<0.01); and Household members assisting in the farming enterprises (Coef=0.39: P<0.01). With regards to smallholder farmers without accessible agricultural infrastructure, factors influencing agricultural income were: Physical infrastructure accessibility index (Coef=0.92, P<0.01); Equipment accessibility index (Coef=0.43, P<0.05); Level of education (Coef=1.25: P<0.01P); access to extension services (Coef = 1.63; P<0.01); membership of farming organisations (Coef = 0.86; p<0.01); age of farmers (Coef= 0.07; P<0.01) and assistance of household members in farming enterprises (Coef = 0.34; P<0.05). In terms of satisfaction of smallholder farmers with agricultural infrastructure, factors influencing agricultural income were: Physical infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=0.35: P<0.1); Social infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=0.37: P<0.1); Institutional infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=1.25: P<0.01); Equipment infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=1.04: P<0.01); Level of education of respondents (Coef=1.24: P<0.01); Access to extension services (Coef=1.58: P<0.01); Age of smallholder farmers in the study area (Coef=0.05: P<0.01); Number of years farming (Coef = -0.57: P<0.1); and Number of household members assisting in farming (Coef=0.19: P<0.1). The results of the Heckman selection model revealed that the variables impacting on agricultural income were: agricultural infrastructure availability index (Coef=1.12: P<0.01); and access to extension services (Coef=0.62: P<0.05). With regards to farmers not satisfied with agricultural infrastructure, factors influencing agricultural income were: institutional infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef = 0.54: P< 0.05); level of education (Coef=1.25: P<0.01); access to extension services (Coef = 1.77: P<0.01); age of farmers (Coef = 0.06: P<0.01) and assistance of household members in farming enterprises (Coef = 0.34: P<0.01). Furthermore, those impacting on agricultural production were: infrastructure satisfaction index (Coef=-1.31: P<0.01); infrastructure accessibility index (Coef=-0.59: P<0.05); Level of education of smallholder farmers (Coef=0.64: P<0.01); access to extension services (Coef=1.29: P<0.01); and membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=0.66: P<0.01). The results of the Tobit Regression Model showed that among others factors influencing availability of agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: assistance of household members in farming enterprise (Coef=0.702: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.962: P<0.01); farm acquisition (Coef=0.323: P<0.01) farmer occupation (Coef=0.785: P<0.01); member of farmers’ organisations (Coef=2.066: P<0.01); sources of labour (Coef=1.283: P<0.01); farming experience (Coef=0.100: P<0.01); and agricultural production inputs (Coef=-0.763: P<0.05). In terms of accessibility to agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: engagement in non-farming activities Coef=1.275: P<0.01); contact with extension services (Coef=1.205: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.403: P<0.01); farmer occupation (Coef=0.456: P<0.01); membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=1.111: P<0.01); sources of labour (Coef=0.653: P<0.01); farming experience (Coef=0.045: P<0.05) and land tenure (Coef=0.156: P<0.01). In terms of satisfaction with agricultural infrastructure, among other factors influencing satisfaction with agricultural infrastructure, the following variables played a critical role: organisation for extension services (Coef=1.779: P<0.01); assistance of household members in farming enterprise (Coef=0.411: P<0.01); government agricultural support to farmers (Coef=0.419: P<0.01); farm ownership (Coef=0.464: P<0.01); membership of farmers’ organisations (Coef=1.011: P<0.01); age of farmer (Coef= 0.030: P<0.01); level of education (Coef= 0.483: P<0.01); marital status (Coef=0.290: P<0.01); and gender (Coef= -0.576: P<0.01). The results of the analysis were used to close the knowledge gap with regards to the impact of agricultural infrastructure, availability, accessibility and satisfaction on the productivity and agricultural income of smallholder farmers in the North West Province. In terms of recommendations, the study highlighted that agricultural industries and government should commit in assisting smallholder farmers to be productive and to participate in economic activities. This could be achieved through collaboration with industries in implementing initiatives that assist and accelerate the development of smallholder farming and also through assisting smallholder farmers access agricultural infrastructure. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / D. Litt et Phil. (Agriculture)