Title: Impact of stress situations on heart rate and air consumption under water Objectives: The aim of this labour is to determine relation between air consumption in our selected stress situation. Determinte strongest stress situation from our selection on the base of increase of stress indicators (hpb, minute air consumption). Next aim is to determine context between stress situation at beginning diver, their heart rate and air consumption. Last but not least aim of this labour is to conduce to optimal method and reccomendation related to safety and psychological resistance of the diver. Methods: In our thesis we used a method of analysis and a method of comparison. We apllied the method of analysis in each individual measurement and the method of comparison in part comparing each measurement together. Results: By measurements was found out, that air consumption is at different stress situations under watter dissimilar. There is also very wild diference between air consumption and heart rate at each specimen.. Like optimal method of psychological resistance of the diver was selected method of combination. Significant stress, was dive itself. The combination consists of training concrete situation and method of general stress handling. Keywords: scuba diving, heart rate, air consumption, stress

Title: Impact of stress situations on heart rate and air consumption under water Objectives: The aim of this work is to determine context between stress situation at beggining divers, their heart rate and air consumption. Next aim is to evaluate whole measurement and determine the most risky, by us measured factor, according to air consumption . Next important aim is to finde out, how similar are measurmnets of single targets and according to it eventuely determine optimal reccomendation leading to increasing safety of most parcipitators, and invividuals as well. And last not lest goal is conduce to optimal method of psychological ressitance of diver. Methods: In our thesis we used a method of analysis and a method of comparison. We apllied the method of analysis in each individual measurement and the method of comparison in part comparing each measurement together. Results: By measurements was found out, that air consumption is at different stress situations under watter dissimilar. There is also very wild diference between air consumption and heart rate at each specimen.. Like optimal method of psychological resistance of the diver was selected method of combination. Significant stress, was dive itself. The combination consists of training concrete situation and method of general stress handling....

Undermarksanläggningars komplexa och unika design samt deras placering medför svårigheter vid räddningsinsatser. Även om det i lag krävs tillfredsställande brandskydd ges begränsad vägledning om hur detta ska uppnås, särskilt när det gäller räddningstjänstens möjlighet till släck- och livräddningsinsats. Detta kan leda till meningsskiljaktigheter mellan räddningstjänsten och projektörer avseende exempelvis val av vattenförsörjningssystem. Vattenförsörjningssystemet påverkar räddningstjänstens förflyttningshastighet och luftförbrukning, liksom förmågan att snabbt inleda brandbekämpning, men har också en viktig ekonomisk aspekt som måste beaktas. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att visa hur olika vattenförsörjningssystem påverkar räddningstjänstens insats i undermarksanläggningar, med fokus på förflyttningshastighet och luftförbrukning. Detta görs genom att använda information från tidigare utförda forskningsprojekt. Vidare undersöks tryckförlusterna i olika vattenförsörjningssystem, samt granskas dessa olika system ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Även olika vattenförsörjningssystem som tillämpas i såväl nationella och internationella undermarksanläggningar presenteras. Det är framförallt mängden luft rökdykarna har tillgänglig som begränsar den tid rökdykarna kan vistas i undermarksanläggningen. Varje åtgärd som ger en lägre fysisk belastning på rökdykarna kan därför direkt omvandlas till aktionstid. Ett fast vattenförsörjningssystem möjliggör en snabbare förflyttningshastighet i tunnlar jämfört med traditionellt slangsystem, vilket ger mer tid för exempel brandbekämpning. Slangsystem kräver mer resurser för att nå långa sträckor, exempelvis mer manskap och tryckstegringspumpar eftersom tryckförlusten överstiger tankfordonens pumpkapacitet. I fasta vattenförsörjningssystem understiger tryckförlusten pumpkapaciteten. Den lokala räddningstjänstens kapacitet och resurser måste beaktas vid utformning av brandskydd och val av vattenförsörjningssystem, samtidigt som brandtekniska installationer och åtgärder måste bland annat beaktas, för att om möjligt underlätta räddningstjänstens insatsmöjligheter. Den ekonomiska kostnaden för brandskyddet och vattenförsörjningssystemet måste också vägas mot nyttan av brandskyddsinstallationer och den utrustning som kan underlätta räddningstjänstens släck- och livräddningsinsatser. / The complex and unique design of underground facilities, as well as their location, make fire and rescue operations difficult. Even if regulations require adequate fire protection, very little guidance is given on how to achieve this, especially regarding firefighting. This can lead to disagreements between emergency services and contractors, for example on the choice of water supply system. The water supply system affects the rescuers’ moving speed and air consumption, as well as the ability to quickly initiate firefighting, but also has an important economical aspect. The purpose of this degree project is to show how different water supply systems affect the rescue services in underground facilities, with focus on the moving speeds and air consumption. This is done by using information from previously performed research projects. Furthermore, the pressure losses in different water supply systems are investigated, and water supply system are examined from an economical point of view. Some solutions of water supply systems applied in both national and international underground facilities are also presented. It appears that a fixed water supply system allows a faster moving speed in a tunnel compared with a traditional hose system, therefore leaving more time for other actions, such as firefighting. Hose systems also require more resources to reach long distances, for example booster pumps because pressure losses exceeds the fire trucks’ pump capacity. The local rescue services assets and capabilities must be taken into account when designing the fire protection. The safety equipment of an underground facility is a key component of any fire and rescue operation, and must, for example, be thoroughly analyzed and taken into consideration to facilitate the rescue services capabilities. The benefits and economic cost of each water supply system must as well be considered in the process regarding the level of fire protection and facilitating installations for the emergency services.

Title: Dependence of the air consumption and the position of the body on the selected method of diving kick and swimming speed Objectives: The goal of this work is to find out the relationship between the diver's swimming speed and the air consumption while using two different methods of diving kicks - flutter and frog kick. At the same time, assess the dependence of the position of the body and head on the swimming speed and method of diving kicks. Methods: In this work was used method of collecting data in real conditions by measuring devices and statistical evaluation of collected data. Results: The results are presented by graphs both in the text of this work and in attachment for its large size. The results of all probands are presented in summary graphs and for selected values the degree of association is calculated in tables using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The main result is the confirmation of the reduction of the deviation from the horizontal position when comparing the slow and higher swimming speeds of both flutter and frog kick. The most effective way for a diver to overcome 50 meters below the water surface was determined to be a flutter kick at medium speed (average 0,37 m/s). Keywords: scuba diving, body position, head position, air consumption, speed of swimming, flutter...

This report details the work done in a master thesis project. The project was conducted at the Brake Performance Department at Scania CV AB. The project involves the development of a numerical model (in Matlab) that calculates and predicts air consumption in a truck under different drive cycles. The report first details tests and experiments done so as to acquire the necessary information for the development of the model. The report then presents the model that was created and delves into tests that were conducted for its validation. A model is created that allows the user to select different component combinations on the trucks along with different loading scenarios and drive cycles. Finally the model is used to evaluate air consumption in trucks during particularly strenuous cycles. The model developed is found to be reliable and accurate to with 7% with regard to amount of air consumed. With its help, several recommendations on how air consumption in commercial vehicles can be improved are made. The best components’ combination is also found and presented. / I denna rapport beskrivs ett examensarbete som genomfördes på bromsavdelningen på Scania CV AB. Projektet innefattar utveckling av en numerisk modell (i Matlab) som beräknar och förutspår luftförbrukningen i en lastbil under olika körcykler. I rapporten beskrivs det tester och experiment som gjordes för att ta fram nödvändiga uppgifter för utvecklingen av modellen. Sedan presenteras modellen som skapades och alla valideringstester som genomfördes. Modellen är gjord så att användaren kan kombinera olika komponentkombinationer för lastbilar med olika lastningskonfigurationer och körcykler. Slutligen används modellen för att utvärdera luftförbrukningen i lastbilar under särskilt ansträngande körcykler. Den utvecklade modellen visade sig vara pålitlig och korrekt med en felmarginal på 7% med avseende på mängden luft som konsumeras. Med dess hjälp kunde flera rekommendationer ges om hur luftförbrukningen i kommersiella fordon kan förbättras. De bästa komponentkombinationerna hittades också och presenteras i denna rapport