Orientador: Raul Aragão Martins / Banca: Sandra Regina Gimeniz-Paschoal / Banca: Marina Rezende Bazon / Resumo: O uso de álcool e outras drogas por jovens é um tema que provoca debates e preocupações em toda a sociedade. Estudos mostram que o consumo das drogas lícitas predominam em relação às drogas ilícitas e que a substância psicoativa mais consumida entre os jovens é o álcool. Nesse contexto, os adolescentes são os mais vulneráveis ao uso e abuso dessas substâncias e o grupo de pares é considerado um fator de risco para a experimentação, uma vez que exerce pressão e influência no pensar e agir dos adolescentes. Partindo disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas de estudantes do ensino médio, bem como as características do grupo de pares desses adolescentes. A coleta dos dados foi realizada em uma escola pública estadual da cidade de São José do Rio Preto/SP. Para o levantamento dos dados quantitativos optou-se por adotar instrumentos já utilizados em outros estudos, e para o recolhimento dos dados qualitativos optou-se por criar um instrumento, de acordo com os objetivos propostos. Os resultados do levantamento epidemiológico apontam que 14% dos adolescentes bebem excessivamente, nesse grupo há frequencia maior de adolescentes do sexo masculino, estudando no primeiro e segundo ano do ensino médio, com nível sócioeconomico classificado como classe B, de religião católica e cujo chefe de família possui ensino médio completo. Considerando os resultados da entrevista sobre consumo de álcool, o grupo risco se destaca na quantidade de bebida consumida, com 81,8% apresentando beber excessivo contra 18,2% do grupo geral, em relação à frequência de consumo, 82,6% dos participantes do grupo risco bebem com frequencia de uma vez por semana ou mais, contra 17,4% dos participantes do grupo geral. Os resultados da entrevista sobre grupo de pares indica que a experimentação de bebida alcoólica se dá principalmente com a cerveja, por... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of alcohol and other drugs by teenagers is a situation that provokes debates and it is cause of worry in our society. Studies show that the consumption of legal drugs is predominant over illegal ones and the most consumed psychoactive substance among teenagers is alcohol. Taking into consideration that context, teenagers are the most vulnerable group to the use and abuse of these substances and the peer group is considered a risk factor to experimentation, since it exerts influence over teenagers‟ thinking and acting. The main objective of this study is to investigate the pattern of consumption of alcoholic beverages among high school students and also the characteristics of the peer group of these adolescents. The data were collected in a public state school in the city of São José do Rio Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. In order to collect the quantitative data, we have selected instruments that were already adopted by other studies and for the qualitative data collect, we decided to develop an instrument in accordance with the proposed objectives. Results show that 14% of the teenagers drink excessively and most part of them are male, studying in the first or second year of high school, classified, in the social economical class, as class B, catholic and the head of the family has a high school diploma. Results from the interview show that the risk group stands out in the amount of alcohol consumed, 81.8% presented excessive drinking against 18.2% in the general group. In relation to the frequency of use, 82.6% from the risk group drink once o more a week, against 17.4% in the general group. Results from the peer group interview show that alcoholic beverage experimentation takes place in the presence of family members with beer and when the teenagers are about 12 years old. The use of alcoholic beverage among the interviewed teenagers predominantly takes place... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Introdução. Fatores de risco para agravos à saúde se alteram no tempo e no espaço. No que diz respeito ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP), as associações com tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alcoólicas estão bem estabelecidas. Dados da literatura sugerem que os tipos mais prevalentes de tabaco e álcool numa população estão associados a riscos mais elevados de câncer. No Brasil, poucos estudos epidemiológicos investigaram o efeito de distintos tipos de tabaco e álcool no CCP. Objetivo. Mensurar a razão probabilística de risco para CCP por tipos de tabaco e álcool no consumo não exclusivo (uso de mais de um tipo de tabaco ou bebida alcoólica) e consumo exclusivo (uso de apenas um tipo de tabaco ou bebida alcoólica). Métodos. O presente estudo têm origem em três projetos multicêntricos: Latino-Americano, conduzido de 03/1999 a 12/2001; Genoma Clínico do Câncer realizado de 07/2000 a 08/2011; e o Temático Marcadores de Agressividade em Tumores de Cabeça e Pescoço (GENCAPO), conduzido de 07/2011 a 06/2015. Assim, constituiu-se um estudo caso-controle com dados provenientes de hospitais do Estado de São Paulo. Os casos foram diagnosticados com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço, confirmados histologicamente. Os controles, pacientes com outras doenças que não câncer, foram selecionados em alguns dos hospitais de procedência dos casos. Tanto os casos quanto os controles foram entrevistados por meio de questionários com informações sobre características e hábitos, bem como dados sobre educação e história ocupacional. As associações entre as variáveis tipo de tabaco e tipo de bebidas alcoólicas com CCP, foram estimadas pelo odds ratio (OR) e respectivo intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC 95%) via regressão logística não-condicional, ajustados pelas variáveis de confusão: sexo (feminino, masculino), idade (< 50 anos, 50-59 anos e &#8805; 60 anos), escolaridade (superior, intermediário, analfabeto), ocupação (manual qualificado, manual não qualificado e outros), estudos multicêntricos (Latino-Americano, Genoma Clínico do Câncer e GENCAPO), tabagismo (maços-anos total: Nunca fumaram, <20 maços-ano, &#8805; 20 e < 40 maços-anos e &#8805; 40 maços-anos, para ajuste do efeito do álcool) e consumo de etanol total (Nunca beberam, &#8804; 100 Kg, > 100 e &#8804; 900 e > 900 kg, para ajuste do efeito do tabaco). Resultados. Os riscos decorrentes do tabagismo foram mais expressivos para hipofaringe particularmente, no padrão não-exclusivo e consumo &#8805; 40 maços-ano OR 36,1 (IC95%11,1-117,6); para orofaringe, laringe e cavidade oral, os riscos foram, respectivamente: OR 16,1 (IC95%10,4-24,9); OR 14,2 (IC95% 9,6-21,0); OR 7,4 (IC95% 5,6-10,0). Na condição de consumo exclusivo, para a mesma categoria &#8805; 40 maços-ano para cigarro industrializado, os riscos foram discretamente menos intensos: OR 31,9 (IC95% 9,7-104,3); OR 15,4 (IC95% 9,9-24,0); OR 13,1 (IC95% 8,8-19,5) OR 7,1 (IC95% 5,3-9,6), respectivamente, para hipofaringe, orofaringe, laringe e cavidade oral. No consumo de álcool, foram observadas maiores associações de CCP com as bebidas destiladas. Na condição de consumo exclusivo, para orofaringe o nível de consumo de destilados &#8805; 2000 Kg induziu OR 39,1 (IC 95% 12,7-121,8) em comparação aos que nunca beberam. O uso simultâneo de tabaco e álcool fez aumentar sensivelmente o risco de CCP: OR 10,5 (IC95% 8,5-13,0). Conclusões. Entre os tabagistas com o padrão não-exclusivo de consumo, os maiores riscos foram observados para hipofaringe. Entre os consumidores de bebidas alcoólicas, os destilados conferiram maiores riscos nos dois padrões de consumo. No consumo de cerveja e vinho, as diferenças na intensidade das associações com CCP tornaram-se evidentes apenas nas categorias de maior consumo. / Introduction. Risk factors for health problems change over time and space. With regard to head and neck cancer (HNC), associations with smoking and alcohol consumption are well established. Literature data suggest that the most prevalent types of tobacco and alcohol in a population are associated with higher risks of cancer. In Brazil, few epidemiological studies have investigated the effect of different types of tobacco and alcohol on HNC. Objectives. Measure the probabilistic risks for HNC by tobacco and alcohol types in non-exclusive consumption (use of more than one type of tobacco or alcoholic beverage) and exclusive consumption (use of only one type of tobacco or alcoholic beverage). Methods. The present study has origin from three multicentric projects: Latin American, conducted from 03/1999 to 12/2001; Clinical Genome of Cancer performed from 07/2000 to 08/2011; and the Thematic Markers of Aggression in Head and Neck Tumors (GENCAPO), conducted from 07/2011 to 06/2015. Thus, it is a case-control study with data from hospitals in the State of São Paulo. The cases were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, histologically confirmed. The controls, patients with diseases other than cancer, were selected in some of the hospitals where the cases originated. Both cases and controls were interviewed through questionnaires with information on characteristics and habits, as well as data on education and occupational history. Associations between the variables tobacco type and type of alcoholic beverages with HNC were estimated by the odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (CI 95%) through non-conditional logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables: sex (female, male), age (<50 years, 50-59 years and &#8805; 60 years), schooling (upper, intermediate and illiterate), occupation (qualified manual, unqualified manual and others), multicenter studies, smoking (Never smoked, <20 pack-years, &#8805; 20 and <40 pack-years and &#8805; 40 pack-years, to adjust the effect of alcohol) and total ethanol (Never drank, &#8804; 100 kg,> 100 and &#8804; 900 and > 900 kg, to adjust the effect of tobacco). Results. The risks due to smoking were more significant for the hypopharynx, particularly, in the non-exclusive pattern and consumption &#8805; 40 packs per year OR 36,1 (95% CI 11,1-117,6); for oropharynx, larynx and oral cavity, the risks were: OR 16,1 (95% CI, 10,4-24,9); OR 14,2 (95% CI 9,6-21,0); OR 7,4 (95% CI 5,6-10,0). In the exclusive consumption condition, for the same category &#8805; 40 packets per year for industrialized cigarettes, the risks were slightly less intense: OR 31,9 (95% CI 9,7-104,3); OR 15,4 (95% CI 9,9-24,0); OR 13,1 (IC95% 8,8-19,5); OR 7,1 (IC95% 5,3-9,6), respectively, for hypopharynx, oropharynx, larynx and oral cavity. In alcohol consumption, higher associations of HNC with distilled beverages were observed. In the exclusive consumption condition, consumption level of distilled &#8805; 2000 kg induced OR 39,1 (95% CI: 12,7-121,8) for oropharynx. Simultaneous use of tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of HNC: OR 10,5 (95% CI 8,5-13,0). Conclusions. Among smokers with the non-exclusive pattern of consumption, the greatest risks were observed for the hypopharynx. Among the consumers of alcoholic beverages, the distilled conferred greater risks in the two patterns of consumption. In beer and wine consumption, differences in intensity of associations with HNC became evident only in the higher consumption categories.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Beer is one of the most widely consumed alcoholic beverages in the world. The brewing process is based on natural enzymatic activities that take place during the malting of barley grain, mashing of grist and fermentation of wort. Insufficient malt enzyme activity during the mashing process leads to high levels of barley β-glucan, arabinoxylan (AX) and dextrins in the wort as well as in the final beer. It was reported that high levels of β-glucan and AX increase wort and beer viscosity which lower the rate of beer filtration and this negatively affect the production rate in the brewery. During beer fermentation, brewing yeast catalyses the conversion of wort sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide and other metabolic products. However, non-fermentable carbohydrates i.e., limit dextrins remain in the wort and final beer. These non-fermentable carbohydrates are known to contribute to the caloric value of beer which might lead to weight gain in consumers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of recombinant yeast strains expressing an endo-β-1,4-glucanase or an endo-β-1,4-xylanase on beer viscosity (as an indicator of filterability) and an α-amylase on residual sugars levels. The effect of the above mentioned enzymes on the aroma, appearance, flavour, mouth-feel and overall quality of the beer was also determined. Wort was produced in the University of Limpopo micro-brewery and the wort was pitched with different recombinant strains. The wild-type strain served as control. The results obtained showed that the xylanase expressing strain produced a measurable decrease in viscosity over the course of the fermentation, but endo-glucanase did not have any effect on the beer viscosity. The α-amylase producing strain, did not show a measurable reduction of residual sugars in the final beer probably as a result of very low activity on α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in dextrins during fermentation. The xylanase and α-amylase producing strain fermented effectively with good attenuation (decrease in wort specific gravity). The beer produced by the α-amylase and control strains were preferred in terms of taste and had similar qualities. The secreted amylolytic activity was not sufficient to significantly reduce residual sugar in the final beer. Although the xylanase secreting strain produced a beer with lower viscosity, the enzyme had a negative impact on the taste of the beer. Key words: Brewer’s yeast, beer fermentation, low calorie beer, amylase, xylanase, endo-glucanase.

One aspect of the role of advertising in the process of maintaining and reinforcing or challenging the socially constructed worlds of maleness and femaleness, and especially the portrayal of the "woman's place," was explored in this study.

Recent studies have documented an alarming rate of alcohol use in Japan (Eisenback-Stangl et al., 2005; Milne, 2003; Shimizu, 2000). Indeed, permissive social and cultural norms for alcohol use exist within Japanese culture (Shimizu, 1990, 2000). Japanese college-students may be at further risk due to their developmental time period, where increases in alcohol use are typically seen. Furthermore, drinking habits formed during this time period may be difficult to alter later in life (Frone, 2003). Thus, social, developmental, and cultural factors exist to influence drinking among Japanese college students. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the drinking behaviors of Japanese college students and possible proximal predictors of use. Specifically, given the importance of social relationships and interactions to interdependent cultures, such as Japan, the occurrence of negative social interactions may be influential in predicting subsequent drinking, as individuals may increase drinking in order to adhere to the social norms and to make amends. Hypothesis testing confirmed a significant and positive relationship between negative social events and drinking with others. Furthermore, the expected physical, social and emotional outcomes of alcohol consumption (alcohol outcome expectancies) have been shown to predict alcohol use among U.S. samples (e.g., Goldman, 1994), however, daily fluctuations in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies has not been previously investigated in a Japanese sample. Given the importance of fluctuations in desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies among U.S. samples (Armeli et al., 2005), this dissertation investigated daily fluctuations in the desirability of expected outcomes and alcohol use. Support for this relationship was found; on days with individuals experienced increases in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies, individuals drank more with others. Support for the hypothesis that increases in daily negative social events would predict increases in the desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies was not found. Finally, this dissertation investigated two types of self-efficacy (drinking refusal self-efficacy and social self-efficacy) as stable factors of drinking. Drinking refusal self-efficacy significantly and negatively predicted drinking with others; marginal support for drinking refusal self-efficacy as a moderator of the relationship between negative social events and drinking with others was found. Social self-efficacy significantly and positively predicted drinking with others. No support was found for social self-efficacy as a moderating variable in the relationship between negative social events and drinking with others. In sum, using data that was previously collected via daily process methodology, this dissertation investigated the relationships between daily negative social interactions, daily desirability of alcohol outcome expectancies, and drinking refusal and social self-efficacy as moderators of alcohol consumption. Support was found for five of the seven hypothesized relationships.

This study addressed the incidence of drug use by freshmen at Siuslaw High School in Florence, Oregon, and sought their opinions about effective drug and alcohol prevention programs. The purpose was to provide basic data which would ultimately assist in specific drug and alcohol programs for this population. In phase one, 83 students from four of seven freshmen Health Education randomly selected classes were given the Washington State Survey of Adolescent Health Behavior. This survey consisted of 81 questions about student demographics, students' drug use, and their opinions of drug prevention programs. During phase two, the students were asked open-ended questions about their suggestions for more effective drug prevention programs and curriculum. The survey revealed an average amount of drug use and that the students did not think the drug prevention program at Siuslaw was working. The survey also revealed that teenagers are influenced to drink and use drugs by the media, their friends, and by a lack of activities offered by the community. The study conclusions showed that Florence does have teenage drug use and the community should consider a variety of approaches. Data suggest that more youth support groups, more affordable counseling, and more recreational activities may help reduce drug use. The school needs to develop a more comprehensive drug prevention curriculum and implement it at the younger grade levels. The school combined with the community, should offer more drug-free alternatives and target those youths who are not using drugs and promote their positive behavior. / Graduation date: 1995

Alcoholic beverages have been classified as carcinogenic to humans. As alcoholic beverages are multicomponent mixtures containing several carcinogenic compounds, a quantitative approach is necessary to compare the risks. Fifteen known and suspected human carcinogens (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, lead, 4-methylimidazole, N-nitrosodimethylamine, ochratoxin A and safrole) occurring in alcoholic beverages were identified based on monograph reviews by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used for comparative risk assessment. MOE compares a toxicological threshold with the exposure. MOEs above 10,000 are judged as low priority for risk management action. MOEs were calculated for different drinking scenarios (low risk and heavy drinking) and different levels of contamination for four beverage groups (beer, wine, spirits and unrecorded alcohol). The lowest MOEs were found for ethanol (3.1 for low risk and 0.8 for heavy drinking). Inorganic lead and arsenic have average MOEs between 10 and 300, followed by acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate between 1,000 and 10,000. All other compounds had average MOEs above 10,000 independent of beverage type. Ethanol was identified as the most important carcinogen in alcoholic beverages, with clear dose response. Some other compounds (lead, arsenic, ethyl carbamate, acetaldehyde) may pose risks below thresholds normally tolerated for food contaminants, but from a cost-effectiveness point of view, the focus should be on reducing alcohol consumption in general rather than on mitigative measures for some contaminants that contribute only to a limited extent (if at all) to the total health risk.

Although the association between high maternal alcohol consumption and adverse reproductive outcomes is well established, the effect of lower levels of consumption during pregnancy is unclear; few studies have investigated this exposure. A hospital-based case-control study of small-for-gestational age (SGA) newborns (birth weight below the 10th percentile, according national standards for gestational age and sex) was conducted in Montreal between 1998 and 2000. Controls were born at the same hospital and during the same period with birth weight at or above the 10th percentile. This analysis aims at investigating the effect of low alcohol consumption (0.25 to 3 alcoholic drinks weekly) during pregnancy on the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth. Independent effects of wine, beer and spirits and of paternal alcohol consumption before conception were also assessed. The logistic regression analysis showed no significant effect of light maternal drinking during pregnancy on the risk of SGA birth. The association was also studied separately for consumption of wine, beer and spirits, and likewise for paternal alcohol consumption, with similarly negative results.

The compatibility of on-site consumption alcohol outlets as land use is predicted by the acceptance level of the utility or disutility they enjoy amongst residents in a neighbourhood. The density of alcohol outlets is argued in literature as correlating to the significant positive rate of amenity effects that include property crime, alcohol related arrests, drunk-driving, fatal and severe alcohol-induced accidents, violence and assault amongst many others. The problems associated with on-site consumption alcohol outlets have been insistently brought to the attention of the Umjindi Local Municipality in the Ehlanzeni District area in Mpumalanga Province by the residents of the Emjindini neighbourhood. The study is based on the hypothesis that the high density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets contributes to the incompatibility of such outlets with residential areas. In addressing the research sub-questions and validating the research hypothesis, the study adopted various methods (including land use surveys, interviews, administration of questionnaires, literature review and document review) for the collection, analysis, interpretation and discussion of data. The study reveals that the higher density of alcohol consumption outlets is significant in areas of low socioeconomic status. The Emjindini Townships are located with the density of 1 on-site consumption alcohol outlet per 263 people. Liquor legislation in South Africa leaves a lot to be desired in its guidelines for alcohol outlet density, public participation, location radius and local authority involvement. In addition, our findings showed that the significantly unacceptable level of impact thereof is experienced especially in the night, in areas characterised by the high density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets. The on-site consumption alcohol outlets are seen as compatible land uses in residential areas for the reason that, the unacceptable level of impact is insignificant during the day. The adoption of preferred and practical guidelines related to the locality and density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets, compatibility performance standards and public participation are recommended for policy and practice. The amendment to the liquor law is subsequently proposed in this study. / M.U.R.D.P. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2014.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pardee Rand Graduate School, 2007. / Title from title screen (viewed on June 13, 2008). This website links to the complete document in PDF format. Includes bibliographical references.