“Renewing Homeland and Place” explores the complex intertwining of evangelical Christianity and notions of place and homeland in Algonquian communities in southern New England during the eighteenth century. In particular, this dissertation examines the participation of Algonquian men and women in the Protestant evangelical revivals known generally as the “First Great Awakening,” the adoption of New Light beliefs and practices within Algonquian communities, and the ways in which the Christian faith shaped and informed Algonquian understandings of place and community, and the protection of their lands. Mohegan, Pequot, Niantic, Narragansett, and Montaukett people living in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and on Long Island (New York) struggled continually throughout the eighteenth century to protect their land, resources, and livelihoods from colonial encroachment and dispossession. Christianity provided many Algonquians with beliefs, practices, and rituals that renewed, rather than erased, the spiritual and sustaining values they attached to their lands and that strengthened, rather than diminished, the kinship ties and sense of community that linked their settlements together. Equally as significant, the adoption of Christian beliefs and practices brought to the surface the dynamic and contested nature of community and place, and the varying ways in which Algonquians responded to colonization. As a number of Algonquians attended formal schools, assumed roles as ministers and teachers within their own settlements and among the Haudenosaunee in New York, and formed their own churches, they disagreed within their communities over issues of land use and political authority, and between their communities over the best response to the infringements they continued to suffer. By the 1770s a number of Christian leaders began to consider relocation to Oneida lands in New York as a solution to the land loss and impoverishment they faced in New England. While many Algonquians left their coastal homelands for central New York in the 1780s to form the Christian community of Brotherton, a number of Christians remained behind, highlighting the varying paths of adaptation and survival that Natives tread by the end of the century. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2010-09-24 13:20:16.449

Ce mémoire expose les représentations des pratiques rituelles traditionnelles des Iroquoiens et des Algonquiens que les missionnaires jésuites français ont dévoilés dans leurs écrits. Parfois malgré eux, les missionnaires présentent dans leurs témoignages des êtres doté-e-s de pouvoirs religieux, que nous examinerons ici. Le territoire analysé est donc principalement celui des missions jésuites, soit la vallée laurentienne, le pays périphérique et la région des Grands Lacs, tranche d’Amérique qui restait essentiellement autochtone lors de la période qui nous intéresse, soit de 1632, date de la première relation du jésuite Paul Le Jeune, jusqu’à 1724, date de publication de l’ouvrage Mœurs des Sauvages de Joseph-François Lafitau. Cet examen minutieux des ouvrages jésuites a alors révélé, dans une perspective de l’histoire du genre, des extraits relatifs aux rituels et aux sphères d’activités des hommes et des femmes autochtones. Ces résultats sont par le fait même confrontés à de nombreuses études d’une part sur les Premières Nations, et d’autre part sur les jésuites et leurs missions nord-américaines. Cette jonction multidisciplinaire nous mène alors à se demander : que voient, ou ne voient pas, les missionnaires du rôle des hommes, des femmes, et dans une certaine mesure, des « hommesfemmes » et des « femmes-hommes » au sein des rituels autochtones, et dans quelles circonstances ? / This thesis presents representations of the traditional ritual practices of the Iroquoians and Algonquians that the French Jesuit missionaries have revealed in their writings. Sometimes in spite of themselves, the missionaries describe Indigenous people endowed with religious powers, descriptions which we will examine. The territory analyzed is therefore mainly that of the missions, namely the St. Lawrence Valley, the surrounding country and the Great Lakes region, a slice of America that remained largely Indigenous during the period of interest to us, namely from 1632, date of the first Relations with the Jesuit Paul Le Jeune, until 1724, the date of publication of the book Mœurs des Sauvages by Joseph-François Lafitau. This careful examination of the Jesuit works reveals, from a perspective of gender history, excerpts relating to rituals and spheres of activity of Aboriginal men and women. These results are confronted with numerous studies on First Nations or on the Jesuits and their North American missions. This multidisciplinary convergence then leads us to ask: what do missionaries see, or do not see, in the role of men, women, and to some extent, “men-women” and “women-men” within Aboriginal rituals, and in what circumstances?