Neste trabalho foram estudadas duas abordagens para a obtenção de novos metabólitos secundários a partir de fungos. Na primeira, o ácido hidroxâmico suberoilanilida (SAHA) e cinco análogos foram sintetizados. Sua atividade como modificadores epigenéticos foi avaliada em oito linhagens fúngicas do ambiente marinho. Os fungos Penicillium sp. e Acremonium sp. apresentaram modificações no seu perfil metabolómico quando foram crescidos em pequena escala em presença do derivado 4F-SAHA, enquanto Microphaeropsis sp. apresentou modificação em presença do 3AM-SAHA. O fungo P. decaturense foi crescido em maior escala e os compostos de interesse foram isolados. Na segunda abordagem, uma nova estratégia de extração utilizando mistura de resinas XAD 2-4-7 permitiu a extração e posterior isolamento de seis novos alcaloides peptídicos (72-77) e dois peptídeos (78-79) a partir da fração aquosa do meio de cultivo do fungo antártico Penicillium solitum IS1-A. Utilizando a mesma metodologia, o metabolismo secundário do fungo antártico Thelebolus globosus E2 foi estudado. A partir de seu extrato metanólico do meio liquido PDB foram isoladas a ciclopenina (86) e o ciclopenol (87) e foram detectados os alcaloides viridicatina (88) e viridicatol (89). O fungo Thelebolus globosus mostrou-se produtor de estatinas, sendo isoladas como composto majoritário a mevastatina (90). / In this work two approaches to obtain new secondary metabolites from fungi were studied. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and five analogues were synthesized and assessed as epigenetic modifiers in eight marine-derived fungi. The fungus Penicillium sp. and Acremonium sp. presented changes in their metabolomic profile when they were grown on a small scale in presence of 4F-SAHA derivative and Microphaeropsis sp. presented a modification in the presence of the 3 AM-SAHA. In the second approach a new extraction strategy using XAD 2-4-7 resin mixture allowed the extraction and subsequent isolation of six new peptide alkaloids (72-77) and two peptides (78-79) from the aqueous fraction of the culture medium of the Antarctic fungus Penicillium solitum IS1-A. Using the same methodology, the secondary metabolism of the Antarctic fungus Thelebolus globosus E2 was studied. From the methanolic extract of the PDB liquid medium cyclopenine (86) and cyclopenol (87) were isolated and the viridicatine (88) and viridicatol (89) alkaloids were detected. The fungus Thelebolus globosus was shown to be a producer of statins, mainly of mevastatin (90).

A cada ano a malária mata cerca de um milhão de pessoas. Segundo a OMS, 3,3 bilhões de pessoas, metade da população mundial, estão expostas à doença, principalmente em países subdesenvolvidos. Os fármacos utilizados no tratamento da malária incluem: cloroquina, primaquina, quinina, mefloquina, doxiclina, clindamicina e artemisina. A extensa resistência do parasita Plasmodium falciparum ao medicamento sintético cloroquina re-estabeleceu a quinina, um alcalóide encontrado na planta do gênero Cinchona, como droga antimalarial. A quinidina, o diastereoisômero da quinina, é usada como droga antiarrítmica e no tratamento de fibrilação arterial. Os estereoisômeros, cinchonina e cinchonidina, não são usados como medicamentos, embora mostrem efeitos similares àqueles da quinina e da quinidina. Os efeitos cardíacos da quinidina impossibilita seu uso como antimalarial. Outro alcalóide presente na espécie Cinchona é a hidroquinidina, que assim como a quinidina também apresenta atividade antiarrítmica. Os extratos vegetais são base para a produção de fitoterápicos, porém sem padronização o produto perde qualidade e a indústria não pode garantir a eficácia apregoada já que desconhece a concentração do princípio ativo no produto à venda. A portaria RDC 48/04 de 16.03.04 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) estabeleceu uma legislação específica, que se baseia na “garantia da qualidade”, exigindo a reprodutibilidade dos fitoterápicos produzidos, que só pode ser garantida com a utilização de extratos padronizados. De acordo com essa tendência, o objetivo do presente trabalho é o desenvolvimento de métodos de análise para os principais alcalóides da Cinchona por eletroforese capilar, podendo ser usada em caracterização de drogas vegetais, no controle de qualidade de extratos, bem como em possíveis adulterações. As determinações dos cinco principais alcalóides da Cinchona foram realizadas por eletroforese capilar de zona (CZE), utilizando como eletrólito TEA (1,1% v/v) com pH ajustado para 2,5 com ácido fosfórico e 20 mmol L-1 de α-ciclodextrina, com tempo total de análise inferior a 12 minutos. A otimização das condições de análise foi realizada através da realização de experimentos de planejamento fatorial 32+1, sendo as variáveis do estudo a concentração de TEA e de α-ciclodextrina. Com o uso de seletores quirais também foi desenvolvido um método para análise confirmatória dos alcalóides através do acoplamento de eletroforese capilar à espectrometria de massas, utilizando a estratégia de “partial filling”. Com objetivo de verificar o efeito do solvente na separação dos presentes alcalóides foi realizado um estudo do mecanismo de separação modulada por solvente em meio micelar (MEKC) e em meio não-aquoso (NACE). / Every year, malaria kills about one million people. According to OMS, 3.3 billion people, half of the world population, are exposed to the disease, mostly in underdeveloped countries. The pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of malaria include: chloroquine, primaquine, quinine, mefloquine, doxyclyne, clindamicina and artemisin. The increased resistance of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum to the synthetic pharmaceutical chloroquine reestablished quinine, an alkaloid found in the genus Cinchona, as antimalarial drug. Quinidine, the diasteroisomer of quinine, is used as antiarrhythmic drug in the treatment of arterial fibrillation. The diastereoisomers cinchonine and cinchonidine are not employed as pharmaceuticals although present similar effects to quinine and quinidine. The cardiac effects of quinidine hinders its use as antimalarial. Another alkaloid found in Cinchona is hydroquinidine, which similarly to quinidine also presents antiarrhythmic activity. Herbal extracts are the basis of phytotherapic production, however, with no standardization, the product lacks quality and the industry cannot guarantee its alleged efficacy, since there is no knowledge of the active principle concentration in the product put to sale. The ANVISA protocol (RDC 48/04 published on March16, 2004) established a specific legislation based on the “guarantee of quality”, which demands the reprodutibility of the produced phytotherapic, only achievable with standardized extracts. Following this tendency, the aim of this work was to develop methods of analysis for the main alkaloids of Cinchona using capillary electrophoresis, to apply in the characterization of herbal drugs, in the quality control of extracts as well as in the searching of possible adulterations. The determinations of five main alkaloids of Cinchona were carried out by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using an electrolyte composed of 1.1% (v,v) TEA adjusted to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid containing 20 mmol L-1 α-cyclodextrin, providing a less than 12 min total analysis time. The optimization of analytical conditions was conducted experimentally by a 32+1 factorial design where the studied variables were TEA and α-cyclodextrin concentrations. With the use of chiral selectors a confirmatory analytical method for alkaloids was also developed with the coupling of capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry employing a strategy called “partial filling”. With the purpose of verifying solvent effects on the separation of the alkaloids under investigation, studies of the separation mechanism as modulated by solvent in micelar medium (MEKC), and non aqueous medium (NACE) were conducted.

Alcaloides indolizidínicos, quinolizidínicos e piperidínicos poliidroxilados representam classes de compostos amplamente investigados atualmente. Este fato se deve às pronunciadas atividades biológicas como inibidores de glicosidases expressadas por estes heterociclos, o que significa um grande atrativo para que muitos grupos de pesquisas desenvolvam metodologias sintéticas para a sua obtenção de forma efetiva e em poucas etapas. Neste trabalho de dissertação é apresentada uma rota sintética para a preparação de alcaloides indolizidínicos e quinolizidínicos diidroxilados a partir de diazocetonas α,β-insaturadas. A estratégia para a síntese destes alcaloides baseia-se na mesma metodologia, tendo como etapas chaves: uma reação de olefinação de Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) a partir de aminoaldeídos, seguida de um Rearranjo de Wolff. Como material de partida para o esqueleto indolizidínico foi empregado o Cbz-S-prolinal. Este aminoaldeído foi empregado como fonte do centro estereogênico e de um dos anéis presentes na estrutura final. O acoplamento (reação de HWE) entre o Cbz-S-prolinal e um diazofosfonato recentemente descrito por nosso grupo de pesquisa forneceu um composto diazocarbonílico α,β-insaturado (67%), que em seguida, foi submetido a um rearranjo de Wolff fornecendo um éster β,γ-insaturado (96%). Este intermediário avançado foi funcionalizado através de uma reação de diidroxilação, a qual forneceu uma lactona (66%). A síntese foi completada através de uma reação de ciclização intramolecular (94%) seguida de uma reação de redução para fornecer a indolizidina diidroxilada em 71% de rendimento. Para o esqueleto quinolizidínico, foi empregado o aminoaldeído racêmico Cbz-(±)-pipecolinal como material de partida. A partir da reação de olefinação, foi obtida uma diazocetona α,β-insaturada (91%), que após Rearranjo de Wolff (95%), diidroxilação (75%), ciclização (54-74%) e reação de redução (87-90%), forneceu duas novas quinolizidinas diidroxiladas. Estes alcaloides indolizidínicos e quinolizidínicos poderão ser avaliados como inibidores de glicosidases. / Polyhydroxylated Indolizidine, quinolizidine and piperidine alkaloids represent classes of compounds widely investigated in the chemical community. This fact is due to their pronounced biological activities as glycosidase inhibitors. Considering that, many research groups have been developing new synthetic methodologies to obtain these alkaloids and analogs effectively and in few steps. This work presents a synthetic route for the preparation of dihydroxylated indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids from α,β-unsaturated diazoketones. The strategy for the synthesis of these compounds is based on the same methodology to construct the indolizidine and quinolizidine skeleton. The key steps involve a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) olefination reaction from aminoaldehydes, followed by a Wolff Rearrangement. As the starting material to construct the indolizidine skeleton, Cbz-S-prolinal was employed. This aminoaldehyde is also the source of the stereogenic center and one of the rings present in the final structure. The coupling reaction (HWE reaction) between Cbz-S-prolinal and a diazophosphonate (methodology recently described by our research group) has provided an α,β-unsaturated diazoketone in 67% yield. This compound was then subjected to a Wolff Rearrangement, providing a β,γ-unsaturated ester in 96% yield. This advanced intermediate was functionalized through a high selective dihydroxylation reaction, furnishing a hydroxylated lactone in 66% yield. The synthesis was then completed employing an intramolecular cyclization reaction (94% yield), followed by lactam reduction to provide the dihydroxylated indolizidine (1,6-dideoxyepicastanospermine) in 71% yield. For the construction of the quinolizidine skeleton, was employed racemic Cbz-pipecolinal as the starting material. From the olefination reaction, the corresponding α,β-unsaturated diazoketone was obtained in 91% yield. After a Wolff Rearrangement (95%), dihydroxylation reaction (75%), cyclization (54-74%) and lactam reduction (87-90%), two novel dihydroxylated quinolizidines could be synthesized. These indolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids may be evaluated as new inhibitors of glycosidases.

The influence of primary compounds (energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins) in animal nutrition and foraging behavior has been studied for years. The roles of secondary compounds (terpenes, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds) are equally important, yet they have been ignored until recently. Where secondary compounds were once considered toxic by-products of plant metabolism, we now know they are actively involved in plant and animal behavior, health, and productivity. Though often appreciated historically for their negative impacts on food intake and animal production, we are becoming increasingly aware of their beneficial roles in the health of plants, animals, and humans. When animals can ingest an array of plants that contain different kinds and amounts of secondary compounds, they can mix different foods in their diet to better use both primary and secondary compounds, enhancing their health and production, as well as economic and ecological characteristics of landscapes. Endophyte-infected tall fescue contains the alkaloids perlolidine, perloline, ergotamine, and ergovaline, which are all steroidal or protein-like in nature. Tannins and saponins have a high affinity for binding proteins and lipids in the gastro-intestinal tract of animals, and facilitating their excretion from the body. These findings suggest animals may increase their use of forages with alkaloids when they are also provided forages that contain tannins or saponins. The sequence in which forages with different secondary compounds are ingested may influence any potential interactions because different compounds have different residence times in the gastrointestinal tract. I tested the hypothesis that cattle and sheep foraging behavior is influenced by eating different combinations of forages containing secondary compounds in different sequences. In pen and pasture trials, I showed that 1) cattle grazing pastures of endophyte-infected tall fescue (TF) grazed more often on TF when first allowed to graze legumes containing either tannins or saponins, and they grazed TF much more when they first grazed legumes as opposed to the reverse sequence; 2) sheep fed basal diets high in the alkaloid ergotamine d tartrate (EDT) ate more when supplemented with food containing either tannins or saponins, but in contrast to the trials on pasture with cattle, their behavior was not dramatically influenced by sequence; 3) cattle fed fresh cut endophyte-infected tall fescue were not influenced by the addition of tannin to their drinking water, as tannins limited both water and forage intake; 4) sheep fed food containing EDT ate more when supplemented with food containing tannins or when given a choice of foods containing tannins or saponins, than sheep supplemented with food containing saponins or no additional secondary compound. Results from these studies suggest that secondary compounds interact with one another to influence foraging behavior, and that sequence of food ingestion can be influential when animals graze on pastures.

Faschingbauer J.: Cytotoxic and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of extracts from selected species of the Centaurea L. genus. Diploma thesis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Hradec Králové, 2019. During the screening of biologically active secondary metabolites of plants carried out at the Department of Pharmaceutical Botany FAF UK, selected taxa of the genus Centaurea (Asteraceae) were investigated. This study is focused on a basic phytohemical research of extracts prepared from Centaurea cyanus, Centaurea jacea, Centaurea scabiosa, Centaurea pseudophrygia, Centuarea stoebe, Centaurea solstitialis a Centaurea benedicta. Extracts were prepared for evidence of the proof reactions of TLC and MS analysis (EI, ESI) to clarify a potential presence of alkaloids. EtOAc and ethanol extracts were evaluated for potential inhibitory activity against human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and cytotoxicity against selected 9 tumor lines. C. cyanus alkaloid extract had interesting cholinesterase activity which selectively inhibited BChE (IC50 BChE = 22.62 ± 3.62 μg / ml, IC50 AChE = 221.50 ± 44.56 g / ml). Other EtOAc extracts of selected Centaurea species were considered inactive (IC50 > 100 μg/ml)....

Šípková, P.: Biological activity of secondary plants metabolites X. Alkaloids of Vinca minor L. Diploma thesis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Hradec Králové, 2019, 66 s. Key words: Apocynaceae, Vinca minor, alkaloids, isolation, biological activity, screening Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. The number of affected patients is constantly increasing. This disease cannot be treated casually, therefore discovering and testing new substances that could potentially be used in a treatment is very important. The Vinca minor L. fraction after column chromatography was separated by flash chromatography. Isolation of the individual alkaloids was performed by preparative TLC. Based on NMR and MS analyses and comparison with literature, alkaloids were identified as vincarubine and (-)-vinoxine. Modified Ellman's method was used to test cholinesterase inhibitory activity of isolated alkaloids. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) are enzymes, that play a very important role in the pathofysiology of Alzheimer's diasease. (-)-Vinoxine showed relatively high activity against BuChE (IC50 = 24,61 ± 1,71 µM), inhibitory activity against AChE was insignificant (IC50 > 1000µM). Vincarubin did not...

Perennial plants from the Amaryllidaceae family are generally known for their beauty but also like herbs which contain wide range of alkaloids. To these days more than 500 alkaloids have been isolated. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AmA) are derivatived from aminoacid tyrosine and divided into nine basic groups. Biological activity of these substances icludes antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antimalarial activity and some of them are used for treatment Alzheimer's disease (AD). Narcissus cv. PROFESSOR EINSTEIN have been choosen thanks to previous research of summary extract. Twelve alkaloids have been detected by GC-MS and ten of them have been identified (e.g.: lykoramine, pluviine, haemanthamine, pancracine, homolycorine). Due to this diversity of alkaloids and the fact that summary extract has relatively high inhibitory activity (IC50 = 49,99 ± 5,38 μg/mL) against HuBuChE Narcissus have been appropriate for isolation of the alkaloids and for further study of their biological activity. Summary ethanolic extract for gain pure compounds was prepared from 34.3 kg fresh bulbs. Separation was initiated by column chromatography and extract was divided into almost 500 fractions. Some of them were put together owing to TLC analysis and finally 27 subfractions were formed. Subfraction Nr. 26...

The chemical study of three New Zealand marine organisms is described, along with a survey of the chemistry and biological activity of eighty-five marine organisms collected from New Zealand waters. The study of the New Zealand marine bryozoan Pterocella vesiculosa has resulted in the isolation of three new compounds; pterocellin H, pterocellin I and 1-methyl-5-bromo-8-methoxy-β-carboline. These compounds were characterised using high resolution mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The biological activity of these compounds was investigated and a discussion of the results including a comparison with the activity of closely related compounds is also presented. The crude extracts of eighty-five marine organisms were surveyed to establish their biological activity and chemical constituents. The results of this study indicated which species had interesting biological activity. The chemical survey allowed geographical and intra-species comparisons of chemical constituents between samples, as well as potentially indicating the presence of known secondary metabolites. For the Pterocella vesiculosa samples the survey methodology clearly illustrated the presence of pterocellins A and B. Two marine organisms were chosen for further investigation based on their biological activity and chemical survey results. Bioactivity directed isolation procedures yielded no new compounds from the organisms. The sterol composition of these species is also presented.

Australia's marine environment covers extended areas, from the warm northern tropical, to the sub tropical central water, the cool temperate water of the south and the cold sub-Antarctic and Antarctic water. Australia has rich area of coral reefs. The marine biodiversity in Australia is enormous. Despite incredible biodiversity, Australian research in the marine anticancer drug discoveries is low in comparison with other countries. In this research we investigated a collection of marine sponges as a source for new anticancer leads. This thesis comprises six chapters. Chapter 1 covers the importance of natural products as a source of new drugs, and an introduction to cancer as a disease, chemotherapy in cancer treatments, and the natural products as a source for anticancer drugs. Also, the basic anticancer drug development process is highlighted. Finally, a thorough review of anticancer alkaloids isolated from marine sponges is presented. Chapter 2 presents the chemical investigation into a southern Australian marine sponge Stelletta sp., which led to the isolation and structure elucidation of bistellettazines A-C the first reported examples of terpenyl-pyrrolizidines conjugate, and bistellettazole A, a unique cyclic terpenyl-imidazole conjugate. Bistellettazines A-C and bistellettazole A feature unprecedented carbon skeletons that are proposed to share a common convergent biosynthetic origin, arising via the biogenic equivalent of a Diels-Alder addition between two hypothetical polyenyl norsesquiterpene precursors. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids is also discussed. Chapter 3 discusses the isolation and structure elucidation of four new discorhabdins analogues namely, dihydrodiscorhabdin A, debromodiscorhabdin A, discorhabdin X and dihydrodiscorhabdin L. In addition, the known compounds discorhabdin A and discorhabdin D, were isolated from two southern Australian marine sponge specimens of the genera Higginsia and Spongosorites. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids was also discussed. Chapter 4 discloses chemical investigation into two southern Australian marine sponge specimens of the genera Clathria and Ptilocaulis. Four new mirabilin analogues (mirabilins H-K) were isolated and characterized along with known mirabilin C, F (for the first time as TFA salt) and mirabilin G. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids was also discussed. Chapter 5 presents the 1H NMR data for the known compounds isolated during this study, and Chapter 6 is covering the experimental part.

Bibliography: leaves 87-96. This thesis investigates non-proteinaceous low molecular weight flavonoid and alkaloid compounds in Scurulla oortiana (Korth.) Danser grown on Camellia sinens. Three flavonols are identified in S. oortiana (Korth.) Danser growing on different hosts. The identification and characterisation of these flavonoids are carried out using various chromatographic and spectrometric procedures. Two purine alkaloids are isolated from and identified in S. oortiana (Korth.) Danser parasitizing tea plant, C. Sinensis. The antifungal activity of the phenolic compounds isolated from mistletoe parasitizing tea plant is examined.