Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb is one of the most widely distributed bulbous species in southern Africa. Of Africa’s many bulbous plants, it is widely known for its poisonous and medicinal properties. It is of considerable ethnobotanical interest in traditional medicine because of its hallucinogenic alkaloids and it has great potential as an ornamental due to its fan-shaped foliage and large umbel of bright pink to deep red flowers. In South Africa, many bulbous plants are used in traditional medicine which are collected from wild populations. The high demand for trade and use of such plants, that are destructively harvested, places an enormous pressure on natural populations. According to the Red List of South African Plants, the conservation status of B. disticha has been listed as ‘declining’. It is, therefore, important to develop conservation strategies for these medicinal plants, such as the development of alternative propagation methods. Micropropagation is a useful technique for rapid clonal multiplication of plant material which could alleviate the pressure on the wild plant populations, as well as potentially producing useful secondary metabolites. The in vitro induction of storage organs is especially beneficial as it can limit the loss of plants during acclimatization since bulblets are generally hardier than shoots or plantlets. Thus, the main aim of this research was to establish a micropropagation protocol which could be a valuable tool for conservation of this plant species. In addition, B. disticha plants were assessed in various ethnopharmacological assays to evaluate their medicinal properties, and a preliminary study on the population genetics was also conducted. As part of the development of a suitable micropropagation protocol, the effect of environmental and physiological factors on the initiation and growth of bulblets were investigated. These factors included the effect of various plant growth regulators, carbohydrates, temperature, photoperiod and liquid culture. Different explants (i.e. ovaries, anthers, filaments, pedicels, embryos, seeds and bulb twin-scales) were tested to determine which explants were the most suitable for subsequent experiments. Although success was limited, twin-scales proved to be the most suitable explant and it was demonstrated that activated charcoal, ascorbic acid and N6- benzyladenine were required as media supplements. Antimicrobial activity was tested between different plant parts and seasons. The plant parts (roots, leaves, outer and inner bulb scales) were extracted with a range of differing polarity solvents. These were screened for antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and for antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Extracts from roots of plants collected in spring and summer showed the best antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli and K. pneumoniae, indicating that plant part and collection time do affect activity. In vitro grown bulblets also showed antimicrobial activity, demonstrating that antibacterial properties were maintained in cultured plantlets. Extracts from plants collected in summer were tested for mutagenicity using the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome assay; plate incorporation method, with or without metabolic activation). None of the extracts tested were found to induce mutations and also did not modify the effect of the mutagenic compounds (2AA with S9 and 4NQO without S9). Although the results do not indicate a mutagenic response, this does not necessarily confirm that it is not mutagenic nor carcinogenic to other bacterial strains, however, B. disticha must be used with caution, especially considering the levels of alkaloids in the plant. The two major constituent alkaloids of B. disticha were identified as buphanidrine and distichamine. In the antibacterial assay, both compounds exhibited broad-spectrum micromolarlevel activity against the two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria tested. The best MIC value, of 0.063 mg/ml, was found for bupanidrine/distichamine against S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumonia. The isolated compounds were tested and found to be neither mutagenic nor toxic at the concentrations tested. Thus, buphanidrine and distichamine are thought to be the constituents likely responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. To determine the level of genetic variation between different populations of B. disticha, plants were collected from six wild populations in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. DNA was isolated and tested for genetic variation using ten Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) primers. The level of inter-population polymorphism ranged between 23% and 39%, showing that the populations had low genetic polymorphism. From the genetic distance results, it was found that the Midmar and Umgeni Valley populations are closely related, and these populations are similar to two sister populations. The Amatikulu and Lions River populations were similar but slightly different to the other populations. Antimicrobial assays showed minor difference in activity from the six wild populations. Although the micropropagation of B. disticha had limited success, this study did develop a successful decontamination protocol as well as determine the most useful explant and supplements. This information provides an important starting point for the development of a successful micropropagation protocol for the conservation of B. disticha. Since, B. disticha is an important medicinal plant in South Africa, this study has also deepened our understanding of the constituents that could be responsible for the medicinal properties of B. disticha and, in so doing, confirmed the value of this plant for use in traditional medicine in South Africa. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.

To identify the signaling mechanisms and components that are involved in regulation of a promoter for a gene involved in a secondary pathway I studied the nicotinic alkaloid biosynthetic pathway using various N. tabacum tissues. Nicotine and tropane alkaloids are widely known to be synthesized predominantly in the roots of species that produce pyrrolinium ring containing alkaloids. Putrescine Nmethyltransferase (PMT) catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of these alkaloid secondary products and earlier studies have indicated that PMT gene expression is restricted to root tissue in Solanaceae plants. To further elucidate the factors that govern the regulation of alkaloid synthesis, expression patterns dictated by the 5'-flanking region of one of the members of the PMT -gene family, NsPMT3, using the b-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were examined. Various treatments were used to characterize the nature of signaling in various tissues of seedlings, whole plants and callus. High expression levels were detected in root tissue and no expression was detected in leaves, in agreement with previous studies. However, mechanically wounded leaves resulted in highly localized PMT expression. This wound-induced expression was transient, with maximum levels occurring immediately after wounding and diminishing after approximately 24 h. RT-PCR analysis of mRNA isolated from wild-type plants also indicated upregulation of PMT expression in leaves upon wounding as well as very low transcript levels in unwounded leaves. Low levels of PMT activity were detected in leaf tissue, and this activity did not increase significantly upon wounding. Transgenic callus material showed strong repression of PMT promoter activity in the presence of light and auxin, whereas dark conditions and the absence of auxin upregulated PMT promoter activity. Reactive oxygen species have been implicated in signaling. When treated with the scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS), dimethylthiourea (DMTU) or catalase, tobacco callus tissue, which displays highly repressed alkaloid synthesis under normal culture conditions in the light, exhibited significant induction of PMT promoter activity and alkaloid accumulation. It is thought that light repression signals through an ROS intermediate to affect changes in alkaloid pathway gene expression. Upregulation of PMT-promoter activity was observed upon treatment with JA (jasmonic acid) or darkness in roots of very young transgenic seedlings. Treatment with auxin, salicylic acid (SA) and H2O2, on the other hand, was found to highly repress PMT promoter activity. Action of other ROS such as nitric oxide and superoxide radicals on PMT expression is not clear but probably play less of a role, compared to H2O2. Consistent with this content ion, treatment with light or glucose oxidase (GOX) and glucose to generate H2O2, also repressed alkaloid accumulation, and treatment of seedlings to dark conditions, the ROS scavenger DMTU, or jasmonic acid resulted in alkaloid accumulation. Long distance signaling from leaves to roots is also suspected to involve ROS, as leaves treated with GOX and glucose exhibited repressed PMT promoter activity in roots. The responses of the PMT promoter to auxin, salicylic acid and H2O2 treatments were conserved as sho wn by similar responses of the N. tabacum PMT promoter when examined in transgenic Arabidopsis, thereby suggesting that these molecules signal through a conserved mechanism. Thus, ROS is strongly implicated in acting as an intermediate in these signaling processes with H2O2 proposed as a major signaling component.

Twenty-four steers were grazed on endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum)-infected [[Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh]; E+] tall fescue (TF) and exposed to ergot alkaloids for an 106-d grazing period. Cattle were removed from pasture, placed in dry lots, and fed a non-toxic diet to evaluate changes in vascular contraction relative to time-off E+ TF pasture. Lateral saphenous veins (SV) were biopsied from steers at 0-, 21-, 42-, and 63-d off TF pasture and from 6 control steers at 0- and 63-d off bermudagrass (BG) pasture. To evaluate contractile response, biopsied SV were exposed to increasing concentrations of ergotamine in a multimyograph. Cross-sectional scans of the caudal artery were taken using color Doppler ultrasonography on 0-, 8-, 15-, 21-, 29-, 36-, 42-, and 45-d to determine artery luminal area. Contractility of SV was less for TF than BG steers on d 0, but was similar between the two treatments by d 63. Luminal areas of the caudal arteries in E+ TF steers relaxed over time and were similar to BG steers by 36 d off pastures. Results indicated that alkaloid-induced vasoconstriction in cattle grazed on E+ TF can be relaxed in 5 to 6 weeks after they are placed on non-toxic diets.

We describe an efficient synthesis of the methylene-bridged biscarbazole alkaloids bismurrayafoline-A, bismurrayafolinol and chrestifoline B–D using an Ullmann-type coupling at the benzylic position.

Australia's marine environment covers extended areas, from the warm northern tropical, to the sub tropical central water, the cool temperate water of the south and the cold sub-Antarctic and Antarctic water. Australia has rich area of coral reefs. The marine biodiversity in Australia is enormous. Despite incredible biodiversity, Australian research in the marine anticancer drug discoveries is low in comparison with other countries. In this research we investigated a collection of marine sponges as a source for new anticancer leads. This thesis comprises six chapters. Chapter 1 covers the importance of natural products as a source of new drugs, and an introduction to cancer as a disease, chemotherapy in cancer treatments, and the natural products as a source for anticancer drugs. Also, the basic anticancer drug development process is highlighted. Finally, a thorough review of anticancer alkaloids isolated from marine sponges is presented. Chapter 2 presents the chemical investigation into a southern Australian marine sponge Stelletta sp., which led to the isolation and structure elucidation of bistellettazines A-C the first reported examples of terpenyl-pyrrolizidines conjugate, and bistellettazole A, a unique cyclic terpenyl-imidazole conjugate. Bistellettazines A-C and bistellettazole A feature unprecedented carbon skeletons that are proposed to share a common convergent biosynthetic origin, arising via the biogenic equivalent of a Diels-Alder addition between two hypothetical polyenyl norsesquiterpene precursors. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids is also discussed. Chapter 3 discusses the isolation and structure elucidation of four new discorhabdins analogues namely, dihydrodiscorhabdin A, debromodiscorhabdin A, discorhabdin X and dihydrodiscorhabdin L. In addition, the known compounds discorhabdin A and discorhabdin D, were isolated from two southern Australian marine sponge specimens of the genera Higginsia and Spongosorites. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids was also discussed. Chapter 4 discloses chemical investigation into two southern Australian marine sponge specimens of the genera Clathria and Ptilocaulis. Four new mirabilin analogues (mirabilins H-K) were isolated and characterized along with known mirabilin C, F (for the first time as TFA salt) and mirabilin G. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids was also discussed. Chapter 5 presents the 1H NMR data for the known compounds isolated during this study, and Chapter 6 is covering the experimental part.

Australia's marine environment covers extended areas, from the warm northern tropical, to the sub tropical central water, the cool temperate water of the south and the cold sub-Antarctic and Antarctic water. Australia has rich area of coral reefs. The marine biodiversity in Australia is enormous. Despite incredible biodiversity, Australian research in the marine anticancer drug discoveries is low in comparison with other countries. In this research we investigated a collection of marine sponges as a source for new anticancer leads. This thesis comprises six chapters. Chapter 1 covers the importance of natural products as a source of new drugs, and an introduction to cancer as a disease, chemotherapy in cancer treatments, and the natural products as a source for anticancer drugs. Also, the basic anticancer drug development process is highlighted. Finally, a thorough review of anticancer alkaloids isolated from marine sponges is presented. Chapter 2 presents the chemical investigation into a southern Australian marine sponge Stelletta sp., which led to the isolation and structure elucidation of bistellettazines A-C the first reported examples of terpenyl-pyrrolizidines conjugate, and bistellettazole A, a unique cyclic terpenyl-imidazole conjugate. Bistellettazines A-C and bistellettazole A feature unprecedented carbon skeletons that are proposed to share a common convergent biosynthetic origin, arising via the biogenic equivalent of a Diels-Alder addition between two hypothetical polyenyl norsesquiterpene precursors. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids is also discussed. Chapter 3 discusses the isolation and structure elucidation of four new discorhabdins analogues namely, dihydrodiscorhabdin A, debromodiscorhabdin A, discorhabdin X and dihydrodiscorhabdin L. In addition, the known compounds discorhabdin A and discorhabdin D, were isolated from two southern Australian marine sponge specimens of the genera Higginsia and Spongosorites. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids was also discussed. Chapter 4 discloses chemical investigation into two southern Australian marine sponge specimens of the genera Clathria and Ptilocaulis. Four new mirabilin analogues (mirabilins H-K) were isolated and characterized along with known mirabilin C, F (for the first time as TFA salt) and mirabilin G. The cytotoxic activity (in vitro) for these new alkaloids was also discussed. Chapter 5 presents the 1H NMR data for the known compounds isolated during this study, and Chapter 6 is covering the experimental part.

Submitted by ISABELA CRISTINA GOMES HONÓRIO null (isabelagomeshonorio@gmail.com) on 2016-05-25T19:12:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ESTUDO DA DIVERSIDADE GENÉTICA E QUÍMICA DE Uncaria tomentosa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. E Uncaria guianensis Gmell DE POPULAÇÕES NATURAIS LOCALIZADAS NA AMAZÔNIA..pdf: 2336644 bytes, checksum: 05f34f338ce3e8cd544dea281a52873d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-30T17:46:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 honorio_icg_dr_bot.pdf: 2336644 bytes, checksum: 05f34f338ce3e8cd544dea281a52873d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-30T17:46:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 honorio_icg_dr_bot.pdf: 2336644 bytes, checksum: 05f34f338ce3e8cd544dea281a52873d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Uncaria tomentosa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. e Uncaria guianensis Gmell. são plantas medicinais nativas da Amazônia, utilizadas na medicina tradicional com ação anti-inflamatória, sofrem pressão antrópica como o desmatamento e extrativismo predatório para uso e necessitam de cuidados em relação à conservação. U. tomentosa é uma das plantas medicinais que compõe a lista da relação nacional de medicamentos essenciais (RENAME) disponibilizada pelo Ministério da Saúde para os municípios brasileiros, através do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a U. guianensis apesar de não estar nesta lista apresenta também alcaloides oxindólicos pentacíclicos, como marcadores químicos, sendo utilizada popularmente como anti-inflamatória e sua ocorrência na natureza é maior quando comparada à U. tomentosa. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram avaliar a diversidade genética e química entre os indivíduos de U. tomentosa e U. guianensis por marcador molecular SRAP (Sequence-Related Amplifield Polymosphism) e quantificar os alcaloides oxindólicos pentacíclicos mitrafilina e isomitrafilina em folhas por HPLC. A coleta do material foi feita nos estados do Acre, Amazonas, Amapá e Pará. Para ambas as espécies foram coletadas oito populações, em municípios distintos com 20 indivíduos cada. A genotipagem de U. tomentosa foi realizada utilizando três combinações de primers e os fragmentos submetidos à eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. A genotipagem de U. guianensis foi realizada usando quatro combinações de primers e os fragmentos analisados no equipamento 4300 DNA Analyser LI-COR®. A quantificação dos alcaloides oxindólicos pentacíclicos mitrafilina e isomitrafilina foi realizada de acordo com método já descrito na literatura com algumas modificações. Nas populações avaliadas de U. tomentosa a variabilidade genética foi maior dentro (75%) das populações do que entre elas (25%). O valor de Fst foi de 0,246, evidenciando que as populações estão estruturadas em Modelo de Ilhas. A maior porcentagem de locus polimórficos (95,68%) e a maior diversidade genética foram encontradas na população coletada no município de Mâncio Lima - AC. O fluxo gênico foi considerado restrito (Nm=1,57) e não houve correlação entre as distâncias geográfica e genética. Para a espécie U. guianensis, a variabilidade genética também foi maior dentro das populações (81%) do que entre elas (19%). O valor de Fst foi de 0,188, o que mostra que as populações estão se aproximando do Modelo de Ilhas. A maior porcentagem de locus polimórficos (90,21%) e a maior variabilidade genética foram verificadas na população coletada no município de Mazagão-AC. O fluxo gênico foi considerado baixo (Nm = 2,57) e houve fraca correlação entre as distâncias geográfica e genética, portanto considerada não significativa. A maior concentração dos alcaloides mitrafilina (11,17 mg.g-1.PS) e isomitrafilina (2,99 mg.g-1.PS) em U. tomentosa foram encontradas nos indivíduos da população de Tarauacá-AC e em U. guianensis foi de 1,09 mg.g-1.PS de mitrafilina e 0,29 mg.g-1.PS de isomitrafilina encontradas na população de Boca do Acre-AM. Além disso, para essa espécie, foi possível quantificar mitrafilina em apenas 24,8% dos indivíduos e a isomitrafilina em 20,4% dos indivíduos estudados. Conclui-se que a conservação de ambas as espécies deverá ser realizada com a coleta de um maior número de indivíduos nas populações com maiores variabilidades genética e química. / Uncaria tomentosa Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. and Uncaria guianensis Gmell. are medicinal plants natives from Amazonia state, used in the ocidental medicine for its anti-inflammatory effect, which are suffering from the actions of mankind by deforestation and predatory extraction, requesting care for their conservation. U. tomentosa is one of the medicinal plants that make up the national ratio of the list of essential drugs (RENAME) made available by the Ministry of Health to the municipalities through the Unified Health System (SUS) and U. guianensis although this is not list also features pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids, as markers, being popularly used as anti-inflammatory and its occurrence in nature is higher compared to U. tomentosa. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the chemical and genetical diversity between individuals of U. tomentosa and U. guianensis by molecular marker SRAP (Sequence-Related Amplifield Polymosphism) and quantify pentacyclic oxindolic alkaloides mitraphylline and isomitraphylline in leaves via HPLC. Samples were collected in the states of Acre, Amazonas, Amapá and Pará. For both species, 20 samples were collected from each of the eight populations coming from different locations. The genotyping of U. tomentosa was realized by using the combination of three primers and the fractions submitted to an electrophoresis in acrylamide gel. The genotyping of U. guianensis was realized by using the combination of four primers and the fractions analyzed with a 4300 DNA Analyser LICOR®. The quantification of pentacyclic oxindole alkaloides mitraphylline and isomitraphylline were realized by using the existing method with some modifications. The U. tomentosa populations showed higher genetic variability inside the same population(75%) than between different populations (25%). The value of Fst was 0,246, showing that the populations are following the Island Model. The highest percentage of polymorphic locus (95,68%) and the highest genetic diversity were found in the population from Mâncio Lima - AC. The gene traffic was considered restrictive (Nm=1,57) and there was no correlation between geographic and genetic distances. For U. guianensis, the genetic variability was higher inside same populations (81%) than between different populations (19%). The value of Fst was 0,188, showing that the populations are coming close to the Island Model (modelo de ilhas). A higher percentage of polymorphic locus (90,21%) and a higher genetic variability were confirmed in the population colected in Mazagão - AC. The gene traffic was considered low (Nm = 2,57) and as having a weak correlation between geographic and genetic distances and, therefore, considered not significant. The highest alkaloid concentrations of mitraphylline (11,17 mg.g-1 .PS) and isomitraphylline (2,99 mg.g-1 .PS) in U. tomentosa were found in samples of the population from Tarauacá - AC and in U. guianensis samples showed alkaloid concentrations of 1,09 mg.g-1 .PS of Mitraphylline and 0,29 mg.g-1 .PS of Isomitraphylline in the population from Boca do Acre - AM. Besides that, to this species, it was possible to quantify mitraphylline in only 24.8% of individuals isomitraphylline and 20.4% of subjects studied. It’s concluded that the conservation of both species should be done with the collection of a greater number of individuals in populations with higher genetic and chemical variability.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6745731 bytes, checksum: 9161539b26e44827fd688b6eb5c069b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Annonaceae family consists of approximately 135 genus and 2500 species distributed by tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Brazil, the Annonaceae family comprises 26 genus, among these we find the genus Anaxagorea, with about 26 species distributed in Central America and South America. Among this species, Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith is the Neotropical Annonaceae most common and well distributed. This work describes the results of phytochemical study of Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith. The plant material was subjected to extraction processes, and partition chromatography for isolation of chemical constituents. The chemical structures was determined by spectroscopic methods, such as: Infrared, 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, mass spectrometry and comparisons with literature. Of the hexane extract were isolated two alkaloids azaphenanthrenes: eupolauramine, described for the first time in the Annonaceae family and imbiline 1, described for the first time in the genus Anaxagorea. From the chloroform extract was isolated the alkaloid azaphenanthrene sampangine, described for the first time in the genus Anaxagorea. The results of this work contributed to the phytochemical study of Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith to known chemotaxonomy of the genus Anaxagorea and the Annonaceae family. / A família Annonaceae é constituída por aproximadamente 135 gêneros e 2500 espécies distribuídas principalmente pelas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do globo terrestre. No Brasil, a família Annonaceae compreende 26 gêneros, dentre esses, encontramos o gênero Anaxagorea, possuindo cerca de 26 espécies distribuídas na América Central e América do Sul. Entre as espécies, Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith é a espécie neotropical de Annonaceae mais comum e bem distribuída. O presente trabalho descreve os resultados do estudo fitoquímico de Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith. O material botânico foi submetido a processos de extração, partição e cromatografia para isolamento dos constituintes químicos. A estrutura química dos mesmos foi determinada por métodos espectroscópicos de Infravermelho e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais, espectrometria de massas e comparações com modelos da literatura. Da fase hexânica foram isolados dois alcalóides azafenantrenos: eupolauramina, descrito pela primeira vez na família Annonaceae e imbilina 1, descrito pela primeira vez no gênero Anaxagorea. Da fase clorofórmica foi isolado o alcalóide azafenantreno sampangina, descrito pela primeira vez no gênero Anaxagorea. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho contribuíram para o estudo fitoquímico de Anaxagorea dolichocarpa Sprague & Sandwith e para o conhecimento quimiotaxonômico do gênero Anaxagorea e da família Annonaceae.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3371563 bytes, checksum: 0f72f1a088caa63b4cd2bf4057752d08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work describes the results of phytochemical studies from three species of the Erythroxylum genus: Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman, Erythroxylum subrotundum A. St.-Hil and Erythroxylum revolutum Mart, which were identified by the botany sector of the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, UFPB. The species were submitted to extraction process, followed by partition with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate, resulting in their respective phases. Four Tropane alkaloids were isolated by chromatography methods from the chloroformic phase of Erythroxylum caatingae, in which two were already isolated [3α, 6β dibenzoyloxytropane and 3α-(3 ,4 ,5 - trimethoxybenzoiloxi)-6β-benzoyloxytropane (Catuabine B)] and the other two were reported for the first time in the literature [3-(3 ,4 -dimethoxy)-6-hydroxytropane and 3α-(trans-3 ,4 ,5 trimethoxycinnamoyloxy)-6β-benzoyloxytropane]. From the ethyl acetate phase of Erythroxylum subrotundum, two flavonoids were isolated: Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside and 5,7,4 -trihydroxyflavone-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside. The study of the Erythroxylum revolutum hexanic phase resulted in the isolation of six diterpenes: ent-kauran-16-ene, 13-hydroxy-8(17),14-labdadien (Manool), ent-kaur-16- en-3β-ol, 3-oxo-13-hydroxi-8(17),14-labdadien, 3,13,19-trihydroxy-8(17),14-labdadien and ent-kauran-16β, 17-diol. All the species had their chemical constituents identified through data analysis obtained from spectroscopic methods such as Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of 1H and 13C with uni-bidimensional techniques, besides comparison with literature data. Therefore, the given results of this work contributed to the chemical study of the species from Erythroxylaceae family. / Este trabalho descreve os resultados dos estudos fitoquímicos de três espécies do gênero Erythroxylum: Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman, Erythroxylum subrotundum A. St.- Hil e Erythroxylum revolutum Mart, identificadas pelo setor de botânica do Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica da UFPB. As espécies foram submetidas a processos de extração e posterior particionamento de seus extratos resultando nas fases hexânica, clorofórmica e acetato de etila. Do estudo da fase clorofórmica de Erythroxylum caatingae foram isolados, através de métodos cromatográficos, quatro alcaloides tropânicos, sendo dois destes alcaloides [3α,6β dibenzoiloxitropano e 3α-(3 ,4 ,5 - trimetoxibenzoiloxi)-6β-benzoiloxitropano (Catuabina B)], já isolados anteriormente e dois alcalóides inéditos na literatura [3-(3 ,4 -dimetoxi)-6-hidroxitropano e 3α- (trans-3 ,4 ,5 trimetoxicinamoiloxi)-6β-benzoiloxitropano]. Da fase acetato de etila de Erythroxylum subrotundum foram isolados dois flavonoides: a Quercetina-3-O-α-Lraminosídeo e 5,7,4 -trihidroxiflavona-3-O-α-L-raminosídeo. Do estudo da fase hexânica de Erythroxylum revolutum foram isolados seis diterpenos: ent-cauran-16-eno, 13-hidroxi-8(17),14-labdadieno (Manool), ent-caur-16-en-3β-ol, 3-oxo-13-hidroxi- 8(17),14-labdadieno, 3,13,19-trihidroxi-8(17),14-labdadieno e ent-cauran-16β, 17-diol. As espécies tiveram seus constituintes químicos identificados através da análise de dados obtidos por métodos espectroscópicos como Infravermelho e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 1H e 13C uni-bidimensional, além de comparação com dados obtidos na literatura. Assim, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribuíram para o estudo químico de espécies da família Erythroxylaceae.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 2701385 bytes, checksum: ab63dcf6b2d9edc77622ec280f2ca159 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Xylopia langsdorffiana (Annonaceae) is popularly known as pimenteira da terra in the Northeast region of Brazil. Previous studies have reported the presence of alkaloids and diterpenes isolated from the leaves and/or stem of X. langsdorffiana. This work aimed to continue the phytochemical study of this species, using its dry and fresh fruits. Initially, the dry and powdered fruits were submitted to maceration with methanol (95%) and the extractive solution obtained was concentrated in rotatory evaporator yielding 200g of extract. A portion (150g) of the latter was partitioned with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The isolated chemical constituents were identified through the analysis of data obtained by spectroscopic methods such as Infrared and one-dimensional 1H, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with two-dimensional techniques (COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC), besides comparison with literature data. Seven diterpenes were isolated from the hexane and dichloromethane phases of the fruits of X. langsdorffiana, being four of them known in the literature ent-atisan-7α, 16α-diol (xylodiol), ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid, 13-epicupressic acid, ent-kaur-16-en-3β, 19 diol, and 3 new diterpenes ent-3β- hydroxy-labda(8)17,12Z-, 14-trien-18-oic acid, (Labdorffianic A Acid), ent-Labda 8(17)epoxy, 14 en-18-oic Acid (Labdorfianic B Acid) and ent-Labda 8(17) epoxy, 13(16), 14-Dien-18-oic acid (Labdorfianic C Acid). Since some species of Annonaceae are known to possess significant amounts of essential oils, we decided to analyze the fresh fruits of X. langsdorffia in order to obtain and analyze its essential oil. Therefore, its fresh fruits were extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and characterized with GC-MS, showing a constitution of monoterpenes (66.6%), sesquiterpenes (33.3%) and diterpenes (11.11%), being the α-pinene(37.73%) and limonene (31.42%) the major constituents. Spathulenol (1.59%) which is considered the marker for Xylopia was also detected. Thus, the results obtained in this work contributed to broaden the chemical knowledge of species of Annonaceae, especially Xylopia langsdorffiana. / Xylopia langsdorffiana St.Hil & Tul. (Annonaceae) é conhecida popularmente na região Nordeste como pimenteira da terra . Estudos prévios relataram a presença de alcalóides e diterpenos isolados das folhas e/ou caule de X. langasdorffiana. Este trabalho teve como objetivo dar continuidade ao estudo fitoquímico dessa espécie, utilizando-se seus frutos secos e frescos. Inicilamente os frutos secos e pulverizados foram submetidas à maceração com metanol e a solução extrativa obtida foi concentrada em rotaevaporador obtendo-se 200g de extrato. Uma parte (150g) deste extrato foi particionada com hexano, diclorometano e acetato de etila. Os constituintes químicos foram identificados através da análise de dados obtidos por métodos espectroscópicos como Infravermelho e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 1H, 13C unidimensionais e técnicas bidimensionais (COSY, NOESY, HMQC e HMBC), além de comparação com dados descritos na literatura. A partir das fases hexânica e diclorometano dos frutos de X. langsdorffiana foram isolados sete diterpenos, sendo 4 conhecidos na literatura entatisan- 7α,16α-diol (xylodiol), Ácido ent-7α-hidroxitrachyloban-18-óico, Ácido 13- epicupréssico, ent-kaur-16-en-3β, 19 diol e 3 novos diterpenos Ácido ent-3β-hidroxilabda( 8)17,12Z-,14-Dien-18-óico, (ácido labdorffianico A). Ácido ent-labda 8(17)epóxi,14-en-18-óico (ácido labdorffianico B) e Ácido ent-labda 8(17)epóxi- 13,14-dien-18-óico (ácido labdorffianico C). Como várias espécies de Annonaceae são conhecidas por apresentarem quantidade significativa de óleos essenciais,decidiu-se analisar os frutos frescos de X. langsdorffia para obtenção e análise do seu óleo essencial. Para tanto, seus frutos frescos foram extraídos por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger e caracterizado com CG-EM, apresentando uma constituição de (66,6 %) de monoterpenos, (33,3 %) de sesquiterpenos e (11,11 %) de diterpeno, sendo o α-pineno (37,73%) e limoneno (31,42%) os constituintes majoritários e o espatulenol (1,59%) foi detectado que é considerado marcador para o gênero Xylopia. Dessa forma, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho contribuíram para ampliação do conhecimento químico de espécies de Annonaceae, em especial de Xylopia langsdorffiana.