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Mast cells (MCs) play a central role in inflammation by releasing mediators following activation. S100A8 and S100A9 are abundantly expressed in inflammatory sites such as asthmatic lung, sunburnt skin and atherosclerosis where MCs are involved in pathogenesis; roles of S100A8 in MC function are undetermined. The aims of this thesis were to determine effects of S100A8 on MC activation, particularly provoked by IgE and UVB. Initially, effects of UVB on MC activation were investigated as detailed functions were unclear. Cord blood-derived human mast cells (CBMCs) were treated in vitro with varying doses of UVB and production of multiple cytokines and viability investigated. UVB exposure selectively increased levels of IL-8 (CXCL8), and to a less extent IL-1β, but not eight other cytokines tested. New protein synthesis partially contributed and IL-8 production was p38 MAPK-dependent. UVB dose-dependently induced MC apoptosis indicating a potential regulatory mechanism of MC function. The ability of recombinant S100A8, S100A9 or S100A8/9 heterodimer to modulate IgE/antigen (DNP/anti-DNP)-mediated activation of a murine MC line, and of bone marrow-derived (mBM) MC activation was determined. The S100s did not directly induce degranulation or induce IL-6. S100A8 significantly inhibited DNP/anti-DNP-provoked degranulation, and IL-6 and TNF mRNA and protein induction. S100A8 did not alter FcεRIα expression. S100A9 was less effective; and the S100A8/9 complex was also suppressive. S100A8 only weakly suppressed non-specific MC degranulation. Mutation of Cys41 in S100A8 negated its suppressive activity. Because S100A8 scavenges oxidants via this reactive Cys residue, we propose that this may mediate its ability to downmodulate IgE-dependent MC responses. Similar to the thiol scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, S100A8 but not the Ala41 mutant, attenuated DNP/anti-DNP-provoked LAT phosphorylation. However, the disulfide-bonded S100A8 dimer and S100A8 containing a sulfinamide bond between Cys41 and Lys34/35 also reduced MC activation, indicating an additional pathway(s). S100A8 did not suppress antigen/IgE-induced responses of CBMC possibly because these may not truly reflect fullymature human tissue MCs. S100A8 did not alter UVB-induced IL-8 release by CBMCs, or affect apoptosis. Murine S100A8 may have anti-inflammatory properties by regulating MC activation in an activator-specific manner, at least partially by scavenging ROS to suppress intracellular signalling.

Mast cells (MCs) play a central role in inflammation by releasing mediators following activation. S100A8 and S100A9 are abundantly expressed in inflammatory sites such as asthmatic lung, sunburnt skin and atherosclerosis where MCs are involved in pathogenesis; roles of S100A8 in MC function are undetermined. The aims of this thesis were to determine effects of S100A8 on MC activation, particularly provoked by IgE and UVB. Initially, effects of UVB on MC activation were investigated as detailed functions were unclear. Cord blood-derived human mast cells (CBMCs) were treated in vitro with varying doses of UVB and production of multiple cytokines and viability investigated. UVB exposure selectively increased levels of IL-8 (CXCL8), and to a less extent IL-1β, but not eight other cytokines tested. New protein synthesis partially contributed and IL-8 production was p38 MAPK-dependent. UVB dose-dependently induced MC apoptosis indicating a potential regulatory mechanism of MC function. The ability of recombinant S100A8, S100A9 or S100A8/9 heterodimer to modulate IgE/antigen (DNP/anti-DNP)-mediated activation of a murine MC line, and of bone marrow-derived (mBM) MC activation was determined. The S100s did not directly induce degranulation or induce IL-6. S100A8 significantly inhibited DNP/anti-DNP-provoked degranulation, and IL-6 and TNF mRNA and protein induction. S100A8 did not alter FcεRIα expression. S100A9 was less effective; and the S100A8/9 complex was also suppressive. S100A8 only weakly suppressed non-specific MC degranulation. Mutation of Cys41 in S100A8 negated its suppressive activity. Because S100A8 scavenges oxidants via this reactive Cys residue, we propose that this may mediate its ability to downmodulate IgE-dependent MC responses. Similar to the thiol scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, S100A8 but not the Ala41 mutant, attenuated DNP/anti-DNP-provoked LAT phosphorylation. However, the disulfide-bonded S100A8 dimer and S100A8 containing a sulfinamide bond between Cys41 and Lys34/35 also reduced MC activation, indicating an additional pathway(s). S100A8 did not suppress antigen/IgE-induced responses of CBMC possibly because these may not truly reflect fullymature human tissue MCs. S100A8 did not alter UVB-induced IL-8 release by CBMCs, or affect apoptosis. Murine S100A8 may have anti-inflammatory properties by regulating MC activation in an activator-specific manner, at least partially by scavenging ROS to suppress intracellular signalling.

Réalisé en cotutelle avec le Dr James G Martin de l'Université McGill (Meakins-Christie laboratories) / L’asthme chez l’homme et le souffle chez le cheval sont des maladies inflammatoires chroniques des voies respiratoires partageant plusieurs caractéristiques physiopathologiques dont la bronchoconstriction réversible, l’inflammation des voies respiratoires inférieures, l’hyperréactivité bronchique et le remodelage tissulaire. Les phénotypes cliniques d’asthme se caractérisent en partie selon le type d’inflammation affectant les voies respiratoires et la présence ou non d’allergie. Le souffle chez le cheval s’avère être un modèle adapté pour l’étude des mécanismes impliqués dans l’asthme neutrophilique, lesquels demeurent particulièrement mal compris, en contraste avec ceux associés avec l’asthme éosinophilique. La réponse immunologique sous-jacente au souffle implique entre autres l’expression de cytokines de type Th2, suggestives d’une réponse allergique (immunité acquise). La poussière environnementale qui provoque les symptômes du souffle contient également des agents non-spécifiques dérivés de bactéries, champignons et moisissures, susceptibles d’activer des mécanismes immunitaires innés chez les chevaux atteints du souffle. Nous avons étudié le rôle des neutrophiles dans l’inflammation associée à la réponse innée et acquise chez le cheval atteint du souffle. Dans un premier temps, l’effet de produits dérivés de bactéries sur l’activation des neutrophiles sanguins provenant de chevaux normaux et atteints de souffle a été étudié dans le but d’évaluer la contribution de la réponse innée dans la physiopathologie du souffle. Nous avons évalué l’effet de l’IL-4, une cytokine de type Th2, sur les neutrophiles des deux groupes de chevaux afin d’évaluer de quelle manière le neutrophile peut participer à la réponse acquise associée à la réponse allergique. Finalement, nous avons étudié l’expression des isoformes de l'arginase par les neutrophiles équins car cette enzyme métabolise la L-arginine et est potentiellement impliquée dans le bronchospasme et le remodelage tissulaire associés à l’asthme. Nos résultats suggèrent que les neutrophiles et les mononucléaires sanguins isolés des chevaux atteints du souffle possèdent une réponse inflammatoire exagérée en réponse aux lipopolyssacharides et peptides formylés et surexpriment les cytokines pro-inflammatoires IL-1β, TNF et IL-8. Cette réponse innée aberrante est associée à une inflammation systémique caractérisée par des concentrations sériques élevées de TNF chez les chevaux atteints du souffle en période de rémission clinique. De plus, nos résultats montrent que l’IL-4 active le neutrophile équin et favorise son chimiotactisme de manière autocrine. L’IL-4 induit un phénotype d’activation typique dans le neutrophile équin, caractérisé par l’expression accrue des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-8 et TNF) ainsi que de récepteurs potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse allergique (IL-4Rα et CD23). Enfin, nous montrons que que l’arginase 1 n’est pas un marqueur de l’activation des neutrophiles équins par l’IL-4, mais que ces cellules expriment constitutivement l’isoforme 2 fonctionnelle de l’arginase. La surrégulation des deux isoformes au niveau des poumons périphériques semble être associée à la pathologie du souffle, ce qui est en accord avec les modèles d’asthme chez la souris, le rat et le cobaye. L'ensemble de ces travaux suggère que les neutrophiles sont des cellules effectrices importantes de la réponse innée et acquise dans la pathophysiologie du souffle, un modèle naturel d’asthme neutrophilique. / Human asthma and equine heaves are chronic pulmonary diseases sharing several pathophysiological properties including lower airway inflammation, reversible bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and tissue remodeling. Clinical phenotypes of asthma are characterized in part by the inflammatory cell populations infiltrating the airways, and the presence or absence of allergy. Heaves is a suitable animal model for the study of the poorly defined pathophysiological processes leading to airway neutrophilia. The immune response in heaves involves Th2 cytokine expression, which is, among other features, associated to allergic inflammation (acquired immunity). Environmental dust exposure leading to clinical exacerbation of heaves contains non-specific agents derived from bacteria, molds or fungi which could also activate innate immune responses in heaves affected horses. We studied the role of neutrophils in innate and acquired immune responses in heaves affected-horse. First, innate immune responses of neutrophils isolated from normal and heaves-affected horses to bacterial-derived products were studied. We also assessed the effect of IL-4, a Th2 cytokine, on equine neutrophils isolated from both groups of horses. Finally, we evaluated the arginase isoforms expressed by equine neutrophils as this enzyme that takes part to the L-arginine metabolism and is thought to contribute to bronchospasm and tissue remodeling associated with asthma. Our results suggest that both neutrophils and mononuclear cells from heaves-affected horses, when compared to healthy horses, have an excessive inflammatory response to lipopolyssacharides and formylated peptides characterized by increased IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF expression. This altered innate response was associated with systemic inflammation in asymptomatic susceptible horses as high serum TNF concentrations were detected. Furthermore, we found that equine neutrophils are activated by IL-4 and release neutrophil chemotactic factors in response to this cytokine. IL-4 also induces a distinctive activation phenotype in neutrophils that is characterized by increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF) and receptors (IL-4Rα and CD23) potentially involved in the allergic response. Finally, we showed that arginase 1 is not a marker of IL-4-activated equine neutrophils although they constitutively express a functionally active isoform 2 of the enzyme. The up-regulation of arginase isoforms in the peripheral lungs of horses with heaves suggests a role for arginase in this model, as it is described in the mouse, rat and guinea pig models. Taken together, this work suggest that neutrophils could play an important role in both innate and acquired immune responses associated with heaves pathophysiology, a natural model of neutrophilic asthma.

L’asthme chez l’homme et le souffle chez le cheval sont des maladies inflammatoires chroniques des voies respiratoires partageant plusieurs caractéristiques physiopathologiques dont la bronchoconstriction réversible, l’inflammation des voies respiratoires inférieures, l’hyperréactivité bronchique et le remodelage tissulaire. Les phénotypes cliniques d’asthme se caractérisent en partie selon le type d’inflammation affectant les voies respiratoires et la présence ou non d’allergie. Le souffle chez le cheval s’avère être un modèle adapté pour l’étude des mécanismes impliqués dans l’asthme neutrophilique, lesquels demeurent particulièrement mal compris, en contraste avec ceux associés avec l’asthme éosinophilique. La réponse immunologique sous-jacente au souffle implique entre autres l’expression de cytokines de type Th2, suggestives d’une réponse allergique (immunité acquise). La poussière environnementale qui provoque les symptômes du souffle contient également des agents non-spécifiques dérivés de bactéries, champignons et moisissures, susceptibles d’activer des mécanismes immunitaires innés chez les chevaux atteints du souffle. Nous avons étudié le rôle des neutrophiles dans l’inflammation associée à la réponse innée et acquise chez le cheval atteint du souffle. Dans un premier temps, l’effet de produits dérivés de bactéries sur l’activation des neutrophiles sanguins provenant de chevaux normaux et atteints de souffle a été étudié dans le but d’évaluer la contribution de la réponse innée dans la physiopathologie du souffle. Nous avons évalué l’effet de l’IL-4, une cytokine de type Th2, sur les neutrophiles des deux groupes de chevaux afin d’évaluer de quelle manière le neutrophile peut participer à la réponse acquise associée à la réponse allergique. Finalement, nous avons étudié l’expression des isoformes de l'arginase par les neutrophiles équins car cette enzyme métabolise la L-arginine et est potentiellement impliquée dans le bronchospasme et le remodelage tissulaire associés à l’asthme. Nos résultats suggèrent que les neutrophiles et les mononucléaires sanguins isolés des chevaux atteints du souffle possèdent une réponse inflammatoire exagérée en réponse aux lipopolyssacharides et peptides formylés et surexpriment les cytokines pro-inflammatoires IL-1β, TNF et IL-8. Cette réponse innée aberrante est associée à une inflammation systémique caractérisée par des concentrations sériques élevées de TNF chez les chevaux atteints du souffle en période de rémission clinique. De plus, nos résultats montrent que l’IL-4 active le neutrophile équin et favorise son chimiotactisme de manière autocrine. L’IL-4 induit un phénotype d’activation typique dans le neutrophile équin, caractérisé par l’expression accrue des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-8 et TNF) ainsi que de récepteurs potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse allergique (IL-4Rα et CD23). Enfin, nous montrons que que l’arginase 1 n’est pas un marqueur de l’activation des neutrophiles équins par l’IL-4, mais que ces cellules expriment constitutivement l’isoforme 2 fonctionnelle de l’arginase. La surrégulation des deux isoformes au niveau des poumons périphériques semble être associée à la pathologie du souffle, ce qui est en accord avec les modèles d’asthme chez la souris, le rat et le cobaye. L'ensemble de ces travaux suggère que les neutrophiles sont des cellules effectrices importantes de la réponse innée et acquise dans la pathophysiologie du souffle, un modèle naturel d’asthme neutrophilique. / Human asthma and equine heaves are chronic pulmonary diseases sharing several pathophysiological properties including lower airway inflammation, reversible bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and tissue remodeling. Clinical phenotypes of asthma are characterized in part by the inflammatory cell populations infiltrating the airways, and the presence or absence of allergy. Heaves is a suitable animal model for the study of the poorly defined pathophysiological processes leading to airway neutrophilia. The immune response in heaves involves Th2 cytokine expression, which is, among other features, associated to allergic inflammation (acquired immunity). Environmental dust exposure leading to clinical exacerbation of heaves contains non-specific agents derived from bacteria, molds or fungi which could also activate innate immune responses in heaves affected horses. We studied the role of neutrophils in innate and acquired immune responses in heaves affected-horse. First, innate immune responses of neutrophils isolated from normal and heaves-affected horses to bacterial-derived products were studied. We also assessed the effect of IL-4, a Th2 cytokine, on equine neutrophils isolated from both groups of horses. Finally, we evaluated the arginase isoforms expressed by equine neutrophils as this enzyme that takes part to the L-arginine metabolism and is thought to contribute to bronchospasm and tissue remodeling associated with asthma. Our results suggest that both neutrophils and mononuclear cells from heaves-affected horses, when compared to healthy horses, have an excessive inflammatory response to lipopolyssacharides and formylated peptides characterized by increased IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF expression. This altered innate response was associated with systemic inflammation in asymptomatic susceptible horses as high serum TNF concentrations were detected. Furthermore, we found that equine neutrophils are activated by IL-4 and release neutrophil chemotactic factors in response to this cytokine. IL-4 also induces a distinctive activation phenotype in neutrophils that is characterized by increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF) and receptors (IL-4Rα and CD23) potentially involved in the allergic response. Finally, we showed that arginase 1 is not a marker of IL-4-activated equine neutrophils although they constitutively express a functionally active isoform 2 of the enzyme. The up-regulation of arginase isoforms in the peripheral lungs of horses with heaves suggests a role for arginase in this model, as it is described in the mouse, rat and guinea pig models. Taken together, this work suggest that neutrophils could play an important role in both innate and acquired immune responses associated with heaves pathophysiology, a natural model of neutrophilic asthma. / Réalisé en cotutelle avec le Dr James G Martin de l'Université McGill (Meakins-Christie laboratories)