Ce mémoire analyse l'évolution des politiques de logement au Chili. Sous le modèle de développement par substitution des importations, la politique de logement était orientée vers l'inclusion sociale des couches populaires, en réponse aux conflits sociaux urbains. Depuis 1973, la politique de logement est orientée par l'aide financière à la demande, influencée par l'idéologie néolibérale. À travers le bon d'habitation (voucher) , l'État structure la demande de logement des secteurs pauvres autour du marché privé. Bien que cette politique ait permis un large accès à la propriété, de nombreux problèmes découlent du modèle fondé sur le marché. En dernière partie, le mémoire illustre les opinions, recueillies par entrevues, de quatre acteurs sociaux (députés, fonctionnaires, secteur privé et mouvement social). On y fait l'analyse des enjeux actuels du logement social au Chili: la privatisation, la propriété privée, l'endettement, la qualité de vie et la ségrégation.

<p dir="ltr">The emergence of Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMR) signifies a pivotal shift in vehicle-based material handling systems, demonstrating their effectiveness across a broad spectrum of applications. Advancing beyond the traditional Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV), AMRs offer unprecedented flexibility in movement, liberated from electromagnetic guidance constraints. Their decentralized control architecture not only enables remarkable scalability but also fortifies system resilience through advanced conflict resolution mechanisms. Nevertheless, transitioning from AGV to AMR presents intricate challenges, chiefly due to the expanded complexity in path planning and task selection, compounded by the heightened potential for conflicts from their dynamic interaction capabilities. This dissertation confronts these challenges by fully leveraging the technological advancements of AMRs. A kinematic-enabled agent-based simulator was developed to replicate AMR system behavior, enabling detailed analysis of fleet dynamics and interactions within AMR intralogistics systems and their environments. Additionally, a comprehensive fleet management protocol was formulated to enhance the throughput of AMR-based intralogistics systems from an integrated perspective. A pivotal discovery of this research is the inadequacy of existing path planning protocols to provide reliable plans throughout their execution, leading to task allocation decisions based on inaccurate plan information and resulting in false optimality. In response, a novel machine learning enhanced probabilistic Multi-Robot Path Planning (MRPP) protocol was introduced to ensure the generation of dependable path plans, laying a solid foundation for task allocation decisions. The contributions of this dissertation, including the kinematic-enabled simulator, the fleet management protocol, and the MRPP protocol, are intended to pave the way for practical enhancements in autonomous vehicle-based material handling systems, fostering the development of solutions that are both innovative and applicable in industrial practices.<br></p>

En 1997, le gouvernement du PRI au Mexique lance PROGRESA, un programme d'aide financière aux familles pauvres vivant en milieu rural. Du fait des contraintes budgétaires et organisationnelles, toutes les localités admissibles ne pouvaient être incorporées avant l'élection présidentielle de juillet 2000. Un indice de marginalité devait déterminer l'ordre d'incorporation. Après estimation d'un modèle de durée, nous trouvons que le taux de vote pour le PRI et le taux de participation à l'élection législative de 1997 ont un effet négatif et significatif sur la durée avant l'incorporation d'une localité. L'ampleur de cet effet reste cependant assez faible. L'augmentation du vote pour le PRI d'un écart-type diminue la durée moyenne de moins de 3%, alors que l'augmentation du taux de participation d'un écart-type diminue la durée moyenne de moins de 4%. En prenant les critères d'éligibilité comme acquis, la présence d'une forte opposition au Parlement fédéral dans la période 1997-2000 semble avoir permis une expansion équitable du programme.

Foreign aid is publicly motivated by a moral obligation to help the poor and develop underdeveloped countries. Donors have invested more than US$2.3 trillion in foreign aid, but despite this significant investment, 3 billion people are still living on less than $2 a day, 840 million are hungry, 10 million children die from preventable disease, and 1 billion adults are illiterate. This study focuses on the impact of foreign aid on economic growth and development of underdeveloped countries. It was found that many variables influence growth and development and that cross-country regression analysis is an inappropriate method to measure the effectiveness of aid. The methodology is too generalist, and treats foreign aid as a homogenous entity that works equally in all countries in all types of environment and across all times. There is an urgent need to develop a new methodology for measuring the effectiveness of foreign aid. / Development Studies / M. A. (Development Studies)

歐盟保險業者於2005年開始，將強制採用IFRS之相關規定。而過去IFRS對於保險業之影響主要以理論探討為主，因此本研究以歐盟壽險業為主要研究對象，探討IFRS適用對壽險業之影響。研究結果發現歐洲壽險業者於適用IFRS後，整體而言的確對於其盈餘波動程度產生正向影響；在資金成本方面則為負向之影響。有關投資配置之影響部分，IFRS之實施對於壽險業者之投資決策並未產生顯著之影響。另一方面，壽險業者之審計公費有降低之趨勢，但其資訊揭露成本有顯著增加之趨勢存在。 / Beginning in 2005, compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has been required in the European Union insurance industry. In the past, the influences of IFRS on the insurance business primarily take the theory discussion. The study takes the European Union life insurance industry as the main objects of study, trying to discuss what the influences of life insurance industry to adopt IFRSs. The study finds that after European Union life insurance industry adopting IFRS, the earning volatility increase and cost of capital would decrease. But in the investment allocations, the influences of IFRS are not significant. In the other hand, audit cost would decrease and information disclosure cost would increase.

Foreign aid is publicly motivated by a moral obligation to help the poor and develop underdeveloped countries. Donors have invested more than US$2.3 trillion in foreign aid, but despite this significant investment, 3 billion people are still living on less than $2 a day, 840 million are hungry, 10 million children die from preventable disease, and 1 billion adults are illiterate. This study focuses on the impact of foreign aid on economic growth and development of underdeveloped countries. It was found that many variables influence growth and development and that cross-country regression analysis is an inappropriate method to measure the effectiveness of aid. The methodology is too generalist, and treats foreign aid as a homogenous entity that works equally in all countries in all types of environment and across all times. There is an urgent need to develop a new methodology for measuring the effectiveness of foreign aid. / Development Studies / M. A. (Development Studies)

Global warming is currently a major challenge faced by the world. Reduction of carbon emissions is of paramount importance in the context of global warming. There are widespread ongoing efforts to find satisfactory ways of surmounting this challenge. The basic objective of all such efforts can be summarized as conception and formation of protocols to reduce the pace of global carbon levels. Countries and global companies are now engaged in understanding systematic ways of achieving well defined emission targets. In this dissertation, we explore the specific problem faced by a global industry or global company in allocating carbon emission reduction units to its different divisions and supply chain partners in achieving a required target of reductions in its carbon reduction program. The problem becomes a challenging one since the divisions and supply chain partners are often autonomous and could exhibit strategic behavior. Game theory and mechanism design provide a natural modeling tool for capturing the strategic dynamics involved in this problem. DSIC (Dominant Strategy Incentive Compatibility), AE (Allocative Efficiency), and SBB (Strict Budget Balance) are the key desirable properties for carbon reduction allocation mechanisms. But due to an impossibility result in mechanism design, DSIC, AE, and SBB can never be simultaneously achieved. Hence in this dissertation, we offer as contributions, two elegant solutions to this carbon emission reduction allocation problem. The first contribution is a mechanism which is DSIC and AE. We first propose a straightforward Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism based solution to the problem, leading to a DSIC and AE reverse auction protocol for allocating carbon reductions among the divisions. This solution, however, leads to a high level of budget imbalance. To reduce budget imbalance, we use redistribution mechanisms, without affecting the key properties of DSIC and AE. The Cavallo-Bailey redistribution mechanism, when applied to the above reverse auction protocol leads to reduced budget imbalance. To reduce the imbalance further, we propose an innovative forward auction protocol which achieves less imbalance when combined with the Cavallo-Bailey redistribution mechanism. The forward auction protocol also has the appealing feature of handsomely rewarding divisions that reduce emissions and levying appropriate penalties on divisions that do not participate in emission reductions. The second contribution is a DSIC and SBB mechanism. Even though the first mechanism tries to reduce the budget imbalance, there is always a surplus which cannot be distributed among divisions and is wasted. So, in this part, by slightly compromising on efficiency, we propose a mechanism which is DSIC and SBB. The SBB property guarantees that there is no need for any monetary support from an external agency for implementing the mechanism and there is no leakage of revenue.

The thesis discusses the possibility of financing investment projects of the municipality Tavíkovice, which plans to make costly investments in roads. Based on the financial and credit analysis the offer of financing this investment by obtaining a loan or a grant will be presented to the municipality. The credit parameters are set as not to overcapitalize of the municipality in order for the municipality to able to perform other investments during the loan repayment.

Despite the fact that illiquid assets pose several difficulties regarding portfolio allocation problems for investors, more investors are increasing their allocation towards them. Alternative assets are characterized as being harder to value and trade because of their illiquidity which raises the question of how they should be managed from an allocation optimization perspective. In an attempt to demystify the illiquidity conundrum, shadow allocations are attached to the classical mean-variance framework to account for liquidity activities. The framework is further improved by replacing the variance for the coherent risk measure conditional value at risk (CVaR). This framework is then used to first stress test and optimize a theoretical portfolio and then analyze real-world data in a case study. The investors’ liquidity preferences are based on common institutional investors such as Foundations &amp; Charities, Pension Funds, and Unions. The theoretical results support previous findings of the shadow allocations framework and decrease the allocation towards illiquid assets, while the results of the case study do not support the shadow allocations framework. / Trots det faktum att illikvida tillgångar medför flera svårigheter när det gäller portföljallokeringsproblem för investerare, så ökar allt fler investerare sin allokering mot dem. Alternativa tillgångar kännetecknas av att de är svårare att värdera och handla på grund av sin illikviditet, vilket väcker frågan om hur de ska hanteras ur ett allokeringsoptimeringsperspektiv. I ett försök att avmystifiera illikviditetsproblemet adderas skuggallokeringar till det klassiska ramverket för modern portföljteori för att ta hänsyn till likviditetsaktiviteter. Ramverket förbättras ytterligare genom att ersätta variansen mot det koherenta riskmåttet CVaR. Detta ramverk används sedan för att först stresstesta och optimera en teoretisk portfölj, och sedan analysera verkliga data i en fallstudie. Investerarnas likviditetspreferenser baseras på vanliga institutionella investerare såsom stiftelser &amp; välgörenhetsorganisationer, pensionsfonder samt fackföreningar. De teoretiska resultaten stödjer tidigare forskning om ramverket för skuggallokeringer och sänker allokeringen mot illikvida tillgångar, samtidigt som resultaten från fallstudien inte stödjer ramverket för skuggallokeringar.

This thesis provides a general methodology for classifying and describing many combinatoric problems, systematising and finding theoretical expressions for quantities of interest, and investigating their feasible numerical evaluation. Unifying notation and definitions are provided. Our knowledge of random allocations is also extended. This is achieved by investigating new processes, generalising known processes, and by providing a formal structure and innovative techniques for analysing them. The random allocation models described in this thesis can be classified as occupancy urn models, in which we have a sequence of urns and throw balls into them, and investigate static, waiting-time and dynamic processes. Various structures are placed on the relationship(s) between cells, balls, and the selection of items being distributed, including varieties, batch arrivals, taboo sets and blocking sets. Static, waiting-time and dynamic processes are investigated. Both without-replacement and with-replacement sampling types are considered. Emphasis is placed on the distributions of waiting-times for one or more events to occur measured from the time a particular event occurs; this begins as an abstraction and generalisation of a model of departures of cars parked in lanes. One of several additional determinations is the platoon size distribution. Models are analysed using combinatorial analysis and Markov Chains. Global attributes are measured, including maximum waits, maximum room required, moments and the clustering of completions. Various conversion formulae have been devised to reduce calculation times by several orders of magnitude. New and extended applications include Queueing in Lanes, Cake Displays, Coupon Collector's Problem, Sock-Sorting, Matching Dependent Sets (including Genetic Code Attribute Matching and the game SET), the Zig-Zag Problem, Testing for Randomness (including the Cake Display Test, which is a without-replacement test similar to the standard Empty Cell test), Waiting for Luggage at an Airport, Breakdowns in a Network, Learning Theory and Estimating the Number of Skeletons at an Archaeological Dig. Fundamental, reduction and covering theorems provide ways to reduce the number of calculations required. New combinatorial identities are discovered and a well-known one is proved in a combinatorial way for the first time. Some known results are derived from simple cases of the general models. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1309598 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mathematical Sciences, 2007