<p>Den 1 januari 2005, startades det europeiska handelssystemet med utsläppsrätter. Handelssystemet avser att minska</p><p>koldioxidutsläppen inom Europa, för att fullfölja åtagandet i Kyotoprotokollet. I Sverige har flera sektorer påverkats</p><p>av handeln med utsläppsrätter bl.a. energisektorn, som står i fokus för denna studie.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur de större och mindre energibolagen samt de ansvariga myndigheterna i</p><p>Sverige uppfattar systemet för handel med utsläppsrätter. För att uppfylla syftet formulerades ett antal</p><p>frågeställningar om hur energibolagen och myndigheterna ser på handelssystemets följande områden, fördelar och</p><p>nackdelar, implementering, tilldelningsprinciper, förbättringspotential, framtida utveckling, samt om det finns några</p><p>likheter och skillnader mellan energibolagen. Detta gjordes genom intervjuer med representanter från ett urval av</p><p>svenska energibolag och ansvariga myndigheter. Resultatet av intervjuerna analyserades och jämfördes med tidigare</p><p>studier. Därefter diskuterades frågeställningarna.</p><p>Slutsatserna visar att handelssystemet anses vara ett kostnadseffektivt styrmedel. Vidare visar slutsatserna att vid</p><p>implementeringen var tidspressen det största problemet för både energibolagen och myndigheterna. Vad gäller</p><p>tilldelningsprinciper föredrar energibolagen tilldelning baserad på riktmärken, detta bl.a. då de ser problem med</p><p>uppdatering av de historiska utsläppen. När det gäller handelssystemets förbättringspotential önskar energibolagen</p><p>främst större harmonisering, längre perioder samt en förenkling av reglerna och kraven. Både energibolagen och</p><p>myndigheterna framhåller att handelssystemets framtid är väldigt osäker och att det beror mycket på vilka</p><p>internationella beslut som fattas. En skillnad som har kunnat urskiljas mellan de större och mindre energibolagen är</p><p>att de större tänker globalt på klimatproblematiken och miljön, i jämförelse med de mindre energibolagen, vars fokus</p><p>ligger på den inhemska marknaden.</p>

Den 1 januari 2005, startades det europeiska handelssystemet med utsläppsrätter. Handelssystemet avser att minska koldioxidutsläppen inom Europa, för att fullfölja åtagandet i Kyotoprotokollet. I Sverige har flera sektorer påverkats av handeln med utsläppsrätter bl.a. energisektorn, som står i fokus för denna studie. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur de större och mindre energibolagen samt de ansvariga myndigheterna i Sverige uppfattar systemet för handel med utsläppsrätter. För att uppfylla syftet formulerades ett antal frågeställningar om hur energibolagen och myndigheterna ser på handelssystemets följande områden, fördelar och nackdelar, implementering, tilldelningsprinciper, förbättringspotential, framtida utveckling, samt om det finns några likheter och skillnader mellan energibolagen. Detta gjordes genom intervjuer med representanter från ett urval av svenska energibolag och ansvariga myndigheter. Resultatet av intervjuerna analyserades och jämfördes med tidigare studier. Därefter diskuterades frågeställningarna. Slutsatserna visar att handelssystemet anses vara ett kostnadseffektivt styrmedel. Vidare visar slutsatserna att vid implementeringen var tidspressen det största problemet för både energibolagen och myndigheterna. Vad gäller tilldelningsprinciper föredrar energibolagen tilldelning baserad på riktmärken, detta bl.a. då de ser problem med uppdatering av de historiska utsläppen. När det gäller handelssystemets förbättringspotential önskar energibolagen främst större harmonisering, längre perioder samt en förenkling av reglerna och kraven. Både energibolagen och myndigheterna framhåller att handelssystemets framtid är väldigt osäker och att det beror mycket på vilka internationella beslut som fattas. En skillnad som har kunnat urskiljas mellan de större och mindre energibolagen är att de större tänker globalt på klimatproblematiken och miljön, i jämförelse med de mindre energibolagen, vars fokus ligger på den inhemska marknaden.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 71050100641.pdf.jpg: 15085 bytes, checksum: da94bf1ee170193cadfd39532db9d412 (MD5) 71050100641.pdf: 1002739 bytes, checksum: 24f904fbada233718e98bb0431662279 (MD5) 71050100641.pdf.txt: 115624 bytes, checksum: 49213ba733bbc49141b1a9b8047d5bec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-11T00:00:00Z / This thesis is divided in two chapters. The first chapter entitled "The Dynamics of the Dynamic Hedging" derives an optimal hedging ratio in a dynamic discrete-time stochastic setting allowing for margin requirements. Then, it empirically analyzes the dynamics of the hedging strategy in terms of wealth volatility by comparing alternative estimation methods. Besides considering margin accounts empirically, we also innovate by varying the out-of-sample hedging horizon for a representative investor from 10 to 127 days and evaluate the impact of the time horizon on the hedging efficiency. The second chapter entitled "The impact of ETS market on the futures prices of electricity or Kyoto 220 volts: Fast and Furious" addresses the economic impact of the carbon allowance market in European Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) on the futures market of electricity and gas prices. We also analyze the dynamics relationship among these markets with coal and natural gas futures markets. / O primeiro ensaio desenvolve e implementa um modelo de proteção (hedging) dinâmico considerando as chamadas de margem. O segundo ensaio trata-se de uma revisão teórica e de uma análise empírica do impacto do mercado de crédito de carbono europeu, impulsionado pelo Protocolo de Kyoto, no mercado futuro da eletricidade na Europa.

The thesis entitled "Comparison of the social security system in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in relation to persons with disabilities" focuses on a comparison of social security systems for persons with disabilities in the Czech Republic and in the Slovak Republic. The thesis, conceived as a theoretical study, is divided into six main chapters where two objectives were defined: ,,To describe the social security system of persons with disabilities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia" and ,,To identify the differences in the systems of social security of people with disabilities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia". Study and analysis of the documents and then comparison of the information gathered there of were used as the research methods. The chapter focusing on social security in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the years 1945 and 1992 describes, in particular, the gradual state paternalism in the field of social security and the passive position of the citizens in this system. In the context of the given topic, it was also important to determine that the social security system under the socialist government did not address the situation of the poor, the unemployed and particularly the persons with disabilities. The final part of this chapter outlines social reform after 1989, which on the one hand restored rights of the citizens and their responsibility for their lives and, on the other hand also defined and suggested solutions of non-existent social situations in the socialist period. An interesting finding that differences of opinion on the progress of the economy transformation and social reforms might have been one of the reasons that contributed to the dissolution of the Czechoslovak Federation was established. Chapters 3 and 4 describe the social security systems for PWD (person with disabilities) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The conditions for a disablement pension entitlement, method of assessing disablement, method of calculation, amount of a pension, etc. were described firstin each of these chapters. In addition, specific allowances for persons with disabilities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, including the DID card, and finally social services for PWD, their types, providers, financing, quality assessment, etc. were outlined. Chapter 5 and sub-chapters compare disability pensions, allowances and social services in both countries. The comparison is based on the data included in Chapters 3 and 4 describing both of the social security schemes for PWD, on expert opinions and the author´s own experiences. The end of Chapter 5 emphasizes the main problems of both systems. Their solution was suggested. Chapter 6 summarizes the results of the comparison.

The Swedish model is perceived as a successful framework for combining rapid labor market adjustment with low inequality. Formulated by Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner and implemented from the 1950s, it has been associated with the peak in economic restructuring and interregional migration during the 1960s. However, there is little empirical evidence for this. This thesis consists of an introduction and four essays. It explores three aspects of the model from a long-run perspective: interregional migration, wage dispersion and labor market policy. Essay I uses new data to track interregional migration rates in the postwar period (1945-1985). The results show that the responsiveness of interregional migration to local labor market conditions remained stable over time; it was neither higher during the 1960s nor lower when migration declined after 1970. Essay II employs a regression-decomposition framework to analyze the evolution of wage dispersion. The results suggest that wage dispersion was stable from centralized bargaining’s introduction in 1956 to the late 1960s. Afterwards, there was a rapid decline, likely because of solidaristic bargaining. Essay III contrasts the implementation of the active labor market policy to regional policy. Following a decisive shift around 1970, the focus on north to south mobility was replaced with policies to stimulate northern employment. Declining rural support for the Social Democrats and electoral competition from the Center Party caused this shift. Finally, Essay IV is a case study about mobility subsidy usage in Västernorrland County using sources on relocation allowances from 1965, 1970 and 1975. The results indicate that in the 1960s there was strong selection into the program by young persons with good labor market prospects. However, the program’s use did not change after the regional policy shift in the early 1970s. The collective results suggest that the policies associated with the Swedish model were minor for economic restructuring patterns. The migrations of the 1960s and the decline in regional disruptions after 1970 should instead be explained by studying the consequences of structural changes, how regions were progressively affected differently and the possible role that government policies played in directing demand for labor across space.

The content of this thesis is a detailed analysis of individual types of tax allowances provided to individuals - residents, focusing on selected states of the European Union. Tax allowances are considered deductions, allowances, credits and tax band with a zero tax rate. The author explains the differences between these types of tax allowances, analyzes the types of tax allowances granted in selected states of the European Union and examines the tax yield of the basic types of tax allowances of the taxpayer with an average gross wage.

The diploma thesis is focused on analysis of the banking portfolios quality evolution of the Czech market in observed period from 2004 to 2014. In the first part related regulatory rules and their changes are defined. The rules are listed for the categorization of the receivables due from customers, the creation of allowances, the portfolio concentration and the amount of capital. Next part of the thesis is focused on the analysis of the banking portfolios quality evolution of the whole banking sector. In this part are described factors, which influenced the banking sector in observed time period. In the last chapter the thesis examines quality of banking portfolio of three banks in related areas. For the comparison were used chosen financial ratios.

The subject of this thesis is the issue of overdue receivables and their reflection in accounting according to accounting and tax legislation valid in the Czech Republic. First it discusses debt collection and related costs. Then it maps the rules for recognition of impairment loss on receivables in the accounts through allowances and write-offs, also from the perspective of international financial reporting standards and in terms of tax optimization. The main part of the work is an analysis of overdue debts and formed allowances in the years 2004 to 2014 in nine selected leasing companies operating on the Czech market, focusing on the influence of the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009.

This Master´s thesis covers the subject of supplementary pension insurance and life insurance contributions as new benefits for employees of the DISTEP a.s. company. Master´s thesis comprises a complex project for integration of supplementary pension and life insurance into the current employee benefit system in the company, analysis of benefits currently provided and advancement recommendations.