Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-21T15:09:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigoluizfabri.pdf: 7094274 bytes, checksum: 484f776d7feb93bcc95fb361ef5dc745 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T19:10:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigoluizfabri.pdf: 7094274 bytes, checksum: 484f776d7feb93bcc95fb361ef5dc745 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T19:10:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigoluizfabri.pdf: 7094274 bytes, checksum: 484f776d7feb93bcc95fb361ef5dc745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Mitracarpus frigidus (Willd. ex Reem Schult.) K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) é uma espécie nativa, amplamente distribuída por todo território brasileiro, com poucos relatos na literatura sobre seu potencial químico-biológico. Estudos preliminares relataram que a planta apresenta atividade antimicrobiana, leishmanicida e antioxidante, e tem como principais constituintes alcaloides, quinonas, flavonoides, terpenos e esteroides. Com o intuito de dar continuidade aos estudos envolvendo esta espécie, este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar sua toxidade e seu potencial farmacológico, bem como e isolar e caracterizar suas substâncias bioativas. Do extrato metanólico das partes aéreas de M. frigidus (MFM) foram isolados os triterpenos ácido ursólico e ursolato de metila, e a naftoquinona psicorubrina. Os flavonoides rutina e campferol também foram identificados. Utilizando essas substâncias como marcadores, MFM foi padronizado e avaliado para as atividades esquistossomicida, anti-inflamatória, laxativa e citotóxica. Além disso, sua toxidade aguda (DL50) e subcrônica foram avaliadas. O potencial biológico e a composição química do extrato em hexano e do óleo essencial da espécie também foram analisados. MFM apresentou atividade esquistossomicida tanto in vitro quanto in vivo com considerável redução da carga parasitária. Também foi observada atividade anti-inflamatória aguda e crônica para os modelos testados, sendo a resposta aguda mais expressiva. MFM inibiu o processo de migração celular mediado pela inflamação e também diminuiu o processo oxidativo do organismo, evidenciado pela baixa concentração de MDA, catalase e mieloperoxidase. Em relação à expressão de ciclooxigenases, MFM inibiu COX-2. Atividade citotóxica contra células leucêmicas, HL60 e Jurkat, sem indução de apoptose também foi observada. Além disso, MFM induziu aumento do peristaltismo intestinal e da produção de fezes, o que pode estar relacionado com a presença de antraquinonas identificadas em MFM. A partir do estudo toxicológico agudo e subcrônico de MFM foi possível verificar que a planta tem baixa toxidade (DL50 > 2000 mg/Kg) e que não provocou alterações bioquímicas e hematológicas durante 42 dias de experimento. As substâncias ácido ursólico, ursolato de metila e psicorubrina, isoladas de MFM, apresentaram atividade citotóxica para células tumorais e para diferentes espécies de Leishmania. Da mesma forma, o extrato em hexano apresentou atividade antimicrobiana e leishmanicida, com especificidade e seletividade para formas intracelulares (amastigotas). O óleo essencial apresentou atividade antifúngica e leishmanicida. Linalol e acetato de eugenol foram identificados como as substâncias majoritárias. A partir deste trabalho, foi possível concluir que a espécie M. frigidus, que não possui relatos de uso na medicina popular, pode ser uma fonte alternativa de estudos para o tratamento de diversas doenças, como as provocadas por fungos, bactérias e parasitas, além de patologias relacionadas a processos inflamatórios. / Mitracarpus frigidus (Willd. ex Schult Reem.) K. Schum. (Rubiaceae) is a native species, widely distributed throughout the Brazilian territory, with few reports in the literature on its chemical-biological potential. Previous studies reported that the plant has antimicrobial, antioxidant and leishmanicidal, and that its main constituents are alkaloids, quinones, flavonoids, terpenes and steroids. In order to continue the studies involving this species, this work aimed to evaluate its toxicity and pharmacological potential, as well as to isolate and characterize its bioactive compounds. From the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of M. frigidus (MFM) the triterpenes ursolic acid and methyl ursolate, and the naphthoquinone psycorubrin were isolated. The flavonoids rutin and kaempferol were also identified. Using these compounds as markers, MFM was standardized and evaluated for schistosomicidal, anti-inflammatory, laxative and cytotoxic activity. Moreover, its acute (LD50) and subchronic toxicity were evaluated. The biological potential and chemical composition of the hexane extract and the essential oil of this species were also analyzed. MFM showed both in vitro and in vivo schistosomicidal activity with considerable reduction in parasite burden. Antiinflammatory activity was also observed for the acute and chronic models tested, with a more proeminent acute response. Those results demonstrated that MFM inhibited the inflammation cell mediated migration and also decreased the oxidative process of the organism, as evidenced by the observed low concentration of MDA, catalase and myeloperoxidase. Regarding the expression of cyclooxygenase, MFM inhibited COX 2. Cytotoxic activity against leukemia cells, HL60 and Jurkat, without apoptosis induction was also observed. Furthermore, MFM induced increase of intestinal peristalsis and production of faeces, which can be related to the presence of the anthraquinones identified in MFM. From the acute and subchronic toxicity study of MFM it was possible to verify that the plant has low toxicity (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) and caused no hematological and biochemical changes during 42 days of experiment. The compounds ursolic acid, methyl ursolate and psycorubrin, isolated from MFM, showed cytotoxicity against different tumor cells and species of Leishmania. Likewise, the hexane extract showed antibacterial and antileishmanial properties, with specificity and selectivity for intracellular forms (amastigotes). The essential oil showed antifungal and leishmanicidal activity. Linalool and eugenol acetate were identified as its major compounds. In conclusion, the species M. frigidus, which has no reports on its use in traditional medicine, could be an alternative source of study for the treatment of various diseases such as those caused by fungi, bacteria and parasites, and pathologies related to inflammatory processes.

Les thérapies complémentaires et alternatives (TCA), sont largement utilisées par la population pour faire face à différents problèmes de santé. En raison des répercussions tant positives que négatives qu’elles peuvent avoir sur la santé, les infirmières et les infirmiers qui assurent des soins holistiques devraient être bien formés sur les TCA. En vue d’apprécier l’issue de la formation initiale à l’égard des TCA, et procéder à l’appréciation des interventions de formation sur ces thérapies, plusieurs questionnaires axés sur les déterminants d’usage des TCA ont été proposés au cours des dernières années. Cette étude avait comme but de dresser l’inventaire des questionnaires qui ont été proposés à ce jour en lien avec les déterminants d’usage des TCA des étudiantes et étudiants infirmiers notamment les connaissances, les attitudes et/ou les croyances. Pour ce faire, une revue de la portée a été conduite selon la méthodologie d’Arksey et O’Malley (2005). La recherche documentaire a permis d’identifier dix-neuf questionnaires d’études répondant aux critères d’inclusion. Ce travail a permis une meilleure compréhension du contenu général et des particularités des questionnaires sur les TCA destinés aux étudiantes et étudiants infirmiers. L’analyse des questionnaires recensés montre que l’accent été mis sur le concept des connaissances exploré par 95% des études, contrairement aux croyances étudiées dans seulement 16% des cas. La recension des écrits est la stratégie de développement des questionnaires la plus courante, adoptée dans 50% des études, suivie de l’adaptation des questionnaires prédéveloppés dans 37% des cas. Tandis que 53% des études ont pris en compte des considérations contextuelles d’ordre sociopolitique et culturel dans le développement du questionnaire, un pourcentage élevé des études (47%) n’ont pas fourni d’information sur les caractéristiques psychométriques. À la lumière de ces résultats, des recommandations pour les chercheurs en sciences infirmières ont été formulées. / Complementary and alternative therapies, known as CAM, are widely used by the population to deal with various health problems. Due to their potential health impacts, both positive and negative, nurses who provide holistic care should be well trained in CAM. In order to assess the outcome of initial training regarding CAM, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of training interventions on these therapies, several questionnaires focusing on the determinants of CAM use have been proposed in recent years. The aim of this study was to compile an inventory of the questionnaires that have been proposed to date in relation to the knowledge, attitudes and/or beliefs of nursing students about CAM. To this end, a scoping was conducted according to the methodology of Arksey and O'Malley (2005). The literature search identified nineteen questionnaires of studies that met the inclusion criteria. This work provided a better understanding of the general content and specific features of the CAM questionnaires. The analysis of measured concepts showed a focus on the concept of knowledge, explored in 95% of studies, compared to the concept of beliefs studied in only 16% of cases. Literature review emerged as the most common questionnaire development strategy, adopted in 50% of studies, followed by the adaptation of pre-developed questionnaires in 37% of cases. 53% of the studies considered contextual socio-political and cultural factors. A significant percentage (47%) of studies did not provide information on the psychometric characteristics of their scales. In the light of these findings, recommendations were formulated for nursing researchers.

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