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This study examined the current state of storm- and rainwater recycling for non-potable purposes in Scandinavia as well as the local conditions and challenges that influence the sustainability of storm- and rainwater recycling. Particularly, this study aimed to show how well existing storm- and rainwater recycling systems have performed, relative to the level of ambition held by the project owner and try to gauge their sustainability relative to traditional drinking water production systems. To achieve this, a literature study, a series of interviews with project owners and a multi-criteria analysis were conducted.  The evaluated storm- and rainwater recycling systems performed well at both larger and smaller scales, although this was not uniform. Generally, more simple systems with minimal treatment performed better. The relative lack of experience with the systems, regulatory uncertainties as well as the cold climate were all challenges that the storm- and rainwater recycling systems faced.  Broadly, the owners of the systems reported high levels of contentment with the systems and the quality of the water, but motivations for installing the systems varied between regions. Difficulties encountered generally pertained to issues that arose from the design, such as the storage being underdimensioned, or the turbidity of the water in open storage being too high, complicating treatment.  There appears to be potential for applying storm- and rainwater recycling at scale in Scandinavia. In theory, such technologies deployed at scale could help ease the demand for drinking water in all Scandinavian nations. Overall, storm- and rainwater recycling may not be a panacea for the water-related challenges brought on by climate change and industrial activity, but they can be part of a solution and alleviate some issues like water shortages. / Detta examensarbete undersökte det aktuella tillståndet av dag- och regnvattenåtervinning för användningsområden där drickbart vatten inte behövs i Skandinavien, samt de lokala förhållanden och utmaningar som påverkar hållbarheten av dag- och regnvattenåtervinning. Studien hade särskilt fokus på hur existerande dag- och regnvattensystem har presterat, relativt till den ambitionsnivå som fanns hos systemägarna, samt att försöka att utvärdera hållbarheten av dessa relativt den traditionella skandinaviska dricksvattenproduktionen. För att åstadkomma detta så genomfördes en litteraturstudie, flertalet intervjuer samt en multikriterieanalys.  De utvärderade dag- och regnvattenåtervinningssystemen presterade väl på både stor och liten skala, men samtliga gjorde inte det. Generellt så var det de enklare systemen med minimal behandling som presterade bättre. Den relativa bristen på erfarenhet med dessa system, osäkerheter angående lagar och förordningar, samt det kalla klimatet var utmaningar som mötte dag- och regnvattenåtervinningssystemen.  Generellt så rapporterade ägarna av systemen en hög nivå av tillfredsställelse med hur dessa har fungerat i praktiken samt kvaliteten på vattnet, dock så varierade motiveringarna bakom installationerna mellan olika regioner. Svårigheter som uppstod berodde ofta på problem som uppkom från designen av systemet, exempelvis underdimensionering av lagringskapacitet eller för hög grumlighet i vattnet som försvårade behandling.  Det verkar finnas potential för att använda dag- och regnvattenåtervinning på stor skala i Skandinavien, och storskalig applikation av dag- och regnvattenåtervinning skulle kunna bidra till att minska dricksvattenanvändningen i samtliga skandinaviska länder. Överlag så är kanske inte dag- och regnvattenåtervinnig en mirakellösning till vattenrelaterade utmaningar orsakat av klimatförändringar och industriell aktivitet. Dock så kan dag- och regnvattenåtervinning ändå vara en del av lösningen och lindra problem så som vattenbrist. / Drizzle-projektet

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / A proposed desalting plant is an engineering solution to the effects of a problem which could have been avoided and even now could be reduced on the farm. Water costing $125 per acre-foot will be delivered to Mexico to grow wheat, cotton, garden crops, alfalfa and safflower, of which the average value added per acre-foot was estimated at $80 for cotton and garden crops and $14 for wheat, alfalfa and safflower. The U.S. government, instead of building the desalting complex, could accomplish its purpose just as well by paying each farmer in the Yuma area, in return for the farmers reducing their drainage flow by whatever method they see fit, $114 per acre per year for the next 50 years. With proper management on the farm, the costs of managing salinity need not be high.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / A plan for the reuse of sewage effluent is proposed for the city of Tucson, Arizona. Several kinds of use would be possible, but utilization for irrigation of existing farmland in the Avra-Marana area seems particularly attractive for several reasons: (1) conveyance can be accomplished by gravity flow, (2) no tertiary treatment is required for the presently grown crops, (3) the nutrients in the effluent would be better used, and (4) effluent use would reduce the pumpage of high quality groundwater, conserving it for municipal or other uses. An exchange of wastewater for groundwater for use in the city system is seen as a good alternative to the present practice of the city purchasing farmland in Avra valley in order to acquire the groundwater for conveyance to the Tucson basin. Objectives to maximize the quantity and efficiency of wastewater use may not appear compatible with the profit maximization motive of the individual farmer, and suitable provisions will have to be written into wastewater sales agreements to assure coordination between user and supplier.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / The doctrine of prior appropriation used in the arid western states has encouraged rapid exploitation of our natural water resources. Those who beneficially used the water first, regardless of type of use or efficiency, obtained a perpetual right to always be first. As frontiers for exploiting our natural resources shrink, the Appropriation Doctrine is changing under the stresses of the 1970's. Our water allocations system is changing as new water -use priorities emerge along with changing quality standards. Government at all levels, along with planners and engineers, must understand the institutional and legal constraints put on water development by our historic water rights system so that intelligent decisions can be made in developing and maintaining our natural water resources.