The present study integrated social exchange theory and motivational perspective to explore the mediating role of felt obligation and boundary condition of personal motives in the relationship between psychological contract fulfillments (PCF) and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). We hypothesized that (a) PCF exerts influences on OCB through felt obligation; (b) the PCF-OCB relationship would be stronger when employees are high in altruistic and high in egoistic motive. Accordingly, an integrative model of exchange theory and motivational theory would be proposed to simultaneously examine the mediated effect and interactive effect on organizational citizenship behaviors. We tested the hypothesized model by using data of supervisor-subordinate dyads. Data are collected through employees¡¦ self-reports and employees¡¦ supervisors, so two questionnaires are use. Obtaining measures of the predictor and criterion variables from different source is one of the procedures used to control common method bias, a critical limitation in cross-sectional correlational research (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, and Lee, 2003). A sample of 485 supervisor-subordinate dyad was obtained from supervisory MBA graduates and their randomly-selected subordinates. All survey measures process the back translation procedure recommended by Brislin (1980) to assure the equivalence before administration. Confirmatory factor analysis is employed to examine the psychometric properties of all measures used. Finally, to test hypotheses, structure equation modeling using statistical package Liseral 8.5 and hierarchical moderated regression were employed. Resulted showed that social exchange theory and motives significantly explained the PCF-OCB association in different way, as we expected. First, we found that felt obligation is influenced by balance and relational PCF and then in turn has impact on etic OCB, while transactional PCF had no effects on either felt obligation or two forms of OCBs. Additionally, results strongly suggested that the negative effect of transactional PCF on OCB occurred for people low in altruistic motive to help, but would be positive associated for people high in altruistic motive. The findings signify that altruistic motive interacted in such a way that a strong altruistic motive was needed to buffer the negative effect of transactional PCF on etic OCB. It¡¦s important to note that transactional PCF had no direct effect on any forms of OCB, thus it appeared that altruistic motive played a role of ¡§switch¡¨ to activate the relationship between transactional PCF and every forms of OCB. Finally, we found altruistic motive, instead of egoistic motive, is the key determinant for OCB.

The present study aimed to investigate elementary school teachers&rsquo / motives to pursue a teaching career. Teachers&rsquo / motives to follow a teaching career were analyzed in terms of their gender, year of experience, graduate higher education institution, graduate high school, subject, and the presence or absence of other teachers in their families. The participants were 905 teachers from 38 public elementary schools in six central districts of Ankara. A forty-three-item, five point Likert scale questionnaire, developed by the researcher, was used for data collection. SPSS was utilized for the descriptive statistical analyses. Responses to open-ended question were qualitatively analyzed. The results of the study revealed that elementary school teachers agreed on mostly intrinsic and altruistic motives as their reasons to enter teaching. A liking for children, a desire to make a contribution to their development, and a wish for setting good models for them were among the motives teachers mostly agreed on. However, elementary school teachers mostly disagreed on extrinsic motives and miscellaneous reasons. Of the extrinsic motives the motives with the lowest mean scores were the one suggesting the financial advantages of teaching. Lastly, of the miscellaneous reasons teachers mostly disagreed they entered teaching because they did not know what else to do or they had no other choice. In other words, teachers disagreed they entered teaching because of an obligation or lack of opportunities. In conclusion, the results of this study can contribute to fill the gap in the literature on teachers&rsquo / motives to pursue a teaching career.

Growing issues such as climate crises, social injustice and neglection of basic human rights have created a new type of consumption, namely ethical consumption. Ethical consumption was initially mainly concerned for environmental issues but has in later years starting to include a variety of pressing issues. Ethical consumption was also initially mainly connected to groups of extremists, but with the increasing availability of ethical products in mainstream outlets, ethical consumption has shifted to be a mainstream consumer game. Mainstream ethical consumption has largely been neglected in previous research where the field is lacking knowledge in form of qualitative behavioral data. Departing from the gap, this study will mainly focus on exploring the motives for ethical consumption in the mainstream consumer segment. We will examine several driving forces in form of altruistic-based motives, egoistic-based motives, and non-value-based motives. However, in order to give this an additional dimension we also want to examine the level of morality of ethical consumption by using five ethical theories. This approach has been overlooked in previous ethical consumption research and it will question the basic assumption that ethical consumption is the morally correct thing to do. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the motivational factors for ethical consumption and through the lens of ethical theories examine the level of morality of this behavior. In order to fulfill this purpose we have conducted a qualitative study within the context of organic groceries in the Swedish market. Organic groceries is a branch of ethical consumption that few studies has examined before, and that applies especially to the Swedish market. 14 mainstream consumers have been interviewed were all of these were frequent buyers of organic groceries. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured fashion which was then analyzed by the use of thematic analysis. Furthermore, the study was guided by an exploratory inductive approach where subjectivity played a significant part. The results show that ethical consumption is driven by altruistic-based motives in form of social justice, where consumer want their consumption to benefit other. However, it is far from the only motive because ethical consumers are equally driven by egoistic motives. The result show that consumers are driven strongly by the sense of self- satisfaction created by the force of social norms, health and wellbeing, and product quality. This duality of motives creates a paradoxical tension in form of a win-win situation where the consumers strive for both the benefit of self as well as the benefit of others. Furthermore, ethical consumption is driven by habitual behavior where the consumers rely much on mental shortcuts in their purchases. Consumers are also not well- informed about ethical products and labels and therefore rely heavily on mythical benefits. In addition, when examining the level of morality of ethical consumption we can conclude that it is on level between mediocre to high. From a consequentialist and a non- consequentialist perspective the level of morality is fairly high, but from a character-based perspective the morality stumbles.