The objectives of this study were to (1) determine an intermittent aeration strategy that could be used to conserve nitrogen (N) via nitrification in dairy manure, (2) determine the effect of recycled flush water on the bio-availability of N during nitrification, and (3) determine effective and economical dosages of chemicals to remove phosphorus (P) from liquid dairy manure. Intermittent aeration strategies, defined in terms of time the aerator is on and off (ON h:OFF h), could be used to conserve N in dairy manure. Testing of four treatments (continuous aeration [100%], 1h:0.33h [75%], 1h:0.67h [60%], and 1h:1h [50%]) showed that only treatments using air provided for 100% and 75% of the time could support nitrification. The 100% and 75% aeration treatments conserved an average of 38% and 25% of influent total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) as nitrite-N+nitrate-N, respectively. Less than 2% of influent TAN was conserved using 60% and 50% treatments. The effect of manure handling technique on N bioavailability and nitrification was tested using flushed and scraped dairy manure. Nitrification was inhibited in scraped manure. Four aluminum- and iron-based salts and five cationic polyacrylamide polymers were evaluated for P removal using jar tests. Ferric chloride (FeCl3·6H2O), aluminum sulfate (Al2[SO4]3·13H2O, alum), and Superfloc 4512 were selected for further study. Polymer addition enhanced floc size and improved P removal. Treatment of manure (0.89% total solids) from Tank 2 at Virginia Tech's dairy using either FeCl3 or alum in combination with polymer resulted in more than 90% P removal. Chemical treatment and transport of P-rich sludge from a 2,270 cubic meter storage tank would result in an estimated 40% cost savings over transport of the entire manure volume offsite for land application elsewhere. The manure treatment strategies tested provide some solutions to dairy farmers regarding adjustment of N:P ratios so that manure can be applied to meet nutrient needs of crops while adhering to regulations set forth by nutrient management plans. / Master of Science

The purpose of this investigation was to continue the color reduction study of alum treatment of caustic wash from chlorine bleached kraft pulp, to determine if a double tray Dorr thickener could be used to settle the coagulated waste, and to determine if a centrifugal separator could be used to dewater the sludge from the Dorr underflow. Approximately 5000 gallons of caustic wash from chlorine bleached kraft pulp was used for each phase of this investigation. The raw waste feed flow rate was varied from 1750 pounds per hour to 2499 Pounds per hour. The alum slurry flow rate was varied from 39 Pounds per hour to 60 pounds per hour. The hydrochloric acid flow rate remained constant at approximately five pounds per hour. The raw waste was acidified with 38 percent hydrochloric acid to a pH of 6.0, and treated with alum sulfate slurry to coagulate the solids in the waste. The coagulated solids were concentrated in a double tray Dorr thickener. The percent of insoluble solids in the Dorr underflow varied from 0.65 to 1.35. The concentrated solids were fed to a Merco centrifugal separator where the insoluble solids were concentrated in approximately equal proportions in the Merco overflow and underflow. / Master of Science

Lipopolissacarídeos (LPS), pode tanto proteger quanto exacerbar o desenvolvimento da asma. LPS inicia a ativação da resposta imune via ligação da molécula Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) que sinaliza por duas vias distintas, as moléculas adaptadoras MyD88 e TRIF. LPS é um adjuvante que induz resposta do tipo Th1, enquanto que o hidróxido de alumínio (Alum) desperta respostas Th2, porém, a mistura de ambos adjuvantes na indução da resposta alérgica pulmonar ainda não foi investigada. No presente estudo, nós determinamos o efeito de dois agonistas de TLR4, um natural (LPS) e outro sintético (ER-803022) adsorvidos ao Alum sobre o desenvolvimento de doença alérgica pulmonar. Os animais foram sensibilizados pela via subcutânea com os antígenos, Ovoalbumina (OVA) ou Toxóide Tetânico (TT) na presença ou ausência de agonistas de TLR4 co-adsorvidos ao Alum e desafiados com os respectivos antígenos pela via intranasal. Nossos resultados mostraram que a sensibilização com OVA ou TT e LPS coadsorvidos ao Alum, impede o estabelecimento da resposta alérgica mediada por linfócitos Th2, tais como, influxo de eosinófilos, produção de citocinas do tipo 2, hiperreatividade brônquica, secreção de muco, e produção de IgE ou IgG1 anafilática. Apesar dos níveis de IgG2a, isotipo associado com as respostas Th1 estarem aumentados, análise da histopatologia pulmonar não revelou um desvio para o padrão Th1 de inflamação. Verificamos que a presença das moléculas TLR4, MyD88, IL-12/IFN-g mas não TRIF foram necessários para LPS exercer seu efeito inibitório. O agonista sintético de TLR4, menos tóxico que LPS, também protegeu contra o desenvolvimento de inflamação alérgica pulmonar. Em conclusão, nosso trabalho esclarece o efeito da sinalização do TLR4 na sensibilização alérgica e indica que agonista sintético de TLR4 com baixa toxicidade, pode ser utilizado para modular a capacidade adjuvante do Alum e conseqüentemente diminuir a indução de alergias. / Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can either protect from or exacerbate allergic asthma. LPS triggers immune responses through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 that in turn activates two major signaling pathways via either MyD88 or TRIF adaptor proteins. LPS is a pro-Th1 adjuvant while aluminum hydroxide (Alum) is a strong Th2 adjuvant, but the effect of mixing both adjuvants on development of lung allergy has not been investigated. We determined whether natural (LPS) or synthetic (ER-803022) TLR4 agonists adsorbed onto alum adjuvant affect allergen sensitization and development of airway allergic disease. To dissect LPS-induced molecular pathways we used TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, or IL-12/IFN-g deficient mice. Mice were sensitized subcutaneously to allergens such as ovalbumin (OVA) or tetanus toxoid (TT) with or without TLR4 agonists coadsorbed onto Alum and challenged twice via intranasal route with the same allergens. The development of type 2 immunity was evaluated 24 h after last allergen challenge. We found that sensitization with OVA or TT plus LPS co-adsorbed onto Alum impaired allergeninduced Th2-mediated responses such as airway eosinophilia, type 2 cytokines secretion, airway hyperreactivity, mucus hyper production and serum levels of IgE or IgG1 anaphylactic antibodies. Although the levels of IgG2a, a Th1 affiliated isotype increased, investigation into the lung-specific effects revealed that LPS did not induce a Th1 pattern of inflammation. LPS impaired the development of Th2 immunity, signaling via TLR4 and MyD88 molecules via the IL-12/IFN-g axis, but not through TRIF pathway. Moreover, the synthetic TLR4 agonists that proved to have a less systemic inflammatory response than LPS also protected against allergic asthma development. TLR4 agonists co-adsorbed with allergen onto Alum down modulate Th2 immunity and prevent the development of polarized T cell-mediated airway inflammation. Thus, our work clarifies the effect of TLR4 signaling in allergic sensitization and indicates that TLR4 agonists with low toxicity might be useful for down regulating the pro-Th2 adjuvant activity of alum and consequently decrease the induction of allergy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JardelDC_TESE_Parcial.pdf: 1739659 bytes, checksum: 19974b9395e0d9fcb23b07c3997dab2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The resistance of aluminum and their alloys, to the corrosion phenomenon, in aqueous solutions, is a result of the oxide layer formed. However, the corrosion process in the aluminum alloy is associated with the presence a second phase of particles or the presence of chloride ions which promote the disruption of the oxide layer located producing the corrosion process. On the other hand, the term water produced is used to describe the water after the separation of the oil and gas in API separators. The volumes of produced water arrive around 5 more times to the volume of oil produced. The greatest feature of the water is the presence of numerous pollutants. Due to the increased volume of waste around the world in the current decade, the outcome and the effect of the discharge of produced water on the environment has recently become an important issue of environmental concern where numerous treatments are aimed at reducing these contaminants before disposal. Then, this study aims to investigate the electrochemical corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy 6060 in presence of water produced and the influence of organic components as well as chloride ions, by using the electrochemical techniques of linear polarization. The modification of the passive layer and the likely breakpoints were observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the pit formation potential around -0.4 to -0.8 V/EAg/AgCl was observed that the diffusion of chloride ions occurs via the layer formed with the probable formation of pits. Whereas, at temperatures above 65 ?C, it was observed that the range of potential for thepit formation was -0.4 to -0.5 V/EAg/AgCl. In all reactions, the concentration of Al(OH)3 in the form of a gel was observed / A resistencia do aluminio e suas ligas a corros?o em meio aquoso ? resultado da camada de oxido formada. Entretanto, o processo corrosivo nas ligas de alum?nio esta associado a presen?a de part?culas de segunda fase ou a presen?a de ions cloreto que promovem a ruptura da camada de ?xido produzindo o processo corrosivo localizado. Por outro lado, o termo ?gua produzida ? usado para descrever a ?gua ap?s a sua separa??o do ?leo e g?s nos separadores API. Os volumes de ?gua produzida chegam em m?dia de 5 vezes o volume do ?leo produzido. A maior caracter?stica dessa ?gua ? a presen?a de in?meros contaminantes. Devido ao aumento do volume dos res?duos em todo o mundo na d?cada atual, o desfecho e do efeito da descarga de ?gua produzida sobre o meio ambiente tem recentemente tornar-se uma quest?o importante de preocupa??o ambiental onde in?meros tratamentos s?o destinados a redu??o destes contaminantes antes do descarte. Ent?o, o presente estudo visa investigar o comportamento eletroquimico de corros?o da liga de aluminio 6060 em presen?a de ?gua produzida e a influencia dos componentes organicos assim como dos ions cloreto, atrav?s do uso das tecnicas eletroqu?micas de polariza??o linear. A modifica??o da camada passiva e os prov?veis pontos de ruptura foram observados por microscopia de for?a atomica (AFM). No potencial de forma??o de pit de -0,4 a -0,8 V/EAg/AgCl observa-se que ocorre a difus?o dos ?ons cloreto pela camada formada com prov?vel forma??o de pites. Entretanto, em temperaturas superiores a 65?C observou-se que a faixa de potencial de forma??o de pit foi de -0,4 a -0,5V/ EAg/AgCl. Em todas as rea??es observou-se o aumento na concentra??o de Al(OH)3 sob a forma de um gel / 2020-01-01

Lipopolissacarídeos (LPS), pode tanto proteger quanto exacerbar o desenvolvimento da asma. LPS inicia a ativação da resposta imune via ligação da molécula Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) que sinaliza por duas vias distintas, as moléculas adaptadoras MyD88 e TRIF. LPS é um adjuvante que induz resposta do tipo Th1, enquanto que o hidróxido de alumínio (Alum) desperta respostas Th2, porém, a mistura de ambos adjuvantes na indução da resposta alérgica pulmonar ainda não foi investigada. No presente estudo, nós determinamos o efeito de dois agonistas de TLR4, um natural (LPS) e outro sintético (ER-803022) adsorvidos ao Alum sobre o desenvolvimento de doença alérgica pulmonar. Os animais foram sensibilizados pela via subcutânea com os antígenos, Ovoalbumina (OVA) ou Toxóide Tetânico (TT) na presença ou ausência de agonistas de TLR4 co-adsorvidos ao Alum e desafiados com os respectivos antígenos pela via intranasal. Nossos resultados mostraram que a sensibilização com OVA ou TT e LPS coadsorvidos ao Alum, impede o estabelecimento da resposta alérgica mediada por linfócitos Th2, tais como, influxo de eosinófilos, produção de citocinas do tipo 2, hiperreatividade brônquica, secreção de muco, e produção de IgE ou IgG1 anafilática. Apesar dos níveis de IgG2a, isotipo associado com as respostas Th1 estarem aumentados, análise da histopatologia pulmonar não revelou um desvio para o padrão Th1 de inflamação. Verificamos que a presença das moléculas TLR4, MyD88, IL-12/IFN-g mas não TRIF foram necessários para LPS exercer seu efeito inibitório. O agonista sintético de TLR4, menos tóxico que LPS, também protegeu contra o desenvolvimento de inflamação alérgica pulmonar. Em conclusão, nosso trabalho esclarece o efeito da sinalização do TLR4 na sensibilização alérgica e indica que agonista sintético de TLR4 com baixa toxicidade, pode ser utilizado para modular a capacidade adjuvante do Alum e conseqüentemente diminuir a indução de alergias. / Epidemiological and experimental data suggest that bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) can either protect from or exacerbate allergic asthma. LPS triggers immune responses through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 that in turn activates two major signaling pathways via either MyD88 or TRIF adaptor proteins. LPS is a pro-Th1 adjuvant while aluminum hydroxide (Alum) is a strong Th2 adjuvant, but the effect of mixing both adjuvants on development of lung allergy has not been investigated. We determined whether natural (LPS) or synthetic (ER-803022) TLR4 agonists adsorbed onto alum adjuvant affect allergen sensitization and development of airway allergic disease. To dissect LPS-induced molecular pathways we used TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, or IL-12/IFN-g deficient mice. Mice were sensitized subcutaneously to allergens such as ovalbumin (OVA) or tetanus toxoid (TT) with or without TLR4 agonists coadsorbed onto Alum and challenged twice via intranasal route with the same allergens. The development of type 2 immunity was evaluated 24 h after last allergen challenge. We found that sensitization with OVA or TT plus LPS co-adsorbed onto Alum impaired allergeninduced Th2-mediated responses such as airway eosinophilia, type 2 cytokines secretion, airway hyperreactivity, mucus hyper production and serum levels of IgE or IgG1 anaphylactic antibodies. Although the levels of IgG2a, a Th1 affiliated isotype increased, investigation into the lung-specific effects revealed that LPS did not induce a Th1 pattern of inflammation. LPS impaired the development of Th2 immunity, signaling via TLR4 and MyD88 molecules via the IL-12/IFN-g axis, but not through TRIF pathway. Moreover, the synthetic TLR4 agonists that proved to have a less systemic inflammatory response than LPS also protected against allergic asthma development. TLR4 agonists co-adsorbed with allergen onto Alum down modulate Th2 immunity and prevent the development of polarized T cell-mediated airway inflammation. Thus, our work clarifies the effect of TLR4 signaling in allergic sensitization and indicates that TLR4 agonists with low toxicity might be useful for down regulating the pro-Th2 adjuvant activity of alum and consequently decrease the induction of allergy.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-03T11:26:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Valeria Polese.pdf: 1777501 bytes, checksum: c11ce694e66877535a131581bb746469 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T11:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Valeria Polese.pdf: 1777501 bytes, checksum: c11ce694e66877535a131581bb746469 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-15 / AMPLA Energia e Servi?os S. A. / LIGHT Servi?os de Eletricidade S.A. / The present study looked for alternatives of growth handling and of pruning in plants used in the urban forestation, seeking to the decrease of conflicts of these with electric power spinnings. In the chapter I experiments were accomplished with Flamboyant in soil and simple nutritious solution containing Al, with objective of studying handling alternatives seeking to reduce the growth and development of plantules Flamboyant. The aluminum atrophies roots could affect the growth. Six experiments were accomplished with plantules (soil and simple nutritious solution) in conditions of growth camera and vegetation house, Department of Fitotecnia - UFRRJ. In the soil experiments they were used two sources of sulfate of aluminum, being a commercial one and a pure source analytically, in the concetrations 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 in the soils Planossolo and Argissolo, with four repetitions. The experiments accomplished in simple nutritious solution just received calcium (0,001 mM) and they had as source AlCl3 with doses that varied from 0,075 to 5,0 mM. Through the results of the chapter I was ended that in same or superior conditions of soil concentrations to 0,4 Cmolc/dm3 of Al caused toxicity to the plantules of Flamboyant, with effects mainly in the length root, and in solution simple nutritious doses same or upper to 0,075 mM of AlCl3 paralyzed the growth root. Al can be used as inhibitor of vegetable growth in plantules of Flamboyant. The chapter II had as objective studies the effects of the pruning and association with growth inhibitors in arboreal species. Four experiments were accomplished with the plants Sabi?, Sombreiro, and Cucumber (phytotoxicity Evaluation the herbicides). The experiments were installed in the Department of Fitotecnia-UFRRJ, Serop?dica. In the experiment 1 (Sabi?) all the plants were cut off 2 m of height, and they were applied the treatments: control, 2.4-D+Picloram, and Picloram. In the experiment 2 (Sabi?) all the plants were pruned removing 1/3 of the cup and applying the treatments: control, HCl, AlCl3, Picloram and nearby Cut (Without pruning of 1/3 of the cup). The experiment 3 (Sombreiro) had as treatments cut types in relation to the main trunk: nearby, leaving stub of 20 cm and of 40 cm. The experiment 4 (Pepino) it was installed in the originating from soil the first experiment with Sabi?. In the experiment 1, the treatment with Picloram delayed the beginning of the regrowth, important factor for the present study, so that they delay to arrive to the electric power spinning. In the experiment 2, just the treatment Picloram presented length and diameter of sprouts a little smaller in relation to the other treatments. In the experiment 3 it was verified that the nearby cut didn't present new budding until the 145 days after the pruning. In the experiment 4 the cucumber presented more intense toxicity in the treatment with Picloram. Was ended that Picloram and 2,4-D+Picloram were efficient for budding handling in adult plants of Sabi?, because they presented budding with small lengths, delaying the accomplishment of new pruning. In plants of Sombreiro the nearby cut was efficient, not presenting budding. It happened toxicity for Picloram in plants of Pepino. / O presente estudo buscou alternativas de manejo de crescimento e de poda em plantas utilizadas na arboriza??o urbana, visando ? diminui??o de conflitos destas com fia??es de energia el?trica. No cap?tulo I foram realizados experimentos com Flamboyant em solo e solu??o nutritiva simples contendo Al, com objetivo de estudar alternativas de manejo visando diminuir o crescimento e desenvolvimento de pl?ntulas Flamboyant. O alum?nio atrofia ra?zes podendo afetar o crescimento. Foram realizados seis experimentos com pl?ntulas (Solo e solu??o nutritiva simples) em condi??es de c?mara de crescimento e casa de vegeta??o, Departamento de Fitotecnia - UFRRJ. Nos experimentos de solo foram utilizadas duas fontes de sulfato de alum?nio, sendo uma comercial e uma fonte pura analiticamente, nas concentra??es 0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 nos solos Planossolo e Argissolo, com quatro repeti??es. Os experimentos realizados em solu??o nutritiva simples receberam apenas c?lcio (0,001 mM) e tiveram como fonte AlCl3 com doses que variaram de 0,075 a 5,0 mM. Atrav?s dos resultados do cap?tulo I conclui-se que em condi??es de solo concentra??es iguais ou superiores a 0,4 Cmolc/dm3 de Al causaram toxicidade ?s pl?ntulas de Flamboyant, com efeitos principalmente no comprimento radicular, e em solu??o nutritiva simples doses iguais ou superiores a 0,075 mM de AlCl3 paralisaram o crescimento radicular. O Al pode ser utilizado como inibidor de crescimento vegetal em pl?ntulas de Flamboyant. O cap?tulo II teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da poda e da sua associa??o com inibidores de crescimento em esp?cies arb?reas. Foram realizados quatro experimentos com as plantas Sabi?, Sombreiro, e Pepino (Avalia??o de fitotoxidade a herbicidas). Os experimentos foram instalados no Departamento de Fitotecnia-UFRRJ, Serop?dica-RJ. No experimento 1 (Sabi?) todas as plantas foram decepadas a 2 m de altura, e foram aplicados os tratamentos: Testemunha; 2,4-D+Picloram; e Picloram. No experimento 2 (Sabi?) todas as plantas foram podadas retirando 1/3 da copa e aplicando os tratamentos: Testemunha, HCl, AlCl3, Picloram e Corte rente (Sem poda de 1/3 da copa). O experimento 3 (Sombreiro) teve como tratamentos tipos de corte em rela??o ao tronco principal: rente, deixando toco de 20 cm e de 40 cm. O experimento 4 (Pepino) foi instalado no solo proveniente do primeiro experimento com Sabi?. No experimento 1, o tratamento com Picloram atrasou o in?cio da rebrota, fator importante para o presente estudo, a fim de que demorem chegar ? fia??o de energia el?trica. No experimento 2, apenas o tratamento Picloram apresentou comprimento e di?metro de brotos um pouco menores em rela??o aos demais tratamentos. No experimento 3 foi verificado que o corte rente n?o apresentou novas brota??es at? os 145 dias ap?s a poda. No experimento 4 o pepino apresentou toxidez mais intensa no tratamento com Picloram. Conclui-se que o Picloram e 2,4-D+Picloram foram eficientes para manejo de brota??es em plantas adultas de Sabi?, pois apresentaram brota??es com comprimentos pequenos, atrasando a realiza??o de nova poda. Em plantas de Sombreiro o corte rente foi eficiente, n?o apresentando brota??es. Ocorreu toxidez por Picloram em plantas de Pepino

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-30T16:36:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Aldir Carlos Silva.pdf: 1230710 bytes, checksum: 56dbab398ff37045b73bd259ab1a15ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T16:36:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Aldir Carlos Silva.pdf: 1230710 bytes, checksum: 56dbab398ff37045b73bd259ab1a15ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Aluminum tolerance studies in seedlings of Passion fruit (cvs. IAC-273/277, IACPaulista, IAC-275, FB-100) and Carica papaya (cvs.Taiung, Golden, Gran Golden, Baixinho de Santa Amalia) were performed in a growth chamber at the Laboratories of Chemistry of the Rhizosphere and Seeds of the Department of Fitotecnia, of University Federal Rural of Rio Janeiro, Institute of Agronomy. Experiments with different concentrations of Al were conducted in nutrient solution simple (with Ca) and complete, with the aims to analyze the tap root length, ratio of root lengths, relative root elongation, diameter of root and stem and effect of stains. Also were conducted experiments with seeds soaked in different concentration of Al to verify the percentage of germination, seedlings normal and abnormal. The use of simple nutrient solution was not satisfactory to shown the performance of seedlings of papaya. In passion fruit both nutrient solutions can be used in short term experiment. Over the concentration of 160?M of Al occurred effect of toxicity in root of seedlings of passion fruit and papaya, but at concentrations lower that 80?M there were stimulus of growth. The tap root length was the more efficient parameter to compare root toxicity. The soaking of seeds in the solution of aluminum did not affect the germination, root tap emission and the growth of seedlings until 1280?M. With the increased of time of contact with the Al solution, the young roots have been injured especially in papaya seedlings. The use of stains pyrocatechol violet and hematoxylin were both efficient to determinate the aluminum tolerance in papaya and passion fruit, but just pyrocatechol violet could compare the doses used, produced a color gradient with increasing concentration of aluminum. With the use of hematoxylin was only possible to separate the high concentrations of low concentrations of aluminum. The best passion fruit cultivar was IAC 273/277and papaya was Tainung / Os estudos da toler?ncia ao alum?nio em pl?ntulas de maracuj? (cvs. IAC-273/277, IACPaulista, IAC-275, FB-100) e mam?o (cvs.Tainug, Golden, Gran Golden, Baixinho de Santa Am?lia) foram realizados, em c?mara de crescimento nos Laborat?rios de Qu?mica da Rizosfera e Laborat?rio de Analise de Sementes, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Instituto de Agronomia da Universidade Federal Rural Rio de Janeiro. Foram realizados experimentos com diferentes concentra??es de alum?nio em solu??o nutritiva simples (com c?lcio) e completa, para analise do crescimento radicular utilizando os par?metros comprimento radicular, taxa de crescimento radicular, elonga??o radicular relativa, di?metro do colo, di?metro de ?pice da raiz principal bem como testes com corantes. Foi tamb?m realizado estudos do efeito da embebi??o das sementes com solu??es de alum?nio para verificar o efeito na porcentagem de germina??o, pl?ntulas normais e anormais, e n?o germinadas. O uso da solu??o nutritiva simples para realizar testes de curta dura??o de contacto ao alum?nio, n?o foi satisfat?rio para mam?o, sendo mais adequado o uso de solu??o nutritiva completa. Em maracuj?, ambas as solu??es podem ser utilizadas. As pl?ntulas de maracuj? crescidas em solu??o simples com o aumento do tempo de contacto com alum?nio na solu??o, as ra?zes ficaram endurecidas. Em concentra??es acima de 160?M de alum?nio, ocorreu efeito fitotoxico, contudo em concentra??es menores que 80?M ocorreu at? aumento do crescimento radicular para mam?o e maracuj?. O comprimento radicular foi o mais eficiente par?metro indicador da toler?ncia ao alum?nio. A embebi??o das sementes em alum?nio n?o afetou a germina??o a emiss?o da raiz principal e o crescimento da pl?ntula at? a concentra??o da solu??o de embebi??o de 1280?M, mas a medida que aumentou o tempo de contato e a concentra??o de alum?nio, as ra?zes rec?m emitidas sofreram danos, principalmente as de pl?ntulas de mam?o. O uso dos corantes qu?micos violeta de pirocatecol e hematoxilina foram eficiente na determina??o da toler?ncia ao alum?nio em maracuj? e mam?o, mais somente o violeta de pirocatecol permitiu comparar as doses entre si, gerando um gradiente de colora??o com o aumento da concentra??o de alum?nio, com o uso da hematoxilina s? foi poss?vel separar as concentra??es altas das concentra??es baixas de alum?nio. As melhores cultivares nas condi??es testadas foi a IAC 273/277 de maracuj? e a cv Tainung de mam?o

The combination of moving bed biofilm reactors and membrane bioreactors (MBBR-MR) can compensate for the drawbacks of both of these systems and further increase their acceptance and application in wastewater treatment industries. Despite the potential benefits of a MBBR-MR technology there has only been limited study of this configuration. The present study consisted of an overall assessment of the performance of a combined MBBR-MR system under high and low loading rates. Since colloidal matter in mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) is considered as one of the important contributors to membrane fouling, pre-treatment of membrane feed by coagulation was investigated for improving membrane performance. The performance of the MBBR-MR was assessed based on its chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and membrane fouling mechanisms. The study was carried out using pilot-scale MBBR and bench-scale batch membrane filtration setups (Millipore Inc. Bedford, MA). The pilot MBBR had a working volume of 1.8 m3 and a 30% carrier fill fraction. The MBBR was operated with loading rates of 160 ± 44 g/m2/d (hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 4.6 h) and 223 g/m2/d (HRT of 2.6 h). The MBBR feed was obtained from a starch recovery line in a potato chip processing factory. The carriers were mixed by coarse bubble aeration and the dissolved oxygen (DO) was maintained above 2 mg/l. Preliminary jar test trials (based on turbidity removal) were performed in order to obtain an optimal dosage of coagulants for subsequent ultrafiltration (UF) tests. The efficiency of three coagulants (alum, ferric chloride and a blend of polyaluminum chloride and polyamine) was evaluated. The membranes were composed of polyethersulfone (PES) and had a pore size of 0.05 microns. The results of this study indicate that the combination of MBBR with membrane filtration can be operated at relatively high loading rates to yield a constant high quality permeate that is suitable for water reuse purposes. Fouling of the membrane by the wastewater was found to be substantially reduced by treatment with the MBBR. The reversible and irreversible fouling of the MBBR effluent were 56 and 63%, respectively, of that observed with the raw wastewater. The MBBR Loading-rate was found to affect treatment efficiency of the MBBR-MR and membrane performance. Operation under the elevated loading-rate conditions HRT = 2.6 hours) resulted in an increase in the irreversible fouling of the membranes (60% on average). The addition of all the coagulants in this study was found to decrease the fouling of the membrane. However, the extent of the pre-coagulation effect on membrane fouling was found to strongly depend on the type and dosage of the coagulant and the MBBR effluent characteristics. All the coagulants were effective in decreasing membrane fouling at their optimal dosages which was determined in preliminary jar tests. Ferric chloride performed the best as a pretreatment coagulant compared to alum (Aluminum sulfate) and the coagulant blend with reductions in both reversible and irreversible fouling (43-86% and 51-71%, respectively) and increased consistency (in decreasing fouling) as compared to the other coagulants. Alum had no effect on irreversible fouling and the coagulant blend significantly increased irreversible fouling in some trials (up to 196% or by a factor of 3 when overdosed). Additionally, alum and the blend were, on average, 29% and 7%, less effective than ferric chloride in reducing reversible fouling under the conditions and dosages tested.

The combination of moving bed biofilm reactors and membrane bioreactors (MBBR-MR) can compensate for the drawbacks of both of these systems and further increase their acceptance and application in wastewater treatment industries. Despite the potential benefits of a MBBR-MR technology there has only been limited study of this configuration. The present study consisted of an overall assessment of the performance of a combined MBBR-MR system under high and low loading rates. Since colloidal matter in mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) is considered as one of the important contributors to membrane fouling, pre-treatment of membrane feed by coagulation was investigated for improving membrane performance. The performance of the MBBR-MR was assessed based on its chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency and membrane fouling mechanisms. The study was carried out using pilot-scale MBBR and bench-scale batch membrane filtration setups (Millipore Inc. Bedford, MA). The pilot MBBR had a working volume of 1.8 m3 and a 30% carrier fill fraction. The MBBR was operated with loading rates of 160 ± 44 g/m2/d (hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 4.6 h) and 223 g/m2/d (HRT of 2.6 h). The MBBR feed was obtained from a starch recovery line in a potato chip processing factory. The carriers were mixed by coarse bubble aeration and the dissolved oxygen (DO) was maintained above 2 mg/l. Preliminary jar test trials (based on turbidity removal) were performed in order to obtain an optimal dosage of coagulants for subsequent ultrafiltration (UF) tests. The efficiency of three coagulants (alum, ferric chloride and a blend of polyaluminum chloride and polyamine) was evaluated. The membranes were composed of polyethersulfone (PES) and had a pore size of 0.05 microns. The results of this study indicate that the combination of MBBR with membrane filtration can be operated at relatively high loading rates to yield a constant high quality permeate that is suitable for water reuse purposes. Fouling of the membrane by the wastewater was found to be substantially reduced by treatment with the MBBR. The reversible and irreversible fouling of the MBBR effluent were 56 and 63%, respectively, of that observed with the raw wastewater. The MBBR Loading-rate was found to affect treatment efficiency of the MBBR-MR and membrane performance. Operation under the elevated loading-rate conditions HRT = 2.6 hours) resulted in an increase in the irreversible fouling of the membranes (60% on average). The addition of all the coagulants in this study was found to decrease the fouling of the membrane. However, the extent of the pre-coagulation effect on membrane fouling was found to strongly depend on the type and dosage of the coagulant and the MBBR effluent characteristics. All the coagulants were effective in decreasing membrane fouling at their optimal dosages which was determined in preliminary jar tests. Ferric chloride performed the best as a pretreatment coagulant compared to alum (Aluminum sulfate) and the coagulant blend with reductions in both reversible and irreversible fouling (43-86% and 51-71%, respectively) and increased consistency (in decreasing fouling) as compared to the other coagulants. Alum had no effect on irreversible fouling and the coagulant blend significantly increased irreversible fouling in some trials (up to 196% or by a factor of 3 when overdosed). Additionally, alum and the blend were, on average, 29% and 7%, less effective than ferric chloride in reducing reversible fouling under the conditions and dosages tested.

Black shales are sedimentary rocks with a high content of organic carbon, which leads to a dark grayish to black color. Due to their potential to contain oil or gas, black shales are of great interest for the support of the worldwide energy supply. An integrated seismic investigation of the Lower Palaeozoic black shales was carried out at the Danish island Bornholm to locate the shallow-lying Alum Shale layer and its surrounding formations and to characterize its potential as a source rock. Therefore, two seismic experiments at a total of three crossing profiles were carried out in October 2010 and in June 2012 in the southern part of the island. Two different active measurements were conducted with either a weight drop source or a minivibrator. Additionally, the ambient noise field was recorded at the study location over a time interval of about one day, and also a laboratory analysis of borehole samples was carried out. The seismic profiles were positioned as close as possible to two scientific boreholes which were used for comparative purposes. The seismic field data was analyzed with traveltime tomography, surface wave inversion and seismic interferometry to obtain the P-wave and S-wave velocity models of the subsurface. The P-wave velocity models which were determined for all three profiles clearly locate the Alum Shale layer between the Komstad Limestone layer on top and the Læså Sandstone Formation at the base of the models. The black shale layer has P-wave velocities around 3 km/s which are lower compared to the adjacent formations. Due to a very good agreement of the sonic log and the vertical velocity profiles of the two seismic lines, which are directly crossing the borehole where the sonic log was conducted, the reliability of the traveltime tomography is proven. A correlation of the seismic velocities with the content of organic carbon is an important task for the characterization of the reservoir properties of a black shale formation. It is not possible without calibration but in combination with a full 2D tomographic image of the subsurface it gives the subsurface distribution of the organic material. The S-wave model obtained with surface wave inversion of the vibroseis data of one of the profiles images the Alum Shale layer also very well with S-wave velocities around 2 km/s. Although individual 1D velocity models for each of the source positions were determined, the subsurface S-wave velocity distribution is very uniform with a good match between the single models. A really new approach described here is the application of seismic interferometry to a really small study area and a quite short time interval. Also new is the selective procedure of only using time windows with the best crosscorrelation signals to achieve the final interferograms. Due to the small scale of the interferometry even P-wave signals can be observed in the final crosscorrelations. In the laboratory measurements the seismic body waves were recorded for different pressure and temperature stages. Therefore, samples of different depths of the Alum Shale were available from one of the scientific boreholes at the study location. The measured velocities have a high variance with changing pressure or temperature. Recordings with wave propagation both parallel and perpendicular to the bedding of the samples reveal a great amount of anisotropy for the P-wave velocity, whereas the S-wave velocity is almost independent of the wave direction. The calculated velocity ratio is also highly anisotropic with very low values for the perpendicular samples and very high values for the parallel ones. Interestingly, the laboratory velocities of the perpendicular samples are comparable to the velocities of the field experiments indicating that the field measurements are sensitive to wave propagation in vertical direction. The velocity ratio is also calculated with the P-wave and S-wave velocity models of the field experiments. Again, the Alum Shale can be clearly separated from the adjacent formations because it shows overall very low vP/vS ratios around 1.4. The very low velocity ratio indicates the content of gas in the black shale formation. With the combination of all the different methods described here, a comprehensive interpretation of the seismic response of the black shale layer can be made and the hydrocarbon source rock potential can be estimated. / Schwarzschiefer sind Sedimentgesteine, die einen hohen Gehalt an organischem Kohlenstoff aufweisen, was zu einer dunkelgrauen bis schwarzen Färbung führt. Da Schwarzschiefer das Potenzial besitzen, Öl oder Gas zu enthalten und somit zur weltweiten Energieversorgung beitragen könnten, sind sie von großem Interesse. Mit Hilfe der Kombination verschiedener seismischer Messverfahren wurden die Schwarzschiefer des Unteren Paläozoikums auf der dänischen Insel Bornholm untersucht um den oberflächennahen Alaunschiefer und dessen Umgebungsgestein dort zu lokalisieren und sein Potenzial als Muttergestein abzuschätzen. Dafür wurden im Oktober 2010 und im Juni 2012 im südlichen Teil der Insel zwei seismische Experimente auf insgesamt drei sich kreuzenden Profilen durchgeführt. Für zwei aktive seismische Messungen wurden ein Fallgewicht und ein Minivibrator als Quellen genutzt. Zusätzlich wurde im Messgebiet noch das Wellenfeld des umgebenden Rauschens über einen Zeitraum von etwa einem Tag aufgezeichnet. Außerdem wurden Labormessungen an Bohrkernen aus dem Alaunschiefer durchgeführt. Die seismischen Messprofile befanden sich so nah wie möglich an zwei wissenschaftlichen Bohrungen, die für Vergleichszwecke genutzt wurden. Um die P- und S-Wellengeschwindigkeitsmodelle des Untergrundes zu erhalten wurden die seismischen Felddaten mittels Laufzeittomographie, Oberflächenwelleninversion und seismischer Interferometrie ausgewertet. Die P-Wellenmodelle, die für alle drei seismischen Profile erstellt wurden, zeigen den Alaunschiefer zwischen dem Komstad Kalkstein, der den Alaunschiefer überdeckt, und der Læså Sandsteinformation, die die Basis der Modelle bildet. Für die Schwarzschieferschicht ergeben sich mit rund 3 km/s deutlich geringere P-Wellengeschwindigkeiten als für die umgebenden Gesteine. Zwei seismische Profile liegen direkt an einer der Bohrungen, für die verschiedene Bohrloch-Logs durchgeführt wurden. Der Vergleich des Sonic-Logs mit den vertikalen Geschwindigkeitsprofilen beider Modelle am Bohrpunkt zeigt eine sehr gute übereinstimmung aller Geschwindigkeiten. Dies ist ein Indiz für die Plausibilität der durchgeführten Laufzeittomographie. Um die Reservoireigenschaften der Schwarzschieferschicht einordnen zu können, wurde versucht, die seismischen Geschwindigkeiten mit dem Gehalt an organischem Material zu korrelieren. Ohne geeignete Kalibrierung ist diese Korrelation schwierig, kann aber mit Hilfe der Tomographieergebnisse ein zweidimensionales Abbild der Verteilung des organischen Materials im Untergrund liefern. Auch das S-Wellengeschwindigkeitsmodell, welches mit der Oberflächenwelleninversion der Vibroseisdaten erstellt wurde, bildet den Alaunschiefer gut ab. Hierbei zeigen sich S-Wellengeschwindigkeiten um 2 km/s. Obwohl jeweils nur 1D-Modelle für jede Quellposition bestimmt wurden, ergibt sich für die gesamte Untergrundstruktur des untersuchten Profils ein einheitliches Bild der Geschwindigkeiten. Einen sehr neuen Ansatz bildet die Anwendung der seismischen Interferometrie auf ein sehr kleines Untersuchungsgebiet und über einen sehr kurzen Zeitraum. Neu ist außerdem, dass für die Bestimmung der endgültigen Interferogramme nur Zeitfenster der Kreuzkorrelationen ausgewählt werden, in denen die Signalqualität hinreichend gut ist. In den berechneten Kreuzkorrelationen sind sogar P-Wellen enthalten, was auf die geringen Abstände der seismischen Rekorder zurück zu führen ist. Bei den Labormessungen wurden die Raumwellen für verschiedene Drücke und Temperaturen aufgezeichnet. Die Messungen der Geschwindigkeiten sowohl parallel als auch senkrecht zur Schichtung der Proben zeigen eine starke Anisotropie für die P-Welle. Dagegen scheint die S-Wellengeschwindigkeit fast unabhängig von der Ausbreitungsrichtung der Wellen zu sein. Auch das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten weist starke Anisotropie auf. Für die Wellenausbreitung senkrecht zur Schichtung zeigen sich sehr niedrige Werte, die Werte für die Messungen parallel zur Schichtung sind dagegen deutlich erhöht. Ein interessanter Aspekt der aus den Labormessungen resultiert ist, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Messungen senkrecht zur Schichtung mit den Geschwindigkeitswerten der Feldmessungen übereinstimmen. Damit scheinen die Feldmessungen besonders die Ausbreitung der Wellen in vertikaler Richtung zu registrieren. Das Geschwindigkeitsverhältnis wurde auch mit den P- und S-Wellenmodellen der Feldexperimente berechnet. Auch hier hebt sich der Alaunschiefer mit deutlich verringerten Werten um 1.4 vom Umgebungsgestein ab. Solch geringe Werte für das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten deutet auf den Gehalt von Gas im Schwarzschiefer. Mit der Kombination der verschiedenen Methoden ist es möglich, die seismische Antwort der Schwarzschieferschicht umfassend zu beschreiben und Schlussfolgerungen darüber zu ziehen, ob die hier untersuchte Schwarzschieferschicht das Potenzial hat als Kohlenwasserstofflagerstätte zu fungieren.