Orientadores: Amauri Garcia, Ivaldo Leão Ferreira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T13:38:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_LaercioGouvea_D.pdf: 17047245 bytes, checksum: 5fae42e8e6af30ec0ed1e1c1ea889af5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As ligas de alumínio para fundição possuem propriedades de grande interesse industrial, como: baixa massa especifica, boa resistência a corrosão, elevadas condutibilidade térmica e elétrica, boas combinações de propriedades mecânicas, boa trabalhabilidade em processos de usinagem e conformação mecânica. Atualmente, essas ligas são produzidas em vários sistemas e dezenas de composições. A literatura apresenta vários estudos tanto teóricos quanto experimentais focando na evolução microestrutural de ligas binárias a base de alumínio. Leis de crescimento celular e dendritico experimentais e teóricas foram propostas e devidamente validadas. As analises de macrossegregação e formação de poros de ligas binárias de alumínio também foram contempladas em vários estudos recentes. Entretanto, são escassos os estudos abordando importantes famílias de ligas multicomponentes a base de alumínio. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho se propôs a analisar ligas da família Alumínio-Silício-Cobre (A319.1 e A333.1) [Al-5,5%Si-3,0%Cu e Al-9,0%Si-3,0%Cu] no que diz respeito a evolução da microestrutura dendrítica, macrossegregação e formação de porosidade na solidificação. Para a produção das ligas ternárias foram utilizados Alumínio e Silício comercialmente puros e Cobre eletrolítico. A macrossegregação de soluto e a formação de microporosidade são investigadas tanto experimentalmente quanto por meio de simulações numéricas. A microestrutura dendrítica e quantificada através de seus espaçamentos primários, secundários e terciários, que são devidamente correlacionados com os parâmetros térmicos da solidificação. Os perfis de macrossegregação de soluto, densidade teórica e densidade aparente são apresentados ao longo dos comprimentos dos lingotes. Os perfis de segregação de soluto experimentais foram obtidos através da técnica de espectrometria de fluorescência de raios-X e para a simulação foram calculados levando-se em conta transformações de fase secundarias que ocorrem ao longo da solidificação. As medições de microporosidade foram realizadas utilizando-se a técnica de picnometria...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Aluminum casting alloys have properties which are of great industrial interest, such as low density, good corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivities, good combination of mechanical properties, good workability in machining processes and mechanical forming. Currently, these alloys are produced in various systems and dozens of compositions. The literature presents several studies, both theoretical and experimental, focusing on the microstructural evolution of binary aluminum base alloys. Theoretical and experimental cellular and dendritic growth laws have been proposed and validated. Macrosegregation and pore formation during solidification of binary alloys of aluminum have been the focus of several recent studies. However, there are few studies in the literature addressing important families of multicomponent aluminum base alloys. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze Aluminum- Silicon-Copper alloys (series: A319.1 and A333.1) [Al-5.5wt%Si-3.0wt%Cu and Al-9.0wt%Si- 3.0wt%Cu] with respect to the evolution of the dendritic microstructure, porosity formation and macrosegregation during solidification. For the production of the ternary alloys commercially pure aluminum and silicon and electrolytic copper have been used. Solute macrosegregation and microporosity formation are investigated both experimentally and through numerical simulations. The dendritic microstructure is quantified by their primary, secondary and tertiary arm spacings, which are correlated with solidification thermal parameters. The solute macrosegregation profiles, theoretical and apparent densities have been determined along the castings lengths. The solute segregation profiles were obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and the simulations were performed taking into account secondary phase transformations that occur during solidification. Microporosity measurements were carried out by the picnometry technique...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Les culasses de moteur diesel PSA sont réalisées en alliages d'aluminium de fonderie durcis par précipitation. La culasse atteint une température stable lors de l'utilisation du véhicule mais la succession de démarrages et d'arrêts engendre un phénomène de fatigue thermique au niveau du pontet inter-soupapes. L'exposition à des températures élevées modifie la microstructure de précipitation provoquant une diminution des propriétés mécaniques et donc un vieillissement de l'alliage. Il est donc nécessaire de prendre en compte le vieillissement thermique dans le dimensionnement. Pour y parvenir, nous avons d'abord analysé la microstructure de précipitation (nature des phases précipitées, morphologie et taille) en Microscopie Electronique en Transmission (MET) et le comportement cyclique viscoplastique pour différents vieillissement isothermes. Des essais thermomécaniques anisothermes, simulant le chargement en service, ont été réalisés afin d'analyser les relations entre la déformation plastique et la précipitation. Les paramètres géométriques de la précipitation ont été déterminés en MET pour différents nombres de cales thermomécaniques et ont été comparés à ceux de la précipitation résultant de l'exposition de l'alliage au seul cycle thermique pendant le même nombre de cycles.La microdureté étant un bon indicateur du vieillissement des alliages d'aluminium durcis par précipitation, des modèles d'évolution de microdureté ont été développés afin de simuler sa décroissance dans la structure lors d'un essai représentatif des conditions en service. Ces simulations permettent d'améliorer l'estimation du vieillissement de ces alliages lors de l'utilisation de la culasse. / Cylinder heads of automotive engines are produced by casting of precipitation strengthened Al-Si alloys.The cylinder head quickly reaches a steady state temperature but the succession of starts and stops generates thermomechanical fatigue in the area between the valve seats. At service temperature, the precipitation microstructures evolve from their state after precipitation hardening heat treatment to an aged state, which results in the reduction of their mechanical properties. The increase of thermomechanical stresses in new engines requires taking thermal aging into account for sizing. To that end, the precipitation microstructures (precipitates crystal structures, composition, morphology, and distribution) have been analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for various aging conditions and the corresponding cyclic least-viscoplastic behavior has been determined. The effect of plastic deformation on the kinetics of precipitate growth has been studied throughout loadings representative of engine operation. The morphological characteristics of the precipitation microstructure resulting from the thermomechanical aging were determined by TEM for different numbers of cycles and compared with those resulting from the mere thermal aging in order to assess the effect of plastic deformation on the kinetics of precipitate growth. As micro hardness is a good indicator of the aging of precipitation strengthened aluminium alloys, micro hardness evolution models have been developed to calculate its decrease in the cylinder head during a test simulating in service conditions. The simulations give us a better understanding of the in-service aging of these alloys.

Aluminium alloys are frequently pre-treated by a conversion coating before application of an organic coating in order to improve the corrosion resistance and adhesive properties of the surface and the corrosion resistance provided by the system. Chromate-containing conversion coatings are commonly used for this purpose. However, legislation limits future use of hexavalent chromium compounds due to their toxic and carcinogenic nature. Therefore, alternative, so-called chromium-free conversion coatings are being developed that are more environmentally-compliant.The purpose of the present work has therefore been to contribute to a better understanding of how the aluminium substrate affects the formation and properties of conversion coatings for adhesive bonding. In particular, a chrome-free zirconium-based conversion treatment process has been investigated as a possible replacement for conventional chromate conversion treatment. The influence of the conversion time on the thickness of the formed layer on pure aluminium was investigated using complementary surface analytical techniques. The conversion time was varied between 30 and 600 seconds.In this study, the structure and composition of zirconium-based chromium-free conversion coatings on magnetron sputtered superpure aluminium and a range of aluminium-copper alloys were characterised as a function of immersion time in the aqueous conversion bath to understand the mechanism of coating formation and protection. However, the presence of copper significantly influences the coating development and ultimately the performance of the conversion coatings formed on binary copper-containing aluminium alloys.The morphology and composition of the coatings have been probed using transmission electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, with loss of substrate through growth of the conversion coating also quantified. A comparison of the RBS spectra obtained for the superpure aluminium specimens after different immersion times revealed that zirconium (Zr) and oxygen (O) peaks were wider for longer immersion times, indicating thickening of the coating with increased immersion times. Thus, increasing the immersion time resulted in an increase in coating thickness but little change in coating composition occurred as determined by the RBS RUMP simulations. Alloying decreases the coating thickness, as well as metal consumption. Here, aspects of the corrosion behaviour of superpure aluminium and aluminium-copper alloys were also considered using electronoptical, electrochemical and surface analytical probing. The influence that short and prolonged treatment times exert on the performances of such conversion coating is discussed. The conversion coating formed after 60 s and 180 s of immersion in the zirconium-based conversion coating bath provide good corrosion resistance which can be attributed to the high stability of the compounds that constitute the surface oxide layer, and good adhesion properties.

Orientador: Amauri Garcia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:08:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MariaAdrinaPaixaodeSouzada_D.pdf: 5780858 bytes, checksum: b602bf47a710b2fb6f161a596020054f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Ligas de alumínio dispersas com bismuto, chumbo e índio apresentam aplicações promissoras em componentes automotivos resistentes ao desgaste. Essas dispersões de elementos de baixa temperatura de fusão diminuem a dureza e escoam facilmente em condições de deslizamento, resultando em um comportamento tribológico favorável. Muitos estudos têm sido realizados a fim de melhor compreender as distintas morfologias obtidas pela reação monotética Algumas pesquisas assumem que a evolução do espaçamento interfásico (?) nas Iigas monotéticas ou obedece à clássica relação utilizada para eutéticos: ?2v = C, ou ainda a relação de crescimento dentrítico ?.va.Gb = C, onde v é a velocidade de solidificação e C uma constante para ambos os casos, G é o gradiente de temperatura e a e b são constantes. Tais estudos utilizaram fornos de aquecimento à resistência do tipo Bridgman para produzir a solidificação direcional de ligas monotéticas. Existe uma falta de estudos consistentes no desenvolvimento microestrutural de ligas monotéticas durante condições de fluxo de calor transitório, que são de importância primordial, uma vez que esse tipo de fluxo de calor engloba a maioria dos processes industriais e de solidificação. No presente estudo, foram realizados experimentos de solidificação unidirecional em regime não-estacionário com as Iigas hipomonotéticas Al-0,9%Pb e Al-5,5%In, com a liga monotética Al-1,2% Pb e com as Iigas hipermonotéticas Al-5,0%Bi, Al-7,0%Bi e Al- 2,1%Pb, além da análise da rnacrossegregação da liga monotética Al-3,2%Bi. Os parâmetros térmicos como velocidades de crescimento, taxas de resfriamento e gradientes térmicos foram determinados experimentalmente por curvas de resfriamento adquiridas ao longo do comprimento do lingote. A evolução microestrutural foi caracterizada por técnicas metalográficas e os espaçamentos foram correlacionados com os parâmetros térmicos de solidificação. Verificou-se que a lei de crescimento ?2v= C é válida apenas para os casos onde há ocorrência de partículas de soluto dispersas irregularmente na matriz e que esta lei não se aplicou nos casos onde foi observado uma frente monotética celular e morfologia de fibras e cordões de pérolas. Já a lei ?.va.Gb = C se mostrou aplicável em todos os casos ascendentes. O aumento do teor de soluto das ligas e o fluxo convectivo induzido provocaram mudanças nas morfologias das fases, na magnitude dos espaçamentos interfásicos e nos diâmetros das partículas / Abstract: Aluminum alloys dispersed with bismuth, lead and indium show promising applications in wear­resistant automotive components. Such dispersions of low melting temperature elements decrease hardness and flow easily under sliding conditions, resulting in favorable tribological behavior. Much research has been devoted in order to better comprehend the distinct morphologies obtained by monotectic reactions. Some researches assume that the interphase spacing evolution in monotectic alloys follows the classical relationship used for eutectics: ?2v = C, or the dendritic growth relationship ?.va.Gb = C, where v is the solidification velocity and C a constant value for both cases, G is the thermal gradient and a and b are constants. Such studies have used Bridgman type het resistance furnaces to produce the directionally solidified monotectic samples. There is a lack of consistent studies on the microstructural development of monotectic alloys during transient heat flowconditions, which are of prime importance since this class of heat flow encompasses the majority of solidification industrial processes. In the present study, directional unsteady-state solidification experiments were carried out with hypomonotectic Al-0.9wt%Pb and Al-5.5wt%In, monotectic Al-1.2wt%Pb and hypermonotectic Al-5.0wt%Bi, Al-7.0wt%Bi and Al-2.1wt%Pb alloys, besides the macrosegregation analysis of the monotectic Al-3.2wt%Bi alloy. Thermal parameters such as the growth rate, cooling rate and thermal gradient were experimentally determined by cooling curves recorded along the casting length. The microstructural evolution was characterized by metallography and the spacings were correlated with the thermal parameters. It is show that the ?2v = C growth law is valid only for the cases where there is a morphology of solute particles irregularly arranged in the matrix and it is not applied on the cases where a cellular monotectic front or fibers and strings of pearls morphologies were observed. On the other hand, ?.va.Gb = C law seems to be able to characterize all the upward cases. The increase in the alloy solute content and induced convective flow affected the morphologies of the resulting phases, the magnitude of the interphase spacing and the diameters of the solute-rich particles / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Rapid modern technological changes and improvements bring great motivations in advanced material designs and fabrications. In this context, metal matrix composites, as an emerging material category, have undergone great developments over the past 50 years. Their primary applications, such as automotive, aerospace and military industries, require materials with increasingly strict specifications, especially high stiffness, lightweight and superior strength. For these advanced applications, carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites have proven their enormous potential where outstanding machinability, engineering reliability and economy efficiency are vital priorities. To contribute in the understanding and development of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites, this study focuses on composite fabrication, mechanical testing and physical property modelling. The composites are fabricated by squeeze casting. Plain weave carbon fiber (AS4 Hexcel) is used as reinforcement, while aluminum alloy 6061 is used as matrix. The improvement of the squeeze casting fabrication process is focused on reducing leakage while combining thermal expansion pressure with post-processing pressing. Three different fiber volume fractions are investigated to achieve optimum mechanical properties. Piston-on-ring (POR) bend tests are used to measure the biaxial flexural stiffness and fracture strength on disc samples. The stress-strain curves and fracture surfaces reveal the effect of fiber-matrix interface bonding on composite bend behaviour. The composites achieved up to 11.6%, 248.3% and 90.1% increase in flexural modulus, strain hardening modulus and yield strength as compared with the unreinforced aluminum alloy control group, respectively. Analytical modelling and finite element modelling are used to comparatively characterise and verify the composite effective flexural modulus and strength. Specifically, they allowed iii evaluating how far the experimental results deviate from idealized assumptions of the models, which provides an insight into the composite sample quality, particularly at fiber-matrix interfaces. Overall, the models agree well with experimental results in identifying an improvement in flexural modulus up to a carbon fiber volume fraction of 4.81vol%. However, beyond a fiber content of 3.74vol%, there is risk of deterioration of mechanical properties, particularly the strength. This is because higher carbon fiber volume fractions restrict the infiltration and wetting of carbon fibre by the liquid, potentially leading to poor fiber-matrix interface bonding. It is shown that higher thermal expansion pressures and subsequent post-processing pressing can overcome this challenge at higher carbon fiber volume contents by reducing fiber-aluminum contact angle, improving infiltration, reducing defects such as porosity, and overall improving fiber-matrix bonding.

The Diploma thesis deals with the verification of Jominy end-quench test when analysis of hardenability of aluminium alloys is considered. The problem was solved experimentally, by developing end-quench curves of selected grades of aluminium alloys. Degree of hardenability of alloy is hardness after complete strengthening heat treatment. Samples of aluminium alloys commonly used for aircraft structures were prepared and then subjected to end-quench tests in various quenchants. On the basis of performed experiments, suitability of Jominy end-quench test for comparison of hardenability of alloys was found. Part of the thesis deals with the creation of equivalent cooling rate diagrams using the developed end-quench curves.

The aim of this thesis is influence of precipitation hardening regime, specifically quench rate, on mechanical properties of aluminium alloy A356 (AlSi7Mg0.3). Samples were after solution treatment quenched into water with different temperatures and age hardened. Tensile strength tests, hardness tests and microstructure observations were done after heat tretment.

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