Neste trabalho foi investigada uma mudança na linha base observada em curvas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial em um trabalho onde microesferas de vidros aluminossilicatos contendo Ho foram estudados para a aplicação em radioterapia interna seletiva para o tratamento de carcinoma hepatocelular. Os vidros com composição nominal 53,7 SiO2 .10,5 Al2O3 . 35,8 MgO em %mol foram produzidos pelo método de fusão tradicional. As fritas obtidas foram moídas e peneiradas na faixa de 45 a 63 μm. O material foi utilizado para produzir microesferas pelo método de esferolização por queda gravitacional. O pó de vidro e as microesferas foram caracterizados por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X, difração de laser, difração de raios X, calorimetria exploratória diferencial, análise térmica diferencial, termogravimetria, espectrometria de massa e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Após as análises térmicas foram formadas pastilhas nos cadinhos que foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X e picnometria a gás He. A mudança na linha base foi associada ao processo de sinterização por fluxo viscoso e ocorre devido a diminuição do fluxo de calor detectado devido à retração da amostra. Outros processos como cristalização concomitante com a sinterização também foram estudados. / In this work a difference in the baseline in differential scanning calorimetry analyses, observed in a work where aluminosilicate glasses microspheres containing Ho were studied for application in selective internal radiotherapy as hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, was studied. The glasses with nominal composition 53,7 SiO2 .10,5 Al2O3 . 35,8 MgO in %mol were produced from traditional melting. The frits obtained were milled and sieved in the range of 45 a 63 μm. The material was used to produce glass microspheres by the gravitational fall method. The glass powder and the microspheres were characterized by X ray fluorescence spectrometry, laser diffraction, X ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. After the thermal analyses, pellets were formed in the crucibles and were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffraction, and He picnometry. The difference in the baseline was associated to the viscous flow sintering process and happens because of the decrease in the detected heat flow due to the sample shrinkage. Other events as concurrent crystallization with the sintering process were also studied.

Les matrices vitreuses aluminosilicatées de lanthanides {SiO2 –Al2O3 – (CaO) – Y2O3 – La2O3} constituent, une matrice potentielle d’intérêt nucléaire, dans le cadre du stockage des déchets des actinides. Alors que de nombreuses études sont encore menées pour établir leurs propriétés macroscopiques (durabilité, mécanismes de vitrification, etc…), nous nous sommes attachés à décrire l’environnement proche des noyaux qui composent le réseau, c'est-à-dire leur structure à une échelle locale. Les verres aluminosilicatés sont constitués de tétraèdres d’aluminium et de silicium. Plus précisément, ils sont constitués d’entités Qn(mAl) silicium et d’entités qn(mSi) aluminium. Cependant, il est rare d’aboutir à une description en ces termes. La Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire haute résolution solide (RMN MAS 27Al et 29Si) est un des moyens d’y parvenir. Nous proposons ici le développement de séquences d’impulsions permettant l’identification de ces unités puis la description de leurs connectivités via leurs liaisons chimiques, basées sur le filtrage des cohérences MultiQuanta associées aux couplages scalaires J2 (Si-O-Si) et J2 (Si-O-Al). Cette approche RMN permet donc d’affiner la compréhension des réseaux aluminosilicatés quels qu’ils soient. Couplé à la spectroscopie RAMAN, elle a pu ensuite nous servir comme référence pour établir la structure et le comportement à long terme de ces matrices, suite à des expériences de lixiviation statique et d’irradiation a pratiquées au cyclotron du CEMHTI. / Aluminosilicate glasses of rare earth {SiO2 –Al2O3 – (CaO) – Y2O3 – La2O3} can be considered like a potential matrix of nuclear waste. This type of glass appears to be suitable matrix for the specific immobilization of trivalent actinides. Whereas many studies dealt with the macroscopic properties of these matrix (durability, mechanism, etc…), we investigate here the local environment surrounding the nucleus constituting the vitreous network. Thus, we can say that we investigate the local structure of the glass. Aluminosilicate glasses are constituted with silicon and aluminium tetrahedra. They are more especially based on a mixture of silicon Qn(mAl) and aluminium qn(mSi) units. Up to now, few experiments allow to describe the vitreous network with this terminology. A solution is the High Resolution Solid State NMR : 27Al and 29Si 1D or 2D MAS NMR experiments. We proposed here to provide and improve NMR pulse sequence to evidence NMR signatures of chemically bounded Al-O-Si and Si-O-Si molecular motifs and to establish an approximate picture of medium range order, thanks to 27Al/29Si heteronuclear and 29Si/29Si homonuclear NMR experiments associated to MultiQuantum filtering based on indirect scalar coupling J2 Al-O-Si/J2 (Si-O-Si) and. Combining RAMAN spectroscopy, Spin counting and MultiQuantum filtering allow establishing an approximate and new picture of medium range order in aluminosilicate compounds. Thus, they offer a reference to describe the changes in the structure and the long term behavior of our aluminosilicate glasses of rare earth, induced by static lixiviation and a irradiation practiced to cyclotron in CEMHTI laboratory .

Neste trabalho foi investigada uma mudança na linha base observada em curvas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial em um trabalho onde microesferas de vidros aluminossilicatos contendo Ho foram estudados para a aplicação em radioterapia interna seletiva para o tratamento de carcinoma hepatocelular. Os vidros com composição nominal 53,7 SiO2 .10,5 Al2O3 . 35,8 MgO em %mol foram produzidos pelo método de fusão tradicional. As fritas obtidas foram moídas e peneiradas na faixa de 45 a 63 μm. O material foi utilizado para produzir microesferas pelo método de esferolização por queda gravitacional. O pó de vidro e as microesferas foram caracterizados por espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X, difração de laser, difração de raios X, calorimetria exploratória diferencial, análise térmica diferencial, termogravimetria, espectrometria de massa e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Após as análises térmicas foram formadas pastilhas nos cadinhos que foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X e picnometria a gás He. A mudança na linha base foi associada ao processo de sinterização por fluxo viscoso e ocorre devido a diminuição do fluxo de calor detectado devido à retração da amostra. Outros processos como cristalização concomitante com a sinterização também foram estudados. / In this work a difference in the baseline in differential scanning calorimetry analyses, observed in a work where aluminosilicate glasses microspheres containing Ho were studied for application in selective internal radiotherapy as hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, was studied. The glasses with nominal composition 53,7 SiO2 .10,5 Al2O3 . 35,8 MgO in %mol were produced from traditional melting. The frits obtained were milled and sieved in the range of 45 a 63 μm. The material was used to produce glass microspheres by the gravitational fall method. The glass powder and the microspheres were characterized by X ray fluorescence spectrometry, laser diffraction, X ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry, mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. After the thermal analyses, pellets were formed in the crucibles and were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffraction, and He picnometry. The difference in the baseline was associated to the viscous flow sintering process and happens because of the decrease in the detected heat flow due to the sample shrinkage. Other events as concurrent crystallization with the sintering process were also studied.

Ce travail a pour but d'étudier les propriétés structurales et dynamiques des verres aluminosilicate de calcium CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS) par dynamique moléculaire classique, à partir d'un potentiel empirique de type Born-Mayer-Huggins, construit sur la base de résultats de dynamique moléculaire ab initio (AIMD) et expérimentaux. Il montre de bonnes propriétés de transférabilité sur toutes les concentrations pour les propriétés structurales et dynamiques étudiées. L'évolution des propriétés structurales a été étudiée en fonction de la température et de la concentration en silice pour trois rapports de concentrations R = [CaO]/[Al2O3]= 1, 1.57 et 3. Les résultats révèlent la présence d'oxygènes non-pontants et tricoordonnés et d'aluminium penta-coordonnés pour toutes les concentrations dont le nombre diminue avec l'augmentation avec la concentration en silice. L'étude de la viscosité et du temps de relaxation structural avec la température a permis de montrer que la fragilité diminue avec l'augmentation de la concentration en silice pour les trois valeurs de R. Une corrélation avec l'évolution des oxygènes non pontant indique que ces derniers jouent un rôle prépondérant pour la fragilité. Il est montré que la théorie des couplages de modes s'applique à la dynamique des CAS et qu'une violation de la relation de Stokes-Einstein se produit au-dessus du point de fusion expérimental indiquant une hétérogénéité dynamique. / The aim of this work is to study the structural and dynamic properties of calcium aluminosilicate glasses CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS) by classical molecular dynamics, using an empirical potential of the Born-Mayer-Huggins type, built on the basis of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) and the experimental results. This potential proves to be transferable for all concentration and the structural and dynamic properties studied. The evolution of structural properties has been studied as a function of temperature and silica content for the three concentration ratios R = [CaO]/[Al2O3]= 1, 1.57 et 3. The results reveal the presence of non-bonding oxygen, oxygen triclusters and AlO5 structural units for all the concentrations whose number decrease with increasing silica content. The study of the temperature evolution of the viscosity and structural relaxation time shows that the fragility decreases with the increase of silica content for all values of R. A correlation with the evolution of the number non-bonding oxygen indicates that they play a preponderant role for the fragility. It is shown that the mode coupling theory can be applied to the dynamics of the CAS and that a violation of the Stokes-Einstein relation occurs well above the experimental melting point indicating a dynamical heterogeneity. Keywords: calcium aluminosilicate, diffusion, viscosity, fragility, BMH potential, molecular dynamics, dynamical heterogeneity, non-bonding oxygen.

Dans le cadre de la recherche de matériaux fluorescents et/ou phosphorescents à émission blanche, une nouvelle famille d'aluminosilicate de baryum/strontium dopée à l'europium (Ba/Sr)13-xAl22+2xSi10+2xO66:Eu a été étudiée. La première partie de ce mémoire rappelle les mécanismes d'émissions de fluorescence de l'ion Eu2+ et les processus de thermoluminescence (TL). La seconde partie est quant-à-elle consacrée aux conditions de synthèse des matériaux étudiés, à leur caractérisation structurale et leurs propriétés optiques. Typiquement, sous illumination UV, un matériau de la famille sus-mentionnée présente deux bandes de fluorescence (respectivement centrées dans le bleu et le vert du spectre du visible) dues à la présence de Eu2+ dans des sites cristallographiques distincts. Le cation Eu2+ occupe préférentiellement l'un des sites comme nous avons pu le vérifier par calculs ab-initio de type DFT. Les deux bandes d'émissions recouvrant la totalité du spectre du visible donnent lieu à une émission blanche pour l'oeil humain. La variation du taux d'europium et de la proportion Ba/Sr permettent de modifier le rendu colorimétrique de l'émission. Après arrêt de l'excitation UV, le composé présente une phosphorescence blanche visible une dizaine de minutes. Des mesures de déclins d'émission conjointement à des expériences de TL ont permis d'identifier et caractériser les pièges responsables de la phosphorescence. Enfin, l'analyse spectrale de la TL a pu mettre en avant une dépendance des spectres de TL avec la température à laquelle le matériau est excité. Ce phénomène surprenant a fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée.

Dans le cadre de la recherche de matériaux fluorescents et/ou phosphorescents à émission blanche, une nouvelle famille d'aluminosilicate de baryum/strontium dopée à l'europium (Ba/Sr)13-xAl22+2xSi10+2xO66:Eu a été étudiée. La première partie de ce mémoire rappelle les mécanismes d'émissions de fluorescence de l'ion Eu2+ et les processus de thermoluminescence (TL). La seconde partie est quant-à-elle consacrée aux conditions de synthèse des matériaux étudiés, à leur caractérisation structurale et leurs propriétés optiques. Typiquement, sous illumination UV, un matériau de la famille sus-mentionnée présente deux bandes de fluorescence (respectivement centrées dans le bleu et le vert du spectre du visible) dues à la présence de Eu2+ dans des sites cristallographiques distincts. Le cation Eu2+ occupe préférentiellement l'un des sites comme nous avons pu le vérifier par calculs ab-initio de type DFT. Les deux bandes d'émissions recouvrant la totalité du spectre du visible donnent lieu à une émission blanche pour l'oeil humain. La variation du taux d'europium et de la proportion Ba/Sr permettent de modifier le rendu colorimétrique de l'émission. Après arrêt de l'excitation UV, le composé présente une phosphorescence blanche visible une dizaine de minutes. Des mesures de déclins d'émission conjointement à des expériences de TL ont permis d'identifier et caractériser les pièges responsables de la phosphorescence. Enfin, l'analyse spectrale de la TL a pu mettre en avant une dépendance des spectres de TL avec la température à laquelle le matériau est excité. Ce phénomène surprenant a fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée.

The structure of molten Au0.81Si0.19, Au0.72Ge0.28 and Ag0.74Ge0.26 alloys with a composition at or near to the eutectic was investigated by using neutron diffraction (ND). The results suggest that the Au-Au distance in the alloys is similar to that of liquid Au, there is a preference for Au-Si bonds and show that there are pre-peaks in the total structure factors for Au0.72Ge0.28 and Ag0.74Ge0.26 at 1.3(2) and 1.6(3) ˚, A−1 respectively. The asymptotic decay of the pair correlation functions was found to agree both with a theoretical prediction based on simple pair potentials and a fractal model for metallic glasses. The structure of glassy (R2O3)0.2(Al2O3)0.2(SiO2)0.6, where R denotes Dy, Ho or a 50:50 mixture of Dy and Ho, was investigated by using the method of isomorphic substitution in ND, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The network is made from SiO4 tetrahedral units with a distribution of AlO4, AlO5 and AlO6 units giving an average coordination number of 4.5(1). There is a distribution of RO5, RO6, RO7, RO8 and RO9 units with an average coordination number of 7.2(3) and an average R-O distance of 2.33(2) ˚ A. The EXAFS results confirmed that Dy and Ho are isomorphic and were used to refine an RMC model of the structure. R-Al and R-Si nearest neighbour shells with average distances of 3.15(3) and 3.6(1) ˚A were required to fit the EXAFS results. The structure of glassy and liquid ZnCl2 was studied by using ND and XRD. The material has a network structure made from ZnCl4 tetrahedra units which is retained in the liquid at temperatures near to the boiling point. An increase of temperature promotes edge sharing connectivity as inferred from a decrease of the Zn-Zn nearest neighbour distance and average Zn-Cl coordination number. An EXAFS study on crystalline ZnCl2 at room temperature shows that Zn remains 4fold coordinated at pressures less than 1 GPa, is 4+2-fold coordinated at 2-4 GPa, and is 6-fold coordinated above 4 GPa. For liquid ZnCl2, Zn is 4-fold coordinated by Cl at a pressure of about 1 GPa and could be 6-fold coordinated at 2-3 GPa.

De nouveaux matériaux aluminosilicates (de Si/Al = 6 à pure silice) à structures hiérarchiques ont été synthétisés sous forme de billes submicrométriques par chimie sol-gel couplée à un procédé de synthèse pas voie aérosol. Les synthèses ont été effectuées à partir de précurseurs inorganiques alcoxydes en présence du copolymère amphiphile [EO]106-[PO]70-[EO]106 et à pH fortement basique fixé par la concentration en hydroxyde de tétrapropylammonium. La porosité des matériaux calcinés, examinée par MET, DRX aux bas angles et volumétrie à l'azote, est caractéristique de matériaux soit mésostructurés, mésoporeux ou macroporeux avec, dans certains cas, une microporosité importante. L'étude de l'influence des paramètres chimiques sur la porosité finale a permis de rationaliser les conditions d'obtention de chaque type de structure et de proposer un mécanisme de formation. Le réseau inorganique des matériaux a été étudié par DRX aux grands angles, IRTF avec ou sans adsorption de lutidine, RMN de l'27Al et de l'1H. Bien que complètement amorphes, ces matériaux se révèlent pourtant beaucoup plus actifs en catalyse de l'isomérisation du m-xylène que les aluminosilicates amorphes de référence.

Nanotubes have numerous potential applications in areas such as biotechnology, electronics, photonics, catalysis and separations. There are several challenges to be overcome in order to realize their potential, such as: (1) Synthesis of monodisperse (in diameter and in length) single-walled nanotubes; (2) Quantitative understanding of the mechanism of formation and growth of nanotubes; (3) Capability to engineer the nanotube size; (4) Low temperature synthesis process; and (5) Synthesis of impurity free nanotubes. Our investigation focuses on a class of metal oxide (aluminosilicate/germanate) nanotubes, which are; single walled nanotubes with monodisperse inner and outer diameters, can be synthesized in the laboratory by a low temperature (95ºC) process in mildly acidic aqueous solutions, and their formation timescales is hours, which makes it convenient as a model system to study the mechanisms of nanotube formation. This work is focused on obtaining a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the mechanism of formation of aluminosilicate and aluminogermanate nanotubes. In order to achieve this overall objective, this thesis consists of the following aspects: (1) A systematic phenomenological study of the growth and structural properties of aluminosilicate and aluminogermanate nanotubes. The constant size and increasing nanotube concentration over the synthesis time strongly suggest that these nanotubular are assembled through self-assembly process. (II) Investigation of the mechanism of formation of single-walled aluminogermanate nanotubes provided the central phenomena underlying the formation of these nanostructures: (1) the generation (via pH control) of a precursor solution containing chemically bonded precursors, (2) the formation of amorphous nanoscale (~ 6 nm) condensates via temperature control, and (3) the self-assembly of short nanotubes from the amorphous nanoscale condensates. (III) Synthesis of mixed metal oxide (aluminosilicogermanate) nanotubes with precise control of elemental composition, diameter and length of the product nanotubes. (IV) Preliminary work towards generalization of the kinetic model developed for aluminogermanate nanotubes to a larger class of metal oxide nanotubes. It was found that the size of nanotubes is dependent on the amount of precursors that can be packed in a single ANP and in turn depends on the size of the ANP.

The primary objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and cost-effective sorption system to analyze adsorption and diffusion of different gases on micro porous materials and nanotubes. A high pressure Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) based adsorption apparatus for single-component gas was developed. A QCM is an acoustic-wave resonator in which the acoustic wave propagates through the crystal. Therefore, it is highly responsive to addition or removal of small amounts of mass adsorbed or deposited on the surface of the crystal. This mass sensitivity makes the QCM an ideal tool for the study of gas adsorption. The QCM-based adsorption apparatus is advantageous over the commercialized none-gravimetric and gravimetric equipment in a way that it is low-cost, highly sensitive and accurate for mass sorption applications, satisfactorily stable in a controlled environment, and can be used for thin films. The high pressure apparatus was calibrated using Matrimid 5218, whose thermodynamic properties and adsorption parameters are known. The Matrimid was spin-coated onto a 14 mm-diameter QCM, and sorption equilibrium data for were obtained for CO₂ gas at 25, 30, 48, and 52 ºC and partial pressure range between 0 to 4 bar. In order to compare the experimental data with available literature data, the experimental data was fitted into a dual-mode adsorption model. The model results from Henry's law and a Langmuir mechanism. Comparison of the experimental adsorption isotherm of Matrimide for CO₂ gas with literature data showed reasonable agreement between the experimental and literature data. In this study, the adsorption parameters of aluminosilicate nanotubes are observed. Aluminosilicate nanotubes are ideal materials for chemical sensing, molecule separation, and gas storage; hence, there is a need for adsorption and diffusion data on this material. The adsorption of CO₂, N₂, and CH₄ gases on aluminosilicate nanotubes samples has been studied in the temperature range of 20° to 120° Celsius and pressure range of 0 to 8 bar. The experimental results yield the CO₂ and N₂ heat of adsorptions of -32.9 and -28.1 kJ/mol respectively.