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Influence of Environmental Parameters on Mold Sampling ResultsFishman, Benjamin 16 June 2017 (has links)
Mold is a type of fungus present in nearly all environments. Mold thrives under several environmental parameters such as high humidity and an adequate food source. A professional, such as an industrial hygienist, can measure mold in indoor and outdoor environments. Industrial hygienists commonly use a cascade impactor with a culture plate to capture air within a sampling area. While collecting air samples, environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide are recorded. A laboratory then cultures and analyzes the samples, identifying the types and amounts of viable mold found in the sampling area.
In this study, a data analysis method is used to interpret lab results and compare those results to the environmental parameters measured during collection. The study aims to show the relationship between the environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide) and the types and amounts of mold that were measured in both indoor built environments and their surrounding outdoor areas.
Among all 170 different sampling locations, the outdoor areas had higher counts and concentrations of mold. In addition, both indoor and outdoor areas saw Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium as the most prevalent molds, with Cladosporium having the highest counts. Lower temperatures and humidity had a very small influence on mold growth and thus, yielded the lowest counts. Furthermore, the highest concentrations of mold were found within the same temperature and humidity ranges for both indoor and outdoor environments.
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Pasivace aktivní vrstvy perovskitových solárních článků s invertovanou strukturou / Passivation of the active layer in perovskite solar cells with inverted architectureBabincová, Kristina January 2021 (has links)
The topic of this work is the passivation of the active layer of perovskite solar cells with an inverted structure. The work is divided into theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part describes in particular the passivation and modification of the perovskite layer as well as the characteristic properties of perovskite, including structure and stability. The experimental part deals with the preparation of photovoltaic cells with an inverted structure. For the characterization of photovoltaic cells, reference samples were prepared and their active layer was modified by plasma. The most used deposition technique for the preparation of layers was the spin coating method. From the performed experiments it can be concluded that the preparation of samples and their subsequent modification under laboratory conditions does not lead to the improvement of the final parameters of photovoltaic conversion. By transferring the sample preparation and passivation of the active layer to an inert atmosphere, it was possible to produce cells with higher efficiencies (compared to the reference sample), around 10 %. Another advantage of this plasma treatment of the active layer is that it also improves the stability of the prepared structures, which even after a few days in air show almost 80 % of the original efficiency.
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Contribution to the simulation of new standard testing cycles by means of a 0D/1D toolArtham, Sushma 26 December 2023 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] El objetivo principal de esta tesis es establecer una metodología para predecir el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de un motor de encendido por compresión en condiciones transitorias. Además, su objetivo es explorar cómo las diferentes configuraciones del motor y los factores ambientales impactan el comportamiento del motor utilizando un enfoque de modelado 0D/1D. Además, el estudio pretende extender esta metodología a los motores duales, analizando específicamente las características de combustión de metano-diésel e hidrógeno-diésel. Para lograrlo, la herramienta de modelado 0D/1D se ajustó y validó meticulosamente utilizando un motor diésel de cuatro cilindros. Esta alineación entre la simulación y datos experimentales se centró especialmente en factores cruciales como la presión, la liberación de calor, las temperaturas en los fluidos del motor y el par. Se realizó un análisis exhaustivo del Balance Energético Global (GEB) utilizando VEMOD (Virtual Engine Model). Este análisis proporcionó información detallada sobre el consumo del motor y su reacción en diversas condiciones de funcionamiento, particularmente durante el Ciclo de ensayo mundial armonizado de vehículos ligeros (WLTC). La comparación de términos energéticos entre diferentes condiciones ambientales y de motor destacó aspectos como la fricción, la transferencia de calor y la acumulación de calor. Además, el análisis GEB permitió explorar cómo se distribuía la energía con diferentes temperaturas y altitudes ambientes. El estudio también evaluó las emisiones de NOx, revelando patrones influenciados por factores como las tasas de recirculación de gases de escape (EGR) y la temperatura de admisión. En el ámbito de los motores de combustible dual, se elaboró y validó un modelo de combustión utilizando la herramienta de simulación 0D/1D. La atención inicial se centró en la combustión de metano-Diesel, validada con datos experimentales. Posteriormente, el alcance de este modelo se amplió para simular la combustión de hidrógeno-Diesel. Esta tesis ha introducido con éxito una metodología que utiliza VEMOD para predecir el consumo y las emisiones del motor en distintos escenarios. El análisis exhaustivo arrojó luz sobre cómo funcionan los mecanismos de distribución de energía y cómo diferentes factores influyen en el comportamiento del motor. La aplicación de esta metodología a motores de encendido por compresión ha demostrado su versatilidad y capacidad de predicción, lo que la convierte en una herramienta valiosa para investigar escenarios futuros, también con combustiones duales. / [CA] L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és establir una metodologia per predir el consum de combustible i les emissions d'un motor d'encesa per compressió en condicions transitòries. A més, pretén explorar com diferents configuracions de motors i factors ambientals afecten el comportament del motor mitjançant un enfocament de modelització 0D/1D. A més, l'estudi s'esforça a estendre aquesta metodologia als motors de doble combustible (duals), analitzant específicament les característiques de combustió de metà-dièsel i hidrogendièsel. Per aconseguir-ho, l'eina de modelització 0D/1D es va ajustar minuciosament i es va validar mitjançant un motor dièsel de quatre cilindres. Aquesta alineació entre dades de simulació i món real es va centrar especialment en factors crucials com la pressió, l'alliberament de calor, les temperatures dels fluids del motor i el parell. Es va realitzar una anàlisi completa del Balanç Global d'Energia (GEB) mitjançant VEMOD (Virtual Engine Model). Aquesta anàlisi va proporcionar una visió profunda sobre el consum del motor i la seua reacció en diverses condicions de funcionament, especialment durant el Cicle mundial d'assaig de vehicles lleugers harmonitzats (WLTC). La comparació de termes energètics entre diferents condicions ambientals i del motor van posar de manifest aspectes com la fricció, la transferència de calor i l'acumulació de calor. A més, l'anàlisi GEB va explorar com es va distribuir l'energia amb diferents temperatures i altituds ambientals. L'estudi també va valorar les emissions de NOx, revelant patrons influenciats per factors com la recirculació de gasos d'escapament (EGR) i la temperatura d'admissió. En l'àmbit dels motors duals, es va elaborar i validar un model de combustió mitjançant l'eina de simulació 0D/1D. El focus inicial es va centrar en la combustió metà-Diesel, validada amb dades experimentals. Posteriorment, l'abast d'aquest model es va ampliar per simular la combustió hidrogen-Diesel. Aquesta tesi ha introduït amb èxit una metodologia que utilitza VEMOD per predir el consum i les emissions del motor en diferents escenaris. L'anàlisi completa va donar llum a com funcionen els mecanismes de distribució d'energia i com diferents factors influeixen en el comportament del motor. L'aplicació d'aquesta metodologia als motors d'encesa per compressió va demostrar la seva versatilitat i capacitats de predicció, convertint-la en una valuosa eina per investigar els futurs escenaris, fins i tot amb combustions duals. / [EN] The main aim of this thesis is to establish a methodology for predicting fuel consumption and emissions of a compression ignition engine in transient conditions. Additionally, it aims to explore how different engine setups and environmental factors impact the engine's performance using a 0D/1D modelling approach. Moreover, the study strives to extend this methodology to dual fuel engines, specifically analysing methane-Diesel and hydrogen- Diesel combustion characteristics. The 0D/1D modelling tool was meticulously fine-tuned and validated using a four-cylinder Diesel engine to achieve this. This alignment between simulation and experimental data focused on crucial factors such as pressure, heat release, engine fluid temperatures and torque. A comprehensive Global Energy Balance (GEB) analysis was conducted using VEMOD (Virtual Engine Model). This analysis provided insights into the engine consumption and performance under diverse operating conditions, particularly during the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). The comparison of energy terms across different engine and boundary conditions highlighted aspects such as friction, heat rejection, and heat accumulation. Additionally, the GEB analysis allowed exploration of how energy was split across varying ambient temperatures and altitudes. The study also assessed NOx emissions, revealing patterns influenced by factors such as Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) rates and intake temperature. A combustion model was developed and validated using the 0D/1D simulation tool in the scope of dual fuel engines. The initial focus was on methane-Diesel combustion, validated against experimental data. Subsequently, this model scope was expanded to simulate hydrogen-Diesel combustion. This thesis has successfully introduced a methodology based on VEMOD to predict engine consumption and emissions across varying scenarios. The comprehensive analysis illuminated how energy distribution mechanisms operate and how factors influence engine performances. The application of this methodology to compression ignition engines demonstrated its versatility and prediction capabilities, making it a valuable tool for investigating future combustion scenarios, including dual fuel operation. / This research has been partially funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework
Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant
agreement 723976 (“DiePeR”) and by the Spanish government under the grant agreement
TRA2017-89894-R (”MECOEM”) and I was supported by FPI grant with reference
PRE2018-084411. / Artham, S. (2023). Contribution to the simulation of new standard testing cycles by means of a 0D/1D tool [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201238 / Compendio
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