A inexistência de uma regra única que discipline a prevalência de norma constitucional federal sobre norma constitucional estadual, e vice-versa, no sistema federativo brasileiro, é tratada aqui enfocando tão somente os vínculos que dizem respeito aos agentes públicos. Embora as normas constitucionais federais devessem, em princípio, aterem-se à estrutura estatal, à divisão de competências e prerrogativas dos poderes, e às garantias individuais e sociais, os constituintes brasileiros preocuparam-se em regular matérias que recebem o status de constitucionais porque foram guindadas a tanto, seja pela força dos fatos sociais ou, até mesmo, por mero fisiologismo. Nesse terreno, mais próprio da legislação comum, é que está o epicentro das Emendas Constitucionais que têm reflexos nas Constituições Estaduais e em toda a legislação. Cuida-se aqui deste fenômeno e das suas conseqüências nas normas que regulam a Administração Pública e seus agentes. / The fact that there is not an unique rule about the predominance of the precept of the Federal Constitution over the State Constitution and vice versa in the brazilian federative system, is here treated focusing only the public agents relations. Although the federal constitutional rules should mainly deal with State structure, competence division and prerogatives, as well as individual and social garanties, brazilian constituent worried about themes that received the status of constitutional norms because they were turned to it, either by the social facts force, either by pure physiologism. In this field, peculiar to ordinary law, is situated the epicenter of the constitutional amendment that reflects in the State Constitutions and in all the ordinary law. Here this phenomenon is treated as well as its consequences in the laws that regulate Public Administration and its agents.

A inexistência de uma regra única que discipline a prevalência de norma constitucional federal sobre norma constitucional estadual, e vice-versa, no sistema federativo brasileiro, é tratada aqui enfocando tão somente os vínculos que dizem respeito aos agentes públicos. Embora as normas constitucionais federais devessem, em princípio, aterem-se à estrutura estatal, à divisão de competências e prerrogativas dos poderes, e às garantias individuais e sociais, os constituintes brasileiros preocuparam-se em regular matérias que recebem o status de constitucionais porque foram guindadas a tanto, seja pela força dos fatos sociais ou, até mesmo, por mero fisiologismo. Nesse terreno, mais próprio da legislação comum, é que está o epicentro das Emendas Constitucionais que têm reflexos nas Constituições Estaduais e em toda a legislação. Cuida-se aqui deste fenômeno e das suas conseqüências nas normas que regulam a Administração Pública e seus agentes. / The fact that there is not an unique rule about the predominance of the precept of the Federal Constitution over the State Constitution and vice versa in the brazilian federative system, is here treated focusing only the public agents relations. Although the federal constitutional rules should mainly deal with State structure, competence division and prerogatives, as well as individual and social garanties, brazilian constituent worried about themes that received the status of constitutional norms because they were turned to it, either by the social facts force, either by pure physiologism. In this field, peculiar to ordinary law, is situated the epicenter of the constitutional amendment that reflects in the State Constitutions and in all the ordinary law. Here this phenomenon is treated as well as its consequences in the laws that regulate Public Administration and its agents.

This study investigates the impacts of selected Leguminous Tree Species (LTS) and kaolinite pre-amendment on oil-contaminated soil. It covered assessment of different levels of contamination (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ml in 4000 g soil; which represents the degree of light crude oil spillage concentration as 0.0, 0.63, 1.25, 1.88 and 2.5 %v/w) on the growth performance of Albizia adianthifolia, Albizia odoratissima, Bauhinia monandra, Delonix regia, Peltophorum pterocarpum and Tetrapleura tetraptera LTS investigated. Percentage germination, seedling height, seedling girth, number of leaves and number of nodules decreased as the concentrations of crude oil in soil samples increased. LTS affected soil physicochemical properties. Soil acidity decreased; soil organic matter, carbon content and exchangeable ions increased. N, P and K were altered in the LTS planted soil as compared to controls, but there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences. There were increased microbial counts in the crude oil-contaminated soil planted with LTS as compared with non-LTS planted soils. Hydrocarbon removal was significantly higher (P < 0.05, n = 3) in LTS planted soil than in non-planted soil. D. regia planted soils had most hydrocarbon removal and had significantly more growth in terms of plant height, girth and leaf production in the field. Kaolinite (10 and 20 g samples) applications were suitable and effective sorbent agents for oil-contamination at the different oil concentrations. The sorption potential of kaolinite increased with the increase in kaolinite to 20 g. The potential re-usability of kaolinite after the initial use for oil sorption was analysed and 10 g of burnt kaolinite sorbed 43.62%, while 20 g sorbed 58.90%. The rate of oil sorption by fresh kaolinite was significantly higher than burnt kaolinite. Results show the considerable potential of phytoremediation protocols with LTS and kaolinite as combined remediating agents for oil spill remediation in the humid tropics.

This paper is an attempt to present the history of the so-called "self-incrimination clause" of the Fifth Amendment from the time the idea was first conceived in the mind of man to the present day. It is an attempt to present the ideas of both legal and lay thinkers concerning this clause.

Although this study will be concerned primarily with the Negro and legal issues involved in efforts to discriminate against the Negro race, a careful study of racial residential segregation will reveal that the imposed restrictions may be based on religion, nationality, or race.

Esta dissertação pretende contribuir para o conhecimento de dimensões pouco estudadas do processo político estadual, especialmente a política constitucional nos estados brasileiros. Propomos estudar então o processo de emendamento às Constituições Estaduais. Para tanto levantamos os textos das Constituições Estaduais promulgadas após 1989 e suas emendas aprovadas entre 1989 e 2014. A partir dos dados levantados desenvolvemos uma análise descritiva das Constituições e das Emendas aprovadas com o objetivo de identificar padrões e características do constitucionalismo estadual. Além da análise descritiva também comparamos três unidades de medida de extensão constitucional, a quantidade de artigos, de palavras e de dispositivos. Nas análises descritivas encontramos variabilidade tanto na extensão Constitucional quanto no tamanho do emendamento. A fim de identificar fenômenos associados à variabilidade no emendamento desenvolvemos uma análise simplificada em que optamos por modelos estáticos e bivariados. Dentre os testes efetuados destacamos três resultados. A constitucionalização de políticas públicas parece afetar significativamente o emendamento de forma que parte do processo legislativo utiliza a alteração constitucional para avançar a agenda. A maior fragmentação do sistema político leva a aprovação de emendas mais extensas. E finalmente que parte do emendamento às Constituições Estaduais é explicado pelas alterações efetuadas à Constituição Federal. / Our main purpose in this masters thesis is advancing the research on Brazilians state politics not yet adequately studied, mainly the state constitutional policy. Therefore, we intend an analysis on the amendment process of state Constitutions. Our first step was gathering the state Constitutions and their amendments between 1989 and 2014 and performing an exploratory descriptive analysis. Along with the descriptive analysis, we perform comparisons amongst three methods of measuring constitutional length, the number of articles, number of words and number of constitutional provisions. As a result of the exploratory analysis, we found considerable variability on state constitutional and amendment length. In order to identify possible phenomena related to amendment variability we perform a simplified analysis based on static and bivariate models. Amongst the performed tests, three results are noteworthy. The amount of public policies on Constitutional texts seem to increase the amendment. Higher party system fragmentation correlates with lengthier approved amends. Lastly, the state constitutional change shows an echo of the Federal Constitutional amendments.

Book Summary:The integration of new technology and global collaboration has undoubtedly transformed learning in higher education from the traditional classroom setting into a domain of support services, academic programs, and educational products which are made available to learners. The Handbook of Research on Transnational Higher Education is a unique compilation of the most recent research done by higher education professionals in the areas of policy, governance, technology, marketing, and leadership development. This publication succeeds in highlighting the most important strategies and policies for professionals, policymakers, administrators, and researchers interested in higher education management.

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Several interest groups seek to put a $15 per hour minimum wage amendment on the Florida ballot in 2020. Floridians voted successfully to increase the minimum wage back in 2004. While the measure passed by over 50% in every county, there were substantial differences. What explains variance in support for the 2004 Minimum Wage Amendment among Florida counties? Hypotheses were drawn from previous literature and theory and multiple regression models find several statistically significant results. The percentage of Hispanic residents and the percentage of residents with a high school education or less had a positive relationship with support for increasing the minimum wage, while the percentage of votes for President Bush had a negative relationship. Conclusions are drawn that suggest how these results may impact the expected upcoming vote to further increase the minimum wage in Florida.

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