Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-01-31T12:54:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nara Paula Schmeier_.pdf: 877010 bytes, checksum: f002cde3446d9c5552d9a747ff097801 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T12:54:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nara Paula Schmeier_.pdf: 877010 bytes, checksum: f002cde3446d9c5552d9a747ff097801 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Petrobras - Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / O processo de digestão anaeróbia tem sido empregado com destaque no tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos, por tratar-se de uma alternativa para amenizar problemas ambientais e também por uma questão energética, visto que possibilita a produção de energia para auxiliar a suprir a alta demanda, em consequência do elevado crescimento populacional e industrial. No entanto, questões relativas a escalas de trabalho, formas de operação, carga orgânica e influência de parâmetros como AGV, alcalinidade e nitrogênio amoniacal (NA) perduram. Desta forma o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a operação de biodigestor, ao longo de 340 dias, mediante variação de frequências de adição de RSO e cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) de 7,98, 7,80, 9,64, 3,28, 4,10 e 5,00 kg STV/m3.d., com média de ST: 339,6 mg/g e umidade: 64%, frente a produção de biogás e CH4. Ademais, também buscou avaliar a influência de parâmetros como AGV, alcalinidade e nitrogênio amoniacal sobre o processo de DA. O sistema experimental foi composto por um biodigestor de câmara única, com volume de 0,28 m³, alimentado com RSO do restaurante universitário e inoculo ambientado a digestão de RSO. O monitoramento do processo experimental foi realizado por meio de caracterização físico-química (pH, DQO, DBO, alcalinidade, AGV, ST, STF, STV, NT, NA, PT e COT) das frações sólidas e líquidas, além da quantificação do biogás (volume e percentual de CH4). O processo de digestão revelou que aplicações de COVs de 3,28, 4,10 e 5,00 kg STV/m3.d. possibilitaram maiores rendimentos de biogás e CH4, em relação a COVs de 7,98, 7,80 e 9,64 kg STV/m3.d. A aplicação continua da COV de 4,10 kg STV/m3.d. apresentou o maior rendimento de biogás e CH4 em função dos STV aplicados, sendo 94,63 NL/kg STV e 45,42 NL/kg STV, respectivamente. No decorrer do processo de digestão, elevadas razões de AGV/Alcalinidade, baixas razões de C/NT e elevadas concentrações de AGV e NA levaram a uma condição de digestão que representou rendimentos reduzidos de biogás e metano. / The anaerobic digestion (AD) process has been used in the treatment of organic solid waste, for being an alternative to ease environmental problems and also an energy issue, since it allows the production of energy to help supplying the high demand, as a result of high population and industrial growth. However, issues concerning work scales, operation forms, organic loads and influence of parameters such as VFA, alkalinity and ammonia nitrogen (AN) to linger. In this way, the objective of this work was to evaluate the biodigester operation, during 340 days, by varying the frequencies of organic solid waste (OSW) and organic loading rate (OLR), of 7,98, 7,80, 9,64, 3,28, 4,10 e 5,00 kg STV/m3.d., with mean de TS: 339,6 mg/g and humidity: 64%, against production of biogas and CH4. In addition, it also sought to evaluate the influence of parameters such as VFA, alkalinity and AN on the DA process. The experimental system consisted of a single chamber biodigester with a volume of 0.28 m³, fed with OSW from a university restaurant and inoculum set to the digestion of OSW. The monitoring of the experimental process was carried out through physicochemical characterization (pH, COD, BOD, alkalinity, VFA, TS, TFS, TVS, TN, AN, PT and TOC) solid and liquid fractions, in addition to the quantification of biogas (volume and percentage of CH4). The digestion process revealed that OLRs applications of 3,28, 4,10 e 5,00 kg TVS/m3.d. allowed higher yields of biogas and CH4, in relation to OLRs of 7,98, 7,80 e 9,64 kg TVS/m3.d. The continuous application of OLR of 4,10 kg TVS/m3.d. showed the highest biogas yield and CH4 as a function of the VTS applied, being 94,63 NL/kg TVS and 45,42 NL/kg TVS, respectively. During the digestion process, high AGV/Alkalinity ratios, low C/N ratios and high concentrations of VFA and AN led to an digestion condition which represented reduced yields of biogas and methane.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseCVM_TESE_capa_ate_pag128.pdf: 3265790 bytes, checksum: 756c257ab1c64e4914df34565709a45f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31 / In this work were synthesized the materials called vanadyl phosphate, hydrogen vanadyl phosphate and vanadyl phosphate doped by transition metals with the aim in adsorption the following compounds: ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen oxide. To characterize the starting compounds was used DRX, FTIR, FRX and TG analysis. After the characterization of substrates, proceeded de adsorption of NH3 and H2S gases in reactor, passing the gases with continuous flow for 30 min and room temperature. Gravimetric data indicate that the matrices of higher performance in adsorption of ammonia was those doped by aluminum and manganese, obtaining results of 216,77 mgNH3/g and 200,40 mgNH3/g of matrix, respectively. The matrice of higher performance in adsorption of hydrogen sulfide was that doped by manganese, obtaining results of 86,94 mgH2S/g of matrix. The synthesis of substrates VOPO4.2H2O and MnVOPO4.2H2O with nitrogen oxide was made in solution, aiming the final products VOPO4.G.nH2O and MnVOPO4.G.nH2O (G = NO and n = number of water molecules). The thermo analytical behavior and the infrared spectroscopy are indicative of formation of VOPO4.2,5NO.3H2O compound. Results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of materials vanadyl phosphate and vanadyl phosphate modified after reaction in solid state or in solution with the gases show morphology changes in substrates, beyond the formation of orthorhombic sulfur crystals over their respective hosts when these adsorb hydrogen sulfide / Neste trabalho foram sintetizados os materiais denominados fosfato de vanadila, hidrogeno fosfato de vanadila e fosfatos de vanadila dopados por metais de transi??o com fins na adsor??o de am?nia, sulfeto de hidrog?nio e ?xido de nitrog?nio. Para a caracteriza??o dos compostos de partida, recorre-se ?s t?cnicas de DRX, FTIR, FRX e TG. Ap?s a caracteriza??o dos substratos, procedeu-se a adsor??o dos gases NH3 e H2S em reator, passando os gases a vaz?o cont?nua durante 30 min e temperatura ambiente. Dados gravim?tricos indicam que as matrizes de maior desempenho na adsor??o de am?nia foram ?quelas dopadas por alum?nio e mangan?s, obtendo resultado de 216,77 mgNH3/g e 200,40 mgNH3/g de matriz, respectivamente. A matriz de maior desempenho para a adsor??o de sulfeto de hidrog?nio foi ?quela dopada por mangan?s, obtendo resultado de 86,94 mgH2S/g de matriz. As s?nteses dos substratos VOPO4.2H2O e MnVOPO4.2H2O com o g?s ?xido de nitrog?nio foram realizadas em solu??o, objetivando-se os produtos finais VOPO4.G.nH2O e MnVOPO4.G.nH2O (G = NO e n = n?mero de mol?culas de ?gua). O comportamento termoanal?tico e a espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho s?o indicativos da forma??o do composto VOPO4.2,5NO.3H2O. Resultados de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) dos materiais fosfatos de vanadila e fosfatos de vanadila dopados ap?s rea??o no estado s?lido ou em solu??o com os gases indicam mudan?a na morfologia dos substratos, al?m da forma??o de cristais de enxofre ortorr?mbico sobre seus respectivos hospedeiros quando estes adsorvem sulfeto de hidrog?nio

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:59:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almira Biazon Franca.pdf: 424732 bytes, checksum: 6b668d3884ce7bf7de269eed230cab2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of bakery waste (BW) in sheep diets on intake, apparent digestibility, balance of nitrogen compounds and ruminal parameters, and determine the carbohydrates and nitrogenous fractions of food and diets. Five levels of corn replacement by BW (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were studied, using five male lambs with live weight of 30 kg, in a Latin square 5 X 5 design. The experimental diets were composed of concentrate and hay Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp) in a forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. To determine the intake and digestibility were collected samples of food, orts and feces. Urine was collected in buckets for a period of 24 hours to determination of nitrogen balance. Data were interpreted with to variance analysis and regression, using the t test at 5% significance. The BW present higher value for the non fiber carbohydrate and protein fraction with fast ruminal degradation (A+B1), which brought a greater proportion of these fractions in diets replacing 100% of corn by the BW and greater timing of energy supply and protein in the rumen. There wasn t effect (P>0.05) levels of substitution of intake, digestibility of nutrients, balance of nitrogen compounds and weight gain. Different levels of substitution didn t affect (P>0.05) pH values and concentrations of volatile fatty acids, but for the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) was found linear reduction (P<0.05) with the level of replacement, in which each 1% BW promoted reduction of 0,11 mg/dL in the concentration of N-NH3, which may be related to increased ruminal availability of energy, which allows greater use of ammonia for microbial growth. The addition of BW caused a reduction of 51,15% in the cost of ration. It was concluded that the BW can replace the corn in concentrate rations for sheep. / Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar os efeitos da inclus?o do res?duo de panifica??o (RP) na dieta de ovinos, sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade aparente, o balan?o de compostos nitrogenados e os par?metros ruminais, e determinar as fra??es de carboidratos e nitrogenadas dos alimentos e das dietas. Foram estudados cinco n?veis de substitui??o do milho pelo RP (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%), utilizando-se cinco cordeiros machos, com peso m?dio de 30 kg, distribu?dos segundo um delineamento em Quadrado Latino 5 x 5. As dietas experimentais foram compostas de concentrado e feno de capim-Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp), numa rela??o volumoso:concentrado de 60:40. Para a determina??o do consumo e digestibilidade aparente foram coletadas amostras dos alimentos, sobras e das fezes. Foram realizadas coletas de urina por um per?odo de 24 horas para a determina??o do balan?o de compostos nitrogenados. Os resultados foram interpretados de acordo com a an?lise de vari?ncia, e regress?o, utilizando-se o teste t a 5% de signific?ncia. O RP destacou-se pelos elevados valores das fra??es de carboidratos n?o fibrosos e de prote?na de r?pida fermenta??o ruminal (A+B1), o que conferiu maior propor??o dessas fra??es nas dietas com a substitui??o de 100% do milho pelo o RP e maior sincronismo da disponibilidade de energia e prote?na no r?men. N?o houve efeito (P>0,05) dos n?veis de substitui??o sobre o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, balan?o de compostos nitrogenados e ganho de peso. Os diferentes n?veis de substitui??o n?o afetaram (P>0,05) o pH do l?quido ruminal e as concentra??es dos ?cidos graxos vol?teis, por?m para a concentra??o de nitrog?nio amoniacal (N-NH3) foi observada redu??o linear (P<0,05) em fun??o dos n?veis de substitui??o, em que cada 1% de RP promoveu redu??o de 0,11 mg/dL na concentra??o de N-NH3, o que pode estar relacionada ao aumento na disponibilidade de energia no r?men, que possibilita maior utiliza??o da am?nia para o crescimento microbiano. A adi??o de RP causou redu??o de at? 51,15% no custo da ra??o concentrada. Concluindo-se que o RP pode substituir totalmente o milho nas ra??es concentradas de ovinos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1247214 bytes, checksum: 0be911ad91ff9b27e91d9cf12e606fa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two experiments were conducted. The experiment I, we evaluated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SM) for Jatropha Curcas seed cake with hulls, detoxified with ethanol (JCDE) on intake, total tract digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen compounds balance (NB), pH, ammonia nitrogen in the rumen, indicators of liver function and ruminal degradation kinetics of protein foods on diet heifers. There were four heifers cannulated in the rumen, with an average weight of 379±2.13 kg, distributed in 4x4 Latin square. Each experimental period lasted 15 days, eight of adaptation and seven days to the collections. The animals received four complete diets containing the dry matter basis, 65% corn silage and 35% concentrate. Treatments consisted of four levels of SM replaced by JCDE + urea/ammonium sulfate in the diet: 0, 33, 67 and 100%, DM basis. The detoxification of Jatropha cake with ethanol removed 99.33% of the esters of phorbol. Effective degradability of JCDE DM was 383.34 g/kg, was lower compared to FS. Linearly decreased (P<0.05) for DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC and TDN, when the SM was replaced by JCDE. When expressed on body weight CMS values were 17.99, 16.24, 16.77 and 11.25 g/kg to levels 0, 33, 67 and 100% substitution, respectively. There was no effect (P> 0.05) levels JCDE on nutrient digestibility, with an average of 683.29, 705.49, 609.54 and 715.95 g/kg for the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and TDN content, respectively. A significant effect (P<0.05) and time of diets on ruminal pH, with increased pH levels with replacement. There was no effect (P>0.05) of diet on concentration of ruminal NH3-N, only (P<0.05) of collection time, with minimum point of 6.62 mg/dL, 11.25 hours after feeding. The concentration of ruminal NH3-N was 7.79 mg/dL. When expressed in g / day, there was a linear decrease (P <0.05) for the values of ingested-N, absorbed-N and NB with the level of substitution of SM by JCDE. The urinary urea and urea-N were not affected (P> 0.05) by the diets of JCDE. The serum levels of AST and ALT were not affected (P> 0.05) by the diets. Thus, we can conclude that despite the reduction of phorbol esters, detoxification seed cake with ethanol was not enough to promote an adequate intake of nutrients and thus do not recommend this treatment for Jatropha Curcas seed cake. The experiment II, we assessed intake, digestibilities of nutrients, nitrogen compounds balance, pH and ammonia nitrogen in the rumen of sheep fed diets containing stylosanthes Campo Grande and corn silage. A total of 12 rams, crossbred with an average initial weight of 32±1.26 kg, of which six animals were cannulated in the rumen. The animals were divided into four 3x3 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 16 days with 10 and six adapting to the collections. Treatments consisted of: 1 - stylosanthes exclusive silage (SSt), 2 - stylosanthes silage and concentrate (SSt+C) and 3 - corn silage and concentrate (CS+C). The concentrate was 500 g/kg total DM diets 2 and 3. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous according to the amount of crude protein (CP) of stylosanthes silage, 117 g/kg DM. The lower consumption (P<0.05) was observed in nutrient diet SSt, except for NDF. Were observed for DM of 528.35, 906.61 and 987.77 g/day for SSt, SSt+C and CS+C, respectively. Concentrate diets with nutrient intake was similar (P>0.05) except for the TDN, which was higher (P<0.05) for CS+C. There was less apparent digestibility DM, OM and CP, as well as lower levels of TDN, DE and for diet SSt. The CS+C had the lowest ruminal pH, 6.21. A significant effect (P<0.05) of collection time on pH and ruminal NH3-N. The highest ruminal NH3-N (21.10 mg/dL) was observed after 2.75 hours supply. Were recorded lower (P<0.05) amounts of ingested-N, feces-N, excreted total N, absorbed-N and retained-N for diet SSt. The NB was similar (P>0.05) in concentrate diets. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the urinary excretion of creatinine, urea and urea nitrogen. The diet of silage digestibility decreases stylosanthes regarding diet with corn silage. In diets with concentrate the pattern of rumen fermentation and apparent nitrogen balance was similar between the silage in the diet of sheep. / Este trabalho envolveu dois experimentos. No experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de pinhão manso, com casca, detoxificada com etanol (TPMDE), sobre os consumos, as digestibilidades totais dos nutrientes, o balanço dos compostos nitrogenados (BN), o pH, as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal no rúmen, os indicadores de função hepática e a cinética de degradação ruminal dos alimentos protéicos na dieta de novilhas. Foram utilizadas quatro novilhas, fistuladas no rúmen, com peso médio de 379±2,13 kg, distribuídas em quadrado latino 4x4. Cada período experimental teve duração de 15 dias, sendo oito de adaptação e sete dias para as coletas. Os animais receberam quatro dietas completas, contendo na base da matéria seca, 65% de silagem de milho e 35% de concentrado. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de substituição do FS pela TPMDE + uréia/sulfato de amônio na dieta: 0, 33, 67 e 100%, na base da MS. A detoxificação da torta de pinhão manso com etanol retirou 99,33% dos ésteres presentes. A degradabilidade efetiva da MS da TPMDE foi 383,34 g/kg, sendo menor em relação ao FS. Houve redução linear (P<0,05) para os consumos de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF e NDT, quando o FS foi substituído pela TPMDE. Quando expresso em relação ao peso corporal, os valores de CMS foram de 17,99, 16,24, 16,77 e 11,25 g/kg, para os níveis 0, 33, 67 e 100% de substituição, respectivamente. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de TPMDE sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, apresentando média de 683,29, 705,49, 609,54 e 715,95 g/kg para as digestibilidades de MS, MO, PB e teor de NDT, respectivamente. Houve efeito (P<0,05) de dietas e de tempo sobre o pH ruminal, com aumento do pH com os níveis de substituição. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) de dietas sobre a concentração de N-NH3 ruminal, somente (P<0,05) de tempo de coleta, com ponto de mínimo de 6,62 mg/dL, 11,25 horas após a alimentação. A concentração de N-NH3 ruminal foi de 7,79 mg/dL. Quando expressos em g/dia, houve redução linear (P<0,05) para os valores de N-ingerido, N-absorvido e BN em função dos níveis de substituição do FS pela TPMDE. As excreções urinárias de uréia e N-uréico não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de TPMDE nas dietas. Os níveis séricos das enzimas AST e ALT não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelas dietas. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que apesar da redução dos ésteres de forbol, a detoxificação da torta com etanol não foi suficiente para promover um consumo adequado de nutrientes e assim não se recomenda o uso desse tratamento para a torta de pinhão manso. No experimento II, avaliou-se os consumos, as digestibilidades aparentes totais dos nutrientes, o balanço dos compostos nitrogenados, o pH e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal no rúmen, em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de estilosantes Campo Grande e de milho. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos machos inteiros, mestiços, com peso médio inicial de 32±1,26 kg, dos quais seis animais foram fistulados no rúmen. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro quadrados latinos 3x3. Cada período experimental teve a duração de 16 dias, sendo 10 de adaptação e seis para as coletas. Os tratamentos consistiram de: 1 - silagem de estilosantes exclusiva (SSt), 2 - silagem de estilosantes e concentrado (SSt+C) e 3 - silagem de milho e concentrado (SM+C). O concentrado constituiu 500 g/kg de MS total das dietas 2 e 3. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isonitrogenadas de acordo com a quantidade de proteína bruta (PB) da silagem de estilosantes, 117 g/kg de MS. O menor consumo (P<0,05) de nutrientes foi observado na dieta SSt, exceto para a FDNcp. Foram observados consumos de MS de 528,35, 906,61 e 987,77 g/dia para SSt, SSt+C e SM+C, respectivamente. Nas dietas com concentrado o consumo de nutrientes foi semelhante (P>0,05), exceto para o de NDT, que foi maior (P<0,05) para SM+C. Observou-se menor digestibilidade aparente de MS, MO e PB, bem como menor teor de NDT, ED e EM para a dieta SSt. A SM+C apresentou o menor valor de pH ruminal, 6,21. Houve efeito (P<0,05) de tempo de coleta sobre o pH e N-NH3 ruminal. O maior valor de N-NH3 ruminal (21,10 mg/dL) foi observado 2,75 horas após alimentação. Foram registrados menores (P<0,05) valores de N-ingerido, N-fezes, N-total excretado, N-absorvido e N-retido para a dieta SSt. O BN foi similar (P>0,05) nas dietas contendo concentrado. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) nas excreções urinárias de creatinina, uréia e N-uréico. A dieta com silagem de estilosantes diminui a digestibilidade em relação a dieta com silagem de milho. Nas dietas com concentrado o padrão de fermentação ruminal e o balanço aparente de nitrogênio foi semelhante entre as silagens na dieta de ovinos.

The constructed wetlands, which have been being created in the Czech Republic since early 90s, are designed so they do not allow successful removal of ammonia nitrogen. Almost all of these 300 registered constructed wetlands suffer from the colmatage which leads to the lowest effectiveness of treatment in nearly all parameters. The main effort of the Institute of landscape water management is to get rid of bad reputation and to clarify the reason that leads to unsatisfactory conditions of constructed wetlands. The diploma thesis focuses on the selected constructed wetland in Dražovice (850 EO), which removes ammonia nitrogen with the effect just below the limit values in the long term. The pressure of the Morava river basin and Department of environment (Building Authority in Bučovice) has led to the necessity of taking measures leading to the increase of treatment efficiency especially ammonia nitrogen. The diploma thesis includes both, actual project documentation concentrating on the adjustment of watercourse to nitrify ammonia nitrogen, and effective choice of suitable filtration material supported by testing method in situ. The practical part of the thesis deals with the implementation of the technical solution according to the project documentation. The adjustment of the constructed wetland is now nearly before completion. Last adjustments will be taking place during the spring 2017, the final inspection as well as the evaluation of the reconstruction will take place at the end of this year.

No description available.

This thesis is focused on the selected methods of calculating basic runoff on a small catchment basin known as the P6, which belongs to the basin Kopaninsky flow and assess the impact on the basic runoff concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the total runoff. The thesis also analyzes the total, surface and subsurface runoff with its detailed division. There are also described in detail the chosen methods used for the separation of basic drainage. There is shown their mutual comparison too. We dealt with the nitrogen in groundwater. The methods for separation of basic runoff are described with regard to the content of nitrogen compounds, which are practically the most common type of pollution of groundwater used as drinking water sources.

The constantly tightening wastewater treatment legislation require high-quality runoff from small-scale producers of pollution who are typically represented by small municipalities up to 500 inhabitants or decentralized parts of larger municipalities. Small municipalities are faced with high investment-intensity associated with the acquisition of new wastewater treatment plant. After several years of development, today natural technologies of wastewater treatment are in competition with mechanical-biological treatment plants. Natural technologies can even achieve better results than popular biological treatment plants. However, natural technology does not eliminate the main investment limit connected with the acquisition of wastewater treatment plant. If there was cheaper solution connected with using alternative filter materials (in our case recycled construction and demolition waste), small municipalities could take constructed wetland without large subsides. At the same time, the use of recycled construction and demolition wastes will lead to benefits in the field of sustainable urban development and replacement of non-renewable materials. Despite these benefits, recycled aggregates have never been considered as alternative filter materials for natural wastewater treatment plants. For that reason, the aim of diploma thesis is to assess the possibility of applying recycled aggregates for wastewater treatment which will include evaluation of real trial operation.