The effect of ammonia on anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) was investigated in this study. This study involved two sets of experiments. First set involved the investigation of ammonia toxicity on AD of synthetic OFMSW only (SW), at three different phases and pH 7.5, 8.0 and 8.5. Phase 1 was the Batch Methane Potential (BMP) phase. BMP tests were conducted under ammonia concentration of 2500 mg/L, 5000 mg/L, 7500 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L and at pH 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5, using 500 mL Kimax® glass bottles. The total working volume of the mixture was 300 mL comprising 120 mL of mesophilic anaerobically digested inoculums, 30 g of OFMSW, various TAN concentrations ranging from 2,500, 5,000, 7,500 to 10,000 mg/L, and equal portions of buffer in form of NaHCO3 and KHCO3. The second phase of the experiment examined whether the tolerance of the bacteria to high ammonia concentration would improve by acclimating the microbes to high ammonia concentrations, through gradual TAN loading. TAN concentration was increased gradually at pH 7.5, 8.0 and 8.5 weekly. The third phase of the experiment was Semi-continuous batch phase. This phase examined the possibility of reducing the inhibitory effect of ammonia on AD, batch reactors at pH values of 8.0 and 8.5 containing initial TAN concentrations of 7500 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L. 3 g of the digestate containing high ammonia concentration(s) was replaced with fresh substrate at every 4 days, 7 days and 15 days. The second set of experiment involved study of the effects of ammonia on anaerobic digestion of OFMSW with real landfill leachate (SW+L). Phase 1 was BMP in which the effect of ammonia was examined at TAN concentrations of 7,500 and 10,000 mg/L. The phase 2 of the (SW+L) gradual TAN TAN loading. The possibility of adapting mesophilic bacteria to high ammonia concentration was examined. The results of the study confirmed that ammonia is toxic to AD, at high concentrations. Biogas production reduced with increase in TAN concentration. Reduction in Cumulative Biogas Production (CBP) compared with control reactors was as much as 43 %, 64 % and 77 % in reactors containing 7500 mg/L TAN at pH 7.5, pH 8.0 and pH 8.5. CBP reduced to 80-85 % in reactors containing 10,000 mg/L TAN across the pH examined. Also, replacing 3g of digestate containing high TAN concentrations of 7500 mg/L and 10,000 mg/L with 3 g fresh substrate improved the activity of the mesophilic bacteria as seen in the surges in biogas production when fresh substrate was injected into the reactors. Similar results were obtained on effect of ammonia on AD of OFMSW mixed with real landfill leachate to simulate an anaerobic bioreactor landfill. CBP reduced as the TAN concentration increased. Compared with control reactors, reactors containing 7500 mg/L TAN at pH 8.0 and pH 8.5 had 61 % and 80 % reduction in CBP. Likewise, reactors containing 10,000 mg/L TAN at pH 8.0 and pH 8.5 had 68 % and 85 % reduction in CBP, compared with control reactors. Study confirmed that pH influenced the toxicity and composition of Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN). At high pH (i.e. 8.5), FAN component of TAN was about 26 % and was inhibitory to the methanogens. Results also showed that mesophilic bacteria could be adapted to a TAN concentration of about 5000 mg/L at pH 7.5 through gradual TAN loading. Similar results were obtained on effect of ammonia on AD of OFMSW mixed with real landfill leachate to simulate an anaerobic bioreactor landfill. CBP reduced as the TAN concentration increased. Compared with control reactors, reactors containing 7500 mg/L TAN at pH 8.0 and pH 8.5 had 61 % and 80 % reduction in CBP. Likewise, reactors containing 10,000 mg/L TAN at pH 8.0 and pH 8.5 had 68 % and 85 % reduction in CBP, compared with control reactors. Study confirmed that pH influenced the toxicity and composition of Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN). At high pH (i.e. 8.5), FAN component of TAN was about 26 % and was inhibitory to the methanogens. Results also showed that mesophilic bacteria could be adapted to a TAN concentration of about 5000 mg/L at pH 7.5 through gradual TAN loading.

Nitrogen oxide in water was a critical factor of eutrophication. The poor tap-water quality in Taiwan was the result of ammonia nitrogen pollution. This research used manganese dioxide as the catalyst to degrade ammonia nitrogen content in water. Controlled factors in our experiment include basic test, optimal reaction condition test, and kinetics. Real water sample was drawn from the Love River for catalysis effect test. Results were then compared with the popularly used titanium dioxide. Significant findings in this research include: 1) when the manganese dioxide content in water was 2%, the ammonia nitrogen removal rates were 31.80% under UV irradiation, and 22.21 % without light interference; 2) under UV irradiation, manganese dioxide would not affect the catalysis effect due to pH changes; 3) silicate in the water had catalysis effect, while sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate had inhibition effect; 4) manganese dioxide had catalysis effect in seawater, yet the removal rate would decrease as the salt content increases; 5) the rise of water temperature would enhance the ammonia nitrogen removal rate; 6) manganese dioxide had catalysis effect on the treatment of the Love River water, and the ammonia nitrogen removal rate reached 89.50 %; 7) in the biological test, manganese dioxide could effectively degrade the ammonia nitrogen content in water, and improve the survival rate of larval shrimp; 8) comparing to titanium dioxide, manganese dioxide had advantages of low cost, with catalysis effect in both seawater and fresh water under no light condition. As a result, manganese dioxide has significant future application potentials. In the future, this research will conduct in-depth study on kinetics of degradability of manganese dioxide catalysis on ammonia nitrogen, and to design suitable catalytic reactor for water treatment. Moreover, it is of value to broadly research manganese dioxide related catalytic products, such as catalytic spray, catalytic paint, fluorescent tube, air filter, and catalytic fan...etc.

Abstract Purification techniques for leachate from composting activity - analysis in terms of ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and BOD Sofia Lundkvist Leachate from compost facilities has a large impact on the environment if is not properly cleaned. Water samples taken at Ragn-Sells compost facility at Dåva in Umeå have had problems with high amounts of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in their leachate and need to lower these. The aim of this work was to investigate the methods available for treatment of these substances, see if there is a variation depending on spring and autumn in the presence of substances in the leachate from Dåva, and to investigate whether there are methods that can complement Ragn-Sells existing facility for the purification of leachate. Water samples were used to test season-differences of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. Furthermore, I did interviews with persons from other compost facilities around Sweden to identify alternative methods to reduce the amount of those three substances in leachate from Dåva. There were no clear pattern between measurements in spring and autumn, but the analysis from Dåva shows that there is a statistically significant negative correlation between ammonia nitrogen with average temperature. When the temperature drops the concentration of ammonia nitrogen increases. Further analysis shows that Dåvas existing system likely can be supplemented with additional steps to improve purification of BOD, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus, but the data I received was not enough to declare witch method works best for Ragn-Sells as the majority of the persons I came in contact with could not account for the measured values of the three substances.

Six ruminally fistulated steers (average BW 317 kg) were used in a 5 X 5 + 1 Latin Square design to determine effects of humic/fulvic acid (HFA) on serum urea nitrogen (SUN), rumen pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN), and rumen VFA production in Holstein steers. Treatments included a control (0%), 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5% HFA, and a diet containing monensin (33 mg/kg). A quadratic feed intake response was observed; with intake lowest for 0.5 and 1.0 and highest for 1.5 relative to control steers. No treatment x time interaction was observed for RAN, pH, SUN, total VFA or individual VFA. No treatment differences were observed for total VFA concentrations (mM), or for molar proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate or valerate. A quadratic response was observed for butyrate and isovalerate. However, HFA does not alter rumen fermentation in the same mode of action as monensin.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the composition and the fermentative effects of aerial part silage of cassava with inclusion of root or bark of cassava on losses of gases and effluent, the pH, the concentration of NH3-N and the chemical composition of silages the aerial part of cassava. We used a completely randomized design with four levels of cassava (0, 3, 6, 9 or 12% inclusion of bark or root), each with four replicates. The addition of cassava peel caused a linear increase in the losses of gases and linear reduction in effluent losses. The dry matter (DM) content increased while crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) decreased linearly with the addition of cassava peel. The pH remained at levels desirable for a good fermentation, with averages of 4.12 and 4.07 for treatments with the addition of bark or cassava root respectively. The N-NH3 had results below the desired minimum, 7.84 and 7.69% with the addition of bark or root of cassava respectively, and the addition of a linear decrease root. The effluent and gases losses for both silages with the inclusion of root or bark of cassava were minimal, being these byproducts of agriculture, an alternative to animal feed. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar a composição e os efeitos fermentativos na ensilagem da parte aérea da mandioca com inclusão da casca ou raiz da mandioca sobre as perdas por gases e efluentes, o pH, os teores de N-NH3 e a composição bromatológica das silagens. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro níveis de raspa de mandioca (0, 3, 6, 9 ou 12% de inclusão de casca ou raiz), cada um com quatro repetições. A adição de casca de mandioca aumentou linearmente as perdas por gases e redução linear nas perdas por efluente. O teor de matéria seca (MS) aumentou, enquanto os de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) diminuíram linearmente com a adição de casca de mandioca. O valor de pH se mantiveram em níveis desejáveis para boa fermentação, com médias de 4,12 e 4,07 para os tratamentos com a adição de casca ou raiz de mandioca respectivamente. Os teores de N-NH3 tiveram resultados abaixo do mínimo desejado, 7,84 e 7,69% com a adição de casca ou raiz de mandioca respectivamente, tendo a adição de raiz uma diminuição linear. As perdas por efluentes e gases, tanto para silagens com a inclusão de casca ou raiz de mandioca foram mínimas, sendo esses subprodutos da agricultura, uma alternativa como aditivo da silagem.

Discute o pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoas facultativas visando à remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal. Para isso, foram utilizadas unidades terciárias em escala piloto. A escolha do tipo de unidades para o pós-tratamento do efluente levou em consideração a questão do baixo custo e simplicidade de operação. Desta forma, para o estudo, fez-se opção por lagoas rasas e filtros percoladores como unidades de pós-tratamento. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi associar as taxas de aplicação superficial e volumétricas com as remoções de nitrogênio amoniacal nessas unidades. Para lagoas em escala piloto, foram adotadas profundidades de 0,5 m e 1,0 m. As lagoas rasas foram submetidas a diferentes taxas de aplicação e TDH. Para os filtros percoladores, foram escolhidos dois materiais diferentes como meio suporte, pedra britada e anel plástico. Os filtros foram submetidos a diferentes condições operacionais. Para os dois tipos de unidades complementares de tratamento, foram verificados os efeitos das condições ambientais sobre as eficiências de remoção. Na lagoa de 0,5 m foram observadas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal abaixo de 20 mg-N/L para tempos de detenção de 5 dias e taxas de aplicação superficial de 50 kgDBO/ha.d. Na lagoa de 1,0 m, concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal abaixo de 20 mg-N/L só foram possíveis com taxas de aplicação de 50 kgDBO/ha.d e TDH de 10 dias. A lagoa de 0,5 m apresentou uma eficiência maior na remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal do que a lagoa de 1,0 m. Os efluentes dos filtros apresentaram concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal acima de 20 mg-N/L com taxas acima de 0,20 kgDBO/m³.d. Para taxas de aplicação hidráulica acima de 18 m³/m².d e 0,70 kgDBO/m².d houve o encerramento do processo de nitrificação nos filtros. Os valores de pH e as concentrações de NH3 no efluente da lagoa facultativa submeteram os filtros a operar dentro da faixa de inibição da nitratação, devido ao NH3, sendo observadas concentrações significativas de nitrito no seu efluente. Os filtros percoladores não foram adequados como unidades de pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoa. Embora as lagoas rasas não tenham atendido aos aspectos de múltiplas qualidades do efluente, elas foram mais adequadas ao pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoa facultativa do que os filtros percoladores. / This study discusses the post treatment of effluent ponds aiming at removing the ammonia nitrogen. To this end, tertiary units were used in a pilot scale. The choice of units for the post treatment of the effluent took into consideration the issue of low cost and simplicity of operation. Thus, for this study, we chose shallow ponds and trickling filters as post-treatment units. The main objective of this study was to associate the superficial and the volumetric application rates with the removal of ammonia nitrogen of these units. For the ponds on a pilot scale, two depths were adopted: a pond of 0.5 m and another one of 1.0 m depth. The shallow ponds were subjected to different loading rates and HRT. For the trickling filters, two different kinds of materials were chosen as a medium support: crushed stone and plastic ring. The filters were also subjected to different operating conditions. For both types of additional treatment units it was observed the effects of the environmental conditions on the removal efficiencies. In the pond of 0.5 m depth, it was observed concentrations of ammonia nitrogen below 20 mg-N/L for detention times of 5 days and superficial application rates of 50 kgBOD/ha.d. In the pond of 1.0 m depth, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen below 20 mg-N/L were only possible with application rates of 50 kgBOD/ha.d and HRT of 10 days. The 0.5m-depth pond showed a better efficiency in the removal of ammonia nitrogen than then1.0m-depth pond. The filters had concentrations above 20mg-N/L with rates above 0.20 kgBOD/m³.d. For hydraulic application rates above 18m³/m².d and 0.70kgBOD/m².d there was the cessation of the nitrification process in the filters. The pH values and the concentrations of NH3 in the effluent of the facultative pond made the filters operate within the range of inhibition of nitration, due to the NH3, and it was observed significant concentrations of nitrite in the effluent of the filters. The trickling filters were not suitable as units of post-treatment pond effluent. Although the shallow ponds have not met the multiple aspects of quality of the effluent, they were more adequately for facultative pond effluents post-treatment than trickling filters.

Os objetivos destes trabalhos foram avaliar a inclusão de altos níveis de monensina em suplementos proteico de baixo consumo para bovinos sobre (i) desempenho; (ii) fermentação e degradabilidade ruminal e (iii) produção de metano. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos distintos. Os experimentos realizados são apresentados na forma de capítulos. Nos Capítulos I e II são apresentados a introdução e a revisão de literatura. No Capítulo III (desempenho), foram utilizados 64 novilhos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: 0, 400, 800 e 1200 mg de monensina sódica/ kg de suplemento proteico. Os animais permaneceram em quatro piquetes de Brachiaria decumbens onde eram submetidos a rodízios semanais. Amostras de pasto foram colhidas para determinação das variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas da forragem. Foram estimados o consumo médio de suplemento, consumo individual de suplemento e ganho de peso médio diário. A inclusão de monensina nos níveis estudados diminuiu o consumo de suplemento e piorou o desempenho animal. No Capítulo IV (fermentação e degradabilidade ruminal), foram utilizados quatro bovinos da raça nelore, canulados no rúmen, em experimento com delineamento quadrado latino 4x4 por 84 dias. Os animais foram arraçoados com dieta composta de feno de Brachiaria decumbens (à vontade), 500 g/cabeça/dia de suplemento proteinado de baixo consumo e monensina sódica conforme os tratamentos: 0, 200, 400 e 600 mg/dia. Os parâmetros ruminais avaliados foram: produções de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC); concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal; pH; consumo de matéria seca; degradabilidade in situ da MS e FDA do feno de B. decumbens. Os valores encontrados para a fermentação ruminal (pH, N-NH3 e AGCC) e degradabilidade in situ da MS não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. O aumento dos níveis de monensina diminuíram linearmente o consumo de matéria seca e a degradabilidade potencial da fibra. No Capítulo V (produção de metano), quatro níveis de monensina foram testados em ensaio in vitro de produção de gases com o objetivo de avaliar a cinética fermentativa, produção de AGCC, degradabilidade da matéria seca, e produção do gás metano. Para tanto, feno de Brachiaria decumbens e suplemento proteico de baixo consumo foram utilizados como substrato. Foi simulado um consumo médio de suplemento de 500g/animal/dia acrescido dos níveis de monensina: 0, 200, 400 e 600 mg. Foram coletados amostras dos gases para mensuração da produção de metano em 24 hrs de incubação. A degradabilidade da matéria seca e a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta foram determinados às 24 e 96 horas de incubação. A produção potencial de gases diminuiu conforme a inclusão monensina. O tempo de colonização das amostras aumentou com a inclusão de monensina. Não foram observadas diferenças na degradabilidade da matéria seca e na produção de metano e AGCC entre os tratamentos. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the inclusion of high monensin levels on protein supplements for cattle on (i) performance, (ii) fermentation and ruminal degradability and (iii) production of methane. To this end, three different experiments were performed. The experiments are presented in the chapters form. The introduction and literature review are presented in Chapter I and II. In Chapter III (performance): 64 cattle were randomly assigned to four treatments: control, containing protein supplement and control plus three monensin levels (400, 800 or 1200 mg/kg of supplement). The animals remained in four paddocks of Brachiaria decumbens where they were undergo weekly casters. Pasture samples were collected to determination of qualitative and quantitative variables. The average supplement intake, individual supplement intake and daily weight gain were estimated. The increased monensin levels decreased the supplement consumption and the animal performance. In Chapter IV (fermentation and ruminal degradability), four male cattle with rumen cannula were utilized in a Latin Square assay design 4x4, during 84 days. The animals were fed with Brachiaria decumbens, protein supplement of low consumption (500g/animal /day) and monensina. The treatments were 0, 200, 400 and 600 mg of monensin/day. The ruminal parameters evaluated were: production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia concentration, pH, dry matter intake, in situ degradability of DM and ADF. The values found for ruminal fermentation and degradability of DM were not affected by treatments. Increased levels of monensin decreases linearly dry matter intake and the ADF degradability. In Chapter V (production of methane), four monensin levels were tested in vitro gas production. The objectives were to evaluate the fermentation kinetics, short chain fatty acids production, dry matter degradation and methane production. For this purpose, B. decumbens hay and protein supplement low consumption were used as substrate. An average supplement intake 500g/animal/day with levels of monensin (0, 200, 400 and 600 mg) was simulated. Gas samples were collected for measurement of methane production in 24hrs of incubation. The dry matter degradability and production of short chain fatty acids were determined after 24 and 96 hours of incubation. The potential gas production decreased as increased of monensin. The colonization time of the samples increased with monensin. No differences were observed in the degradability of dry matter and in the methane and SCFA production between treatments.

Discute o pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoas facultativas visando à remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal. Para isso, foram utilizadas unidades terciárias em escala piloto. A escolha do tipo de unidades para o pós-tratamento do efluente levou em consideração a questão do baixo custo e simplicidade de operação. Desta forma, para o estudo, fez-se opção por lagoas rasas e filtros percoladores como unidades de pós-tratamento. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi associar as taxas de aplicação superficial e volumétricas com as remoções de nitrogênio amoniacal nessas unidades. Para lagoas em escala piloto, foram adotadas profundidades de 0,5 m e 1,0 m. As lagoas rasas foram submetidas a diferentes taxas de aplicação e TDH. Para os filtros percoladores, foram escolhidos dois materiais diferentes como meio suporte, pedra britada e anel plástico. Os filtros foram submetidos a diferentes condições operacionais. Para os dois tipos de unidades complementares de tratamento, foram verificados os efeitos das condições ambientais sobre as eficiências de remoção. Na lagoa de 0,5 m foram observadas concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal abaixo de 20 mg-N/L para tempos de detenção de 5 dias e taxas de aplicação superficial de 50 kgDBO/ha.d. Na lagoa de 1,0 m, concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal abaixo de 20 mg-N/L só foram possíveis com taxas de aplicação de 50 kgDBO/ha.d e TDH de 10 dias. A lagoa de 0,5 m apresentou uma eficiência maior na remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal do que a lagoa de 1,0 m. Os efluentes dos filtros apresentaram concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal acima de 20 mg-N/L com taxas acima de 0,20 kgDBO/m³.d. Para taxas de aplicação hidráulica acima de 18 m³/m².d e 0,70 kgDBO/m².d houve o encerramento do processo de nitrificação nos filtros. Os valores de pH e as concentrações de NH3 no efluente da lagoa facultativa submeteram os filtros a operar dentro da faixa de inibição da nitratação, devido ao NH3, sendo observadas concentrações significativas de nitrito no seu efluente. Os filtros percoladores não foram adequados como unidades de pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoa. Embora as lagoas rasas não tenham atendido aos aspectos de múltiplas qualidades do efluente, elas foram mais adequadas ao pós-tratamento de efluente de lagoa facultativa do que os filtros percoladores. / This study discusses the post treatment of effluent ponds aiming at removing the ammonia nitrogen. To this end, tertiary units were used in a pilot scale. The choice of units for the post treatment of the effluent took into consideration the issue of low cost and simplicity of operation. Thus, for this study, we chose shallow ponds and trickling filters as post-treatment units. The main objective of this study was to associate the superficial and the volumetric application rates with the removal of ammonia nitrogen of these units. For the ponds on a pilot scale, two depths were adopted: a pond of 0.5 m and another one of 1.0 m depth. The shallow ponds were subjected to different loading rates and HRT. For the trickling filters, two different kinds of materials were chosen as a medium support: crushed stone and plastic ring. The filters were also subjected to different operating conditions. For both types of additional treatment units it was observed the effects of the environmental conditions on the removal efficiencies. In the pond of 0.5 m depth, it was observed concentrations of ammonia nitrogen below 20 mg-N/L for detention times of 5 days and superficial application rates of 50 kgBOD/ha.d. In the pond of 1.0 m depth, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen below 20 mg-N/L were only possible with application rates of 50 kgBOD/ha.d and HRT of 10 days. The 0.5m-depth pond showed a better efficiency in the removal of ammonia nitrogen than then1.0m-depth pond. The filters had concentrations above 20mg-N/L with rates above 0.20 kgBOD/m³.d. For hydraulic application rates above 18m³/m².d and 0.70kgBOD/m².d there was the cessation of the nitrification process in the filters. The pH values and the concentrations of NH3 in the effluent of the facultative pond made the filters operate within the range of inhibition of nitration, due to the NH3, and it was observed significant concentrations of nitrite in the effluent of the filters. The trickling filters were not suitable as units of post-treatment pond effluent. Although the shallow ponds have not met the multiple aspects of quality of the effluent, they were more adequately for facultative pond effluents post-treatment than trickling filters.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-01-26T16:31:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Danilo Antonio Morenz.pdf: 881703 bytes, checksum: 6cfcd4c0f7c8a5dd52386788991fd786 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-26T16:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Danilo Antonio Morenz.pdf: 881703 bytes, checksum: 6cfcd4c0f7c8a5dd52386788991fd786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / CAPES / The aim was evaluate the effect of replacing corn by bakery waste (BW) in goats diet on performance, dry matter and nutrients intake, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Longissimus dorsi muscle and the food intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal parameters, production and composition of milk by goats. Experiment 1: Four levels of inclusion of BW replacing corn (0, 33, 66, 100%) in the diet of kids distributed in a completely randomized design were analyzed. The diets were composed of concentrate and Cynodon spp. hay, with forage: concentrate ratio of 60:40. The intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and carbohydrates decreased linearly, while the non-fiber carbohydrates intake, animal performance, carcass characteristics and chemical composition were not affected by replacement of corn by BW. The elaidic acid content (C18: 1 trans-9) increased in the fatty acid profile of the Longissimus dorsi muscle with the inclusion of RP, which can be used as a substitute for corn meal in goats feed composition. It was concluded that bakery waste can substitute the corn up to 100% in the concentrate mixture without affecting intake, performance and carcass and meat traits of kids. Experiment 2: Bakery waste was added replacing 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% of the concentrate in dry matter basis. Five Saanen lactating goats, non-pregnant with an average weight of 55.7 kg were arranged in a 5 x 5 Latin Square design. Experimental diets were composed by Cynodon hay and concentrate, in a roughage:concentrate ration of 40:60. The inclusion of BW in diets decreases the intake of ether extract, acid detergent fiber and the coefficients of apparent digestibility of crude protein and ether extract. Different levels of substitution did not affect ruminal pH, but for the concentration of ruminal ammonia was found linear reduction with the level of replacement. The inclusion of BW in diets increased the efficiency of use of N. The bakery waste can replace conventional concentrate in diets for goats. / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substitui??o do milho pelo res?duo de panifica??o (RP) na dieta de cabritos sobre o desempenho, consumo de mat?ria seca e dos nutrientes, caracter?sticas de carca?a, composi??o qu?mica e perfil dos ?cidos graxos do m?sculo Longissimus dorsi e em cabras em lacta??o o consumo alimentar, a digestibilidade aparente, o balan?o de compostos nitrogenados, os par?metros ruminais, a produ??o e a composi??o do leite. Experimento 1: Foram analisados quatro n?veis de inclus?o do RP em substitui??o ao milho (0, 33, 66, 100%) na dieta de cabritos distribu?dos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As dietas foram compostas de concentrado e feno de Cynodon spp, com rela??o volumoso:concentrado de 60:40. O consumo de mat?ria seca (MS), mat?ria org?nica (MO), prote?na bruta (PB), extrato et?reo (EE) e carboidratos totais (CT) foi linear decrescente, enquanto que o consumo de carboidratos n?o fibrosos (CNF), o desempenho dos animais, as caracter?sticas de carca?a e a composi??o centesimal n?o foram influenciados pela inclus?o do RP em substitui??o ao milho. O teor de ?cido ela?dico (C 18:1 trans-9) aumentou no perfil de ?cidos graxos do m?sculo Longissimus dorsi com a inclus?o do RP. Conclui-se que o RP pode substituir o milho em at? 100% na mistura do concentrado. Experimento 2: Foram avaliados cinco n?veis de substitui??o do concentrado pelo RP (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), utilizando-se cinco cabras em lacta??o da ra?a Saanen, com peso m?dio de 55,7 kg, distribu?dos em delineamento em Quadrado Latino 5 X 5. As dietas experimentais foram compostas de concentrado e feno de Cynodon spp, numa rela??o volumoso:concentrado de 40:60 na mat?ria seca. Houve redu??o linear do consumo de EE, do consumo de FDA, da digestibilidade da PB e da digestibilidade do EE. A substitui??o crescente do concentrado pelo RP na dieta n?o influenciou o pH ruminal, por?m reduziu a concentra??o de N-NH3 no l?quido ruminal. A inclus?o do RP em n?veis crescentes nas dietas favoreceu a efici?ncia de utiliza??o de nitrog?nio. O RP pode substituir totalmente o concentrado na dieta de cabras em lacta??o.

Os objetivos destes trabalhos foram avaliar a inclusão de altos níveis de monensina em suplementos proteico de baixo consumo para bovinos sobre (i) desempenho; (ii) fermentação e degradabilidade ruminal e (iii) produção de metano. Para tanto, foram realizados três experimentos distintos. Os experimentos realizados são apresentados na forma de capítulos. Nos Capítulos I e II são apresentados a introdução e a revisão de literatura. No Capítulo III (desempenho), foram utilizados 64 novilhos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: 0, 400, 800 e 1200 mg de monensina sódica/ kg de suplemento proteico. Os animais permaneceram em quatro piquetes de Brachiaria decumbens onde eram submetidos a rodízios semanais. Amostras de pasto foram colhidas para determinação das variáveis qualitativas e quantitativas da forragem. Foram estimados o consumo médio de suplemento, consumo individual de suplemento e ganho de peso médio diário. A inclusão de monensina nos níveis estudados diminuiu o consumo de suplemento e piorou o desempenho animal. No Capítulo IV (fermentação e degradabilidade ruminal), foram utilizados quatro bovinos da raça nelore, canulados no rúmen, em experimento com delineamento quadrado latino 4x4 por 84 dias. Os animais foram arraçoados com dieta composta de feno de Brachiaria decumbens (à vontade), 500 g/cabeça/dia de suplemento proteinado de baixo consumo e monensina sódica conforme os tratamentos: 0, 200, 400 e 600 mg/dia. Os parâmetros ruminais avaliados foram: produções de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC); concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal; pH; consumo de matéria seca; degradabilidade in situ da MS e FDA do feno de B. decumbens. Os valores encontrados para a fermentação ruminal (pH, N-NH3 e AGCC) e degradabilidade in situ da MS não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. O aumento dos níveis de monensina diminuíram linearmente o consumo de matéria seca e a degradabilidade potencial da fibra. No Capítulo V (produção de metano), quatro níveis de monensina foram testados em ensaio in vitro de produção de gases com o objetivo de avaliar a cinética fermentativa, produção de AGCC, degradabilidade da matéria seca, e produção do gás metano. Para tanto, feno de Brachiaria decumbens e suplemento proteico de baixo consumo foram utilizados como substrato. Foi simulado um consumo médio de suplemento de 500g/animal/dia acrescido dos níveis de monensina: 0, 200, 400 e 600 mg. Foram coletados amostras dos gases para mensuração da produção de metano em 24 hrs de incubação. A degradabilidade da matéria seca e a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta foram determinados às 24 e 96 horas de incubação. A produção potencial de gases diminuiu conforme a inclusão monensina. O tempo de colonização das amostras aumentou com a inclusão de monensina. Não foram observadas diferenças na degradabilidade da matéria seca e na produção de metano e AGCC entre os tratamentos. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the inclusion of high monensin levels on protein supplements for cattle on (i) performance, (ii) fermentation and ruminal degradability and (iii) production of methane. To this end, three different experiments were performed. The experiments are presented in the chapters form. The introduction and literature review are presented in Chapter I and II. In Chapter III (performance): 64 cattle were randomly assigned to four treatments: control, containing protein supplement and control plus three monensin levels (400, 800 or 1200 mg/kg of supplement). The animals remained in four paddocks of Brachiaria decumbens where they were undergo weekly casters. Pasture samples were collected to determination of qualitative and quantitative variables. The average supplement intake, individual supplement intake and daily weight gain were estimated. The increased monensin levels decreased the supplement consumption and the animal performance. In Chapter IV (fermentation and ruminal degradability), four male cattle with rumen cannula were utilized in a Latin Square assay design 4x4, during 84 days. The animals were fed with Brachiaria decumbens, protein supplement of low consumption (500g/animal /day) and monensina. The treatments were 0, 200, 400 and 600 mg of monensin/day. The ruminal parameters evaluated were: production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia concentration, pH, dry matter intake, in situ degradability of DM and ADF. The values found for ruminal fermentation and degradability of DM were not affected by treatments. Increased levels of monensin decreases linearly dry matter intake and the ADF degradability. In Chapter V (production of methane), four monensin levels were tested in vitro gas production. The objectives were to evaluate the fermentation kinetics, short chain fatty acids production, dry matter degradation and methane production. For this purpose, B. decumbens hay and protein supplement low consumption were used as substrate. An average supplement intake 500g/animal/day with levels of monensin (0, 200, 400 and 600 mg) was simulated. Gas samples were collected for measurement of methane production in 24hrs of incubation. The dry matter degradability and production of short chain fatty acids were determined after 24 and 96 hours of incubation. The potential gas production decreased as increased of monensin. The colonization time of the samples increased with monensin. No differences were observed in the degradability of dry matter and in the methane and SCFA production between treatments.