Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados sobre o desenvolvimento de um sensor visando à utilização no monitoramento de peróxido de hidrogênio em amostras de reações Fenton. Superfícies eletródicas modificadas com filmes de poli-azul de metileno (PMB) e óxido de rutênio de hexacianoferrato (RuOHCF) sem e com a incorporação de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNTs) foram utilizadas para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio. O efeito da ordem de deposição do PMB e MWCNT foi avaliado por voltametria cíclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Estudos realizados por voltametria cíclica indicaram que a superfície modificada com PBM/MWCNTs facilita a redução catódica do peróxido de hidrogênio, processo que ocorre em 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). O método para a detecção de peróxido de hidrogênio apresentou uma resposta linear de 109 a 3000 µmol L-1, com limite de detecção de 20,7 µmol L-1 e sensibilidade de 108 µA mmol-1 L cm-2. O eletrodo modificado com RuOHCF foi utilizado para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio por análise em injeção em fluxo (FIA). O método apresentou uma resposta linear de 10 a 5000 µmol L-1 e limite de detecção de 1,7 µmol L-1. Aplicações em amostras comerciais também foram realizadas, e os resultados foram concordantes com os obtidos por método padrão. Estudos sobre o processo eletrocatalítico da reação de peróxido de hidrogênio em filmes de RuOHCF foram investigados utilizando eletrodo rotativo. A incorporação de MWCNTs na superfície eletródica também foi analisada com o filme de RuOHCF. Os resultados indicaram que a presença de MWCNTs melhorou a resposta do sensor para peróxido de hidrogênio em potenciais próximos a 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). A influência da quantidade de MWCNTs foi avaliada por amperometria em 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat) na presença de peróxido de hidrogênio. O eletrodo modificado com 100 µg de MWCNTs e posterior deposição do filme de RuOHCF apresentou melhores características analíticas. Obteve-se como resultado uma curva analítica em um intervalo de 0,1 a 10 mmol L-1, originando uma reta de acordo com a equação: -I (µA) = 0,26 + 31,2 [H2O2] (mmol L-1), R2= 0,9999. A sensibilidade foi de 1560 µA mmol-1 L cm-2 e os limites de detecção e quantificação foram estimados em 4,7 (S/N = 3) e 15,8 (S/N = 10) µmol L-1, respectivamente. Comparando-se as características analíticas dos filmes de PMB e RuOHCF depositados na superfície dos MWCNTs, aquele que apresentou melhor resultado foi o eletrodo modificado com MWCNTs e RuOHCF por ter melhor limite de detecção e maior sensibilidade. Esse eletrodo modificado com MWCNTs e RuOHCF foi utilizado para monitorar o consumo de peróxido de hidrogênio em amostras de reação Fenton. Também foi avaliado o efeito da presença de Fe3+ contido no próprio processo de degradação. A interferência foi eliminada complexando o Fe3+ com oxalato. Finalmente, o eletrodo foi utilizado para monitorar a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio na degradação de fenol e os resultados foram concordantes com os obtidos por método espectrofotométrico / This work presents results on the development of a sensor to monitor the hydrogen peroxide content in samples of Fenton reaction. The electrode surface was modified with films of poly-methylene blue (PMB) and ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (RuOHCF). In some cases, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were also used. The effect of the order of deposition of PMB and MWCNTs was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The influence of immobilization of various platforms in the performance of fabricated sensors for hydrogen peroxide was also studied. Cyclic voltammetry experiments indicated that the surface modified with PMB/MWCNTs facilitates the cathodic reduction of hydrogen peroxide, a process that occurred at 0.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). The method showed a linear response from 109 to 3000 µmol L-1 hydrogen peroxide. The limit of detection was estimated as 20.7 (S/N = 3) µmol L-1 with a sensitivity of 108 µA mmol-1 L cm-2. Electrodes modified with RuOHCF films were used for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide by flow injection analysis (FIA).The method showed a linear response from 10 to 5000 µmol L-1 and a detection limit of 1.7 µ mol L-1. Analyses of hydrogen peroxide in commercial samples were also performed, and the results agreed with those obtained by a standard method. Studies on the kinetics of the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide in RuOHCF films were carried out using rotating disc voltammetric. The immobilization of MWCNTs on RuOHCF films was also investigated. The results indicated that the presence of MWCNTs facilitated the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at potential values near to 0.0 V vs. vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). The influence of the amount of MWCNTs was studied by amperometry at 0.0 V vs. vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The electrode modified with 100 µg of MWCNTs and subsequent deposition of the RuOHCF film showed better analytical characteristics. An analytical curve ranging from 0.1 to 10 mmol L-1 hydrogen peroxide was obtained, resulting in a straight line according to the equation: -I (µA) = 0.26 + 31.2 [H2O2] (mmol L-1), R2= 0.9999. The sensitivity was found to be 1560 µA mmol-1 L cm-2 and the detection and quantification limits were estimated at 4.7 (S / N = 3) and 15.8 (S / N = 10) mmol L-1, respectively. Electrodes modified with MWCNTs and RuOHCF films leaded to better detection limit and sensitivity in comparison to those modified with MWCNTs and PMB. This MWCNTs and RuOHCF modified electrode was used to monitor the consumption of hydrogen peroxide in samples of Fenton reaction and the effect of Fe3+ generated in the degradation process was also examined. The interference was minimized by adding oxalate to the samples. Finally, the sensor was used to monitor the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the degradation of phenol and the results were in agreement with those obtained by using spectrophotometry

Carbon is due to its electrochemical properties a favourite material for construction of electrodes suitable for detection in flow system. The two most often used techniques (coulometric and amperometric) will be discussed in this Thesis. Carbon paste electrodes (CPE) represent the amperometric detectors. CPE are unstable in the medium with high content of organic solvents, which might complicate their application in HPLC, where the mobile phase contains organic component. It is interesting, that glassy carbon paste electrodes are more stable under such conditions. The change of surface and response of the electrode caused by the effect of methanol are described in this Thesis along with the possible reason of stability of GCPE. Roughing of the surface exposed to methanol is demonstrated by confocal microscopy. This effect leads to increase of height of the peak, background current and noise and to the shift of peak potential to less positive values. These changes are dependent on the time of exposure and the concentration of methanol. Coulometric detectors work with high conversion effectiveness and sensitivity, but in case of their passivation, reactivation is a relatively complicated problem, often leading to the replacement of electrode material. Answer to this problem can be given by using...

This work is devoted to the study of boron doped diamond as electrode material, its properties and use in electroanalytical methods - in voltammetric and subsequently amperometric methods in combination with high performance liquid chromatography. The series of boron doped diamond films was tested with respect to the effect of boron concentration on their morphology, quality, electrochemical and spectral properties using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Further, the effect of boron concentration on the determination of selected substances was investigated, both for their oxidation (2-aminobiphenyl, benzophenone-3) and for their reduction (5-nitroquinoline). Furthermore, a voltammetric and amperometric method was developed for the determination of a mixture of aminobiphenyls and aminonaphthalenes using a boron doped diamond electrode. The effects of activation cleaning programs on the signal of benzophenone-3 were investigated using a boron doped diamond electrode, and the determination of benzophenone-3 on boron doped diamond electrode in the presence of the selected surfactant was studied. Boron doped diamond as carbon-based material was compared with other selected carbon materials such as glassy...

This diploma thesis deals with the determination of creatinine using a combination of flow injection analysis (FIA) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with pulse amperometry, an electrochemical technique based on the application of potential pulses on a gold working electrode. The determination was performed in a basic environment of borate buffer with creatinine concentration of 1∙10-4 mol∙l-1 . The lenght of the cleaning and activation pulse was optimized as well as the pH of the running buffer. A cleaning pulse of +1.8 V was first applied to the electrode for 100 ms, then an activation potential of -0.5 V was applied for 150 ms and then a measuring potential of +0.2 V for 300 ms. The optimal pH was selected as pH=9,4. Methanol and acetonitrile were added to the borate buffer to test whether creatinine could be determined in presence of these organic solvents and whether flow injection analysis could be transformed into HPLC. Methanol in the system caused peak deformation, acetonitrile did not cause the peak deformation in the system, at higher contents the baseline was destabilized. Furthermore, the calibration dependence in the range of concentrations from 2.5∙10-4 mol∙l-1 to 5∙10-6 mol ∙ l-1 was measured using PAD in combination with FIA. At higher concentrations, peaks splitted....

Research on the cure and early detection of diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's is becoming of great interest due to the increasing number of people affected by them every year. An accurate and quick detection of various damaging species is highly critical in treatments of such diseases not only for exploring possible cures but also for early detection. If these diseases are detected during the initial stages than the possibility of curing them is much higher. Motivated by this, many researchers today have developed numerous types of sensing devices that can detect various physiological and biological compounds. However, most of these sensors are enzyme based. They have several setbacks such as the lack of sensitivity, restricted selectivity, short shelf life, and biological fouling. To overcome these obstacles, we examine the use of nanoceria modified Pt and Au electrodes for the detection of glucose and reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide. Amperometric detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide is critical for biological applications for diabetes and possible Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients. This dissertation focuses on the exploration of non-enzymatic detection of glucose and reactive oxygen species which has the prospective to be used for biological applications, in addition to an investigation of an odor control technology that uses these reactive oxygen species for the treatment of wastewater plants. The combination of bi-metallic composites with nanoceria showed increased oxidation ability towards glucose and hydrogen peroxide. The following dissertation expands on the relationship between bi-metallic nanoceria composite materials and its electro-oxidation of glucose and hydrogen peroxide towards biological sensing along with an investigation of an odor control technology that utilizes generates hydroxyl radical fine particle mist for the degradation of hydrogen sulfide odor in wastewater treatment plants.

Le projet de ma thèse a consisté en la mise au point de biomatériaux capables d'agir en tant que capteurs moléculaires pour la construction de biocapteurs d'affinité tels que des immunocapteurs, aptacapteurs et capteurs d'ADN, basés sur la lecture électrochimique. Les biocapteurs électrochimiques deviennent une technique intéressante pour l'identification des biomolécules en raison de possibilités de miniaturisation, de faible coût et de la lecture directe des signaux électriques. Toutefois, le choix d'un transducteur, qui permet d'obtenir un signal électrochimique, est crucial dans la construction du biocapteur. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai eu l'occasion de comparer l'efficacité de différents matériaux conductrices tels que les conducteurs polymères (polypyrrole), les nanotubes de carbone et des nanoparticules d'or. Pour obtenir une réponse électrochimique intense, j'ai associé ces plateformes avec un marqueur redox-ferrocène. Les biocapteurs ont été basés sur la détection directe, généralement avec un «signal off» (diminution de la réponse électrochimique lors de la détection). J'ai travaillé sur différents types de reconnaissance biologique comme anticorps/antigène, aptamer/protéine, sonde ADN/ADN cible. Ces biocapteurs sont particulièrement intéressants dans le domaine de la biologie et de la santé publique. Au début je me suis intéressée à la nouvelle protéine impliquée dans le virus de la grippe et démontrée son évolution dans le cycle viral avec l'objectif de développer de nouveaux médicaments pour cette maladie ainsi que de nouveaux outils de détection. J'ai construit ces biocapteurs basés sur polymère conductrice-polypyrrole associé avec le marqueur redox, ferrocène pour l'immobilisation des anticorps spécifique pour les protéines impliquées dans le virus de la grippe. De nouveaux biorécepteurs - aptamères et des techniques électrochimiques ont été ensuite développés pour concevoir un système sensible capable de détecter la protéine prion cellulaire au niveau pM dans les échantillons de plasma humaine. Les aptamères sont associés sur la plateforme composée de nanotubes de carbone, conjuguées avec des dendrimères poly(amidoamine) PAMAM. Les composites combinent les performances électriques de nanotubes mais permet simultanément l'attachement de nombreux biomolécules, en raison des nombreux groupes amines portant par des dendrimères. Puis j'étais aussi intéressé par la détection de l'ADN par le développement de biocapteurs à base de nanotubes de carbone pour deux maladies infectieuses telles que l'hépatite C avec des cibles d'ADN synthétiques et l'ADN de M. tuberculosis provenant d'échantillons PCR. Ces exemples ont été utilisés pour démontrer que le capteur d'ADN pourrait être généralisé à toutes les maladies infectieuses et utilisé dans le système «point of care». Des études précédentes ont consisté dans le dépôt de nanotubes de carbone sur la surface par adsorption et j'ai trouvé que c'était problématique en termes de reproductibilité. Alors, j'ai utilisé polypyrrole comme une matrice pour l'association des nanotubes de carbone. Cette méthode semble être la plus efficace et a permis de combiner les propriétés des nanotubes avec celles de polypyrrole conducteurs. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai démontré que les capteurs électrochimiques d'affinité à base de polymères conducteurs et les nanomatériaux peuvent être appliqués dans différents domaines concernant les problèmes de santé. Ces biocapteurs sont prêts pour être intégrés dans les microsystèmes ainsi que dans les systèmes «point of care». / The project of my thesis consisted on the development of biomaterials that are able to act as molecular transducers for the construction of affinity biosensors such as immunosensors, aptasensors and DNA sensors, based on electrochemical reading. Electrochemical biosensors become an attractive technique for the identification of biomolecules due to miniaturization possibilities, low cost and direct lecture of electric signals. However the choice of a transducer, which allows obtaining electrochemical signal, is crucial in biosensor construction. During my thesis I had the opportunity to compare the efficacy of different conducting materials such as conducting polymers (polypyrrole), carbon nanotubes. To obtain an intense electrochemical response, I associated these platforms with a redox marker – ferrocene. The biosensors which I constructed were based on direct detection, usually with “signal off” (decrease in electrochemical response during detection). I worked on different types of biological recognition such as antibody/antigen, aptamer/protein, DNA probe/DNA target. These biosensors are especially attractive in the biological field and public health. First, I was interested in the new protein involved in Influenza virus and demonstrated its evolution in viral cycle with the objective to develop new drugs for this disease as well as new tools for detection. I constructed biosensors based on conducting polypyrrole which was studied extensively in our group. I used this polypyrrole matrix associated with redox marker, ferrocene for immobilization of antibody specific for protein involved in Influenza virus. By this approach I demonstrate that electrochemical biosensors can become effective tools in the daily laboratory work, especially useful for biologists who are often limited by commercially available methods. Then new bioreceptors - aptamers and electrochemical techniques have been developed to design a sensitive system able to detect cellular prion protein at pM level in plasma samples. Aptamers were associated on the platform composed of polypyrrole or carbon nanotubes conjugated with dendrimers poly(amidoamine) PAMAM. Composite combines the high electrical performance of transducers but simultaneously allows attachment of high number of biomolecules, due to numerous amine groups bearing by dendrimers. I was also interested in DNA detection and in the development of biosensors based on carbon nanotubes for two infectious diseases like hepatitis C with synthetic DNA targets and M. tuberculosis DNA from PCR samples. Such examples were used to demonstrate that DNA sensor could be generalised to all infectious diseases and used in point-of-care system. My previous studies consisted on the deposition of carbon nanotubes on the surface by adsorption and I found that it was problematic in terms of reproducibility, so important in biosensor construction. I used polypyrrole as a matrix for carbon nanotubes association. This method seems to be effective and allowed combination of nanotubes properties with those of conducting polypyrrole. During my thesis I demonstrated that electrochemical affinity sensors based on conducting polymers and nanomaterials can be applied in different fields concerning health problems. These biosensors are ready for integration in microsystems for application as analytical tools as well as in point-of-care systems.

Presented Ph.D. Thesis is focused on the use of the boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes for voltammetric and amperometric determination of selected nitrophenols: 2-nitrophenol (2NP), 4-nitrophenol (4NP), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4DNP). These compounds are listed as "priority pollutants" by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) due to their negative impact on living organisms and are mainly used in agriculture as plant growth stimulators. BDD electrodes are used for determination of wide range of electrochemically both reducible and oxidisable organic compounds and have become a popular electrode material thanks to its commercial availability and excellent mechanical and electrochemical properties. A differential pulse voltammetric method was developed for the determination of 2NP, 4NP and 2,4DNP at a BDD film electrode using electrochemical reduction and of 4NP and 2,4DNP using electrochemical oxidation. The method was successfully applied for the direct determination of these compounds in drinking and river water in the concentration range from 4×10-7 to 2×10-5 mol.L-1 . To improve the limit of quantification, a preconcentration by solid phase extraction from 100 mL (drinking and river water) and 1000 mL (drinking water) of water samples was used with limit of determination...

Present Ph.D. Thesis is focused on the development of electrochemical methods for determination of anticancer drugs using various types of membranes for their preliminary separation. Furthermore, this Thesis reports the study of transport mechanisms of heavy metals in the presence of phytochelatins across biological membranes. Sodium anthraquinone-2-sulphonate (AQS) was used as a model compound for its similar structure with anthraquinone-based (AQ-based) anticancer drugs (doxo/daunorubicin) and also due to its better availability. All these compounds can be easily electrochemically oxidized and/or reduced. Redox behaviour of AQS was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in a cathodic region on mercury meniscus modified (m-AgSAE) and polished silver solid amalgam (p-AgSAE) electrodes, Obtained results were used for the development of a micro-volume voltammetric cell (MVVC). Its applicability for voltammetric determination of anticancer drugs was verified by using doxorubicin (DX) as a model substance. The second part of this Thesis deals with therapeutic monitoring of anticancer drugs in the blood circulation of the patients. For pilot experiments, a liquid-flow system with dialysis catheter and amperometric detection was used. The flow rate of carrier...