Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ac_me_jabo.pdf: 2357679 bytes, checksum: 9aae6927779549a378163bb987c18730 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Avaliou-se o desempenho de um sistema combinado anaeróbioaeróbio para o tratamento de águas residuárias de suinocultura, com concentrações médias de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) de 18624, 11395, 6690 e 21705 mg L-1. Foram utilizados quatro reatores anaeróbios horizontais com volume total de 49,5 L cada, um com manta de lodo (RAHML) e três de leito fixo (RAHLF), instalados em série e seguidos de um reator aeróbio operado em bateladas alimentadas sequenciais (RBS, com alimentação contínua). Nos RAHLF foram utilizados como meios suporte anéis de bambu, anéis plásticos de eletroduto corrugado e anéis de bucha (Luffa cillyndrica), respectivamente. Os tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e as cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) aplicadas no RAHML foram de 12, 10, 8 e 8 h e 52,6; 60,9; 64,8 e 123,2 g DQO (L d)-1, respectivamente. O RBS foi operado com ciclo de 24 h e COV de 0,34; 0,50; 0,32 e 3,88 g DQO (L d)-1. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQOtotal e SST no conjunto de reatores anaeróbios horizontais, em série, diminuíram de 95,5 a 96,7% para 78,8%, e de 95,0 a 98,7% para 85,6% respectivamente, com o aumento da COV para 123,2 g DQO (L d)-1 no RAHML. As maiores produções de metano ocorreram nos RAHLF com valores médios de até 0,925 m3 CH4 (m3 reator d)-1 e 0,31 m3 CH4 (g DQO removida)-1 . A inclusão do RBS permitiu melhorar a qualidade do efluente e a estabilidade do sistema de tratamento, atingindo eficiências de remoção de DQOtotal de 94,2 a 99,0% e de SST de 94,4 a 99,3%. As eficiências médias de remoção de K, Ca, Mg e Na no sistema de tratamento foram de 50 a 81%, de 67 a 89 % de 65 a 79% e de 53 a 68%, respectivamente, e de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn foram maiores, de 97 a 98%, de 63 a 99%, de 75 a 85% e de 89 a 94%, respectivamente, e podem ser atribuídas à imobilização no lodo. / An anaerobic-aerobic combined system performance was evaluated in swine water waste treatment with an average total suspended solids (TSS) concentration from 18624, 11395, 6690 and 21705 mg L-1, constituted by four horizontal anaerobic reactors each one having a total volume of 49.5 L, one of control-sludge (RAHML), and tree of fixed film installed in series (RAHLF), followed by a sequential operated batch reactor (ASBR) with continue feeding with total volume of 339 L. In the RAHLF was used of bamboo were used as support to fix the film, plastic rings, and wad (Luffa cillyndrica) rings. The hydraulic detention timing (HDT) and volumetric organic loads (VOL) applied in RAHML were 12, 10, 8 and 8 h of 52.6, 60.9, 64.8 and 123.2 g COD (Ld)-1 and the RBS operated in a 24-hours operational cycle were 0.34, 0.50, 0.32 and 3.88 g COD (L d)-1, into the assays number 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The total COD and medium SST removed efficiently horizontal reactors set in serie, were from 95.5 to 96.7%, for 78.8 % and from 95 to 98.7% for 85.6% respectively. Increasing (VOL) to 123,2 g COD (L d)-1 in the (RAHLF). The higher methane production happened in RAHLF with medial values up to 0.925 m3 CH4 and 0.31 m3 CH4 (g COD removed). The ASBR inclusion enabled obtain COD removing efficiency in suspended solid from 94.2 a 99% and from 94.4 a 99.3% respectively. The K, Ca, Mg and Na medium removed efficiently in system were from 50 for 81% and 67 for 89%, 65 for 79% and 53 for 68%, for Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn medium removed efficiently in system were high from 97 for 98% and 63 for 99%, and 75 for 85% and 89 for 94%, respectively, and can be attributed to the sludge immobilization.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1400231 bytes, checksum: fb9f24d41beb924c130d174f918f19f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the performance of anaerobic filter with baffles (FAC) for the post treatment of anaerobic effluent and using rings cut from PET bottles as filling medium. The experiment was carried out in three phases characterized by the hydraulic retention times of 7, 9 and 10 days, respectively. The analysis of the UASB and FAC effluents was carried out weekly to evaluate the removal efficiency of organic material expressed as BOD5 e COD, solids and its different fractions, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and indicators of faecal contamination (thermotolerant Coliforms). The results showed that there were no significant differences between the FAC effluent during the three phases with respect to organic material and suspended solids (at 5% significance level), but there were differences in the electric conductivity, nitrogen and thermotolerant Coliforms. The FAC presented good performance of organic material removal (65% for COD and 64% for BOD5 during the first phase) and suspended solids (81% for TSS and 83% for VSS during the first phase). Thus it can be noted that the FAC presented good post treatment efficiency of anaerobic effluents, resulting in clarified effluent with low concentrations of organic material (12mg BOD5.L-1), suspended solids (<10 mg TSS. L-1) and turbidity (<10 UNT). With respect to sanitary quality the produced effluent had concentrations of thermotolerant in the range of 103 to 104 UFC.100 mL-1, hence above the standards established by the WHO (1989) for utilization in irrigation without restrictions. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de filtro anaeróbio de chicanas (FAC) no pós-tratamento de efluente anaeróbio, usando garrafas PET como material de enchimento. O experimento foi realizado em três fases, delimitado pelos três tempos de detenção hidráulicas, 7, 9 e 10 dias, respectivamente. As análises dos efluentes do reator UASB e do FAC foram realizadas semanalmente, averiguando a remoção de matéria orgânica na forma de DBO5 e DQO, sólidos e suas frações, nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) e indicadores de contaminação fecal (coliformes termotolerantes). Os resultados mostraram que não ocorreram diferenças significativas no efluente do FAC entre as três fases, em relação a matéria orgânica e sólidos (ao nível de 5%), mas houve diferença quanto a condutividade elétrica, nitrogênio e coliformes termotolerantes. O FAC apresentou bom desempenho quanto à remoção de matéria orgânica (65% para DQO e 64% para DBO5 durante a 1ª fase) e sólidos suspensos (81% para SST e 83% para SSV durante a 1ª fase). Diante desses resultados, observa-se que o FAC apresentou boa eficiência no pós-tratamento de efluente anaeróbio resultando em um efluente clarificado com baixas concentrações de matéria orgânica (12mg DBO5.L-1), sólidos suspensos (<10 mg SST. L-1) e turbidez (<10 UNT). Com relação à qualidade sanitária, o efluente produzido apresentava concentrações de coliformes termotolerantes variando de 103 a 104 UFC.100 mL-1, portanto valores acima dos padrões estabelecidos pelo OMS (1989) para ser utilizado em irrigação irrestrita.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / An increase in the demand for poultry products coupled with the potable water shortages currently experienced in South Africa (SA), attributed to climate change among other factors, makes it crucial for SA to develop water conservation strategies to minimize potable water consumption by water-intensive industries, such as the poultry industry. The development of innovative wastewater treatment processes is therefore paramount in attempting to counteract the large quantity of wastewater generated as well as to manage the environmental health concerns arising from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) discharge into the environment. Moreover, increasing wastewater treatment costs and the implementation of increasingly stringent government legislation to mitigate environmental pollution whilst minimizing fresh water source contamination, requires that wastewater such as PSW, be adequately treated prior to discharge. This study, investigated the feasibility of treating PSW from a poultry slaughterhouse to: 1) a water quality standard compliant with industrial wastewater discharge standards and 2) for possible re-use purposes. The performance of a lab-scale PSW treatment system consisting of an anaerobic static granular bed reactor (SGBR) followed by single stage nitrificationdenitrification (SSND) bioreactor and sidestream ultrafiltration membrane module (ufMM) post-treatment systems, were evaluated, with the objective being to: assess the treatment efficiency of the individual treatment systems namely; the SGBR, SSND bioreactor, and ufMM, under varying operational conditions, as well as to determine the performance of the overall designed PSW treatment system. The down-flow SGBR (2 L) was used to reduce the organic matter (COD, BOD5, and FOG) and total suspended solids (TSS) in the PSW. Anaerobic granules from a full-scale mesophilic anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater were used to inoculate the SGBR, and the PSW used as feed was obtained from a local poultry slaughterhouse (Western Cape, South Africa). The SGBR was operated continuously at mesophilic temperature (35-37 °C) without pH modification and under varying HRTs (24, 36, 48, 55, and 96 h) and OLRs (0.73 to 12.49 g COD/Lday), for a period of 138 days. The optimization of the SGBR, with regard to a suitable HRT and OLR, was determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and Design Expert® 10.0.3 statistical software. Periodic backwashing of the SGBR system was performed using stored effluent, i.e. treated PSW.

Primeiramente, esse trabalho pretende esclarecer a importância de pesquisas em modelagem, simulação e controle nos processos de tratamento de efluentes e apontar o atraso do Brasil nesta área de pesquisa comparado ao avanço das iniciativas internacionais. O trabalho apresenta o problema específico da modelagem dos processos anaeróbios e propõe uma nova ferramenta de simulação de regime permanente para esses sistemas, desde digestores de lodo a reatores UASB. O simulador se baseia no ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1), modelo proposto pela IWA em 2002, e está implementado em C++. A intenção é disponibilizar livremente um software de simulação com o diferencial de uma metodologia e interface gráfica amigável, capaz de trazer para o dia-a-dia do profissional da área toda a sofisticação de uma modelagem mais completa, tanto do ponto de vista microbiológico como físico-químico. A metodologia proposta se mostrou muito eficiente para a obtenção da condição de regime permanente, fazendo com que a caracterização do afluente se tornasse a etapa limitante do processo de simulação. O método desenvolvido é tão eficaz que permite que sejam realizadas simulações com afluentes e reatores hipotéticos, tornando possível estudos desvinculados da necessidade de análises laboratoriais complexas ou fora do comum. / First, this work intends to show the importance of research in modeling, simulation and control of wastewater treatment processes, and to point the delay of our country (Brazil) in this subject, compared to the advance of the international initiatives. This work presents the specific problem of modeling the anaerobic digestion and proposes a new tool to simulate the steady state condition in anaerobic reactors. The simulator is based on the ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1), developed by IWA in 2002, and is implemented in C++. The intention is to give free access to a new simulation software with the advantages of better methodology and friendly graphical interface. This tool should be able to bring to the professionals all the sophistication of a more complete modelling in the microbiological and physical-chemical point of view. The developed methodology revealed itself to be very efficient for the attainment of the steady state condition. Consequently, it makes the characterization of the influent the critic stage of the simulation process. The developed method is so efficient that allows simulation studies to be carried out using hypothetical influents and reactors. Thus, it brings independence for simulation studies with no need of complex or unusual laboratorial analyses.

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:41:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dominato_DanieleTonon_D.pdf: 5136145 bytes, checksum: bc4588de570931c9d0ab9bc99456069f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A escassez cada vez maior de água doce devido ao crescimento demográfico, a urbanização e, provavelmente, as mudanças climáticas, tem dado lugar ao uso crescente de águas residuárias na agricultura. Atualmente, essa prática é uma realidade, principalmente na região sudeste de São Paulo, onde os conflitos pelos usos múltiplos da água são constantes. Frente a essa situação, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o condicionamento de efluentes sanitários, de um sistema composto por filtros anaeróbios e pós-tratamento por filtros de areia (com espessura de 0,75 m) com altas taxas de aplicação diárias que variaram de 300 a 800 Lm-2, visando reúso agrícola e/ou para lançamento em corpos hídricos. Verificou-se uma remoção na concentração de matéria orgânica em termos de DQO, DBO e COD acima de 90 % no efluente dos filtros de areia em todas as taxas de aplicação estudadas. Os resultados apontam que o parâmetro limitador para a utilização de taxas de aplicação diárias superiores a 700 L m-2 foi a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal produzido nos filtros de areia, superiores a 20 mg L-1, obrigando a implantação de um sistema de aeração superior. A dosagem de hipoclorito de cálcio empregada para adequar o efluente a legislação foi de 3,25 mg L-1 com um tempo de contato de 45 minutos e a classificação do efluente final para a utilização deste na agricultura foi C3S1, estando apto a ser utilizado com um grau moderado de restrição. Como os resultados foram satisfatórios, comprova-se que é possível a aplicação de maiores taxas hidráulicas nos leitos de areia / Abstract: Increasing scarcity of freshwater due to demographic growing, urbanization and, climate changing are the reason of increasing use of the wastewater in agriculture. Nowadays, this practice is a reality, mainly in São Paulo in the southeast areas, where the conflicts caused by multiples use of water are constant. Based on this situation, the aiming of this investigation was to evaluate wastewater conditioning, from a system composed by anaerobic filters and post - treated by sand filters (0,75m height) with high daily application rates which varied from 300 to 800 L m-2, agriculture reuses and/or discharging into receiving waters. An organic matter removing of 90% in terms of COD, BOD and DOC was observed in sand filters effluent in all application rates which were studied. Results have shown that the limitation parameter to use application rates over 700 L m-2 was the ammonium nitrogen concentration which are produced by sand filters and were over 20 mg L-1, forcing to implant a superior aeration system. Calcium hypochlorite dose, used to make the effluent appropriate according to the law, was 3,25 mg L-1 with a contact time of 45 minutes and the final effluent classification to use it in agriculture was C3S1, which is suitable to be used with a moderate degree of restriction. As the results were satisfactory, higher application hydraulic rates in sand filters are proved to be possible / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

O processamento anaeróbio da vinhaça se apresenta como uma alternativa para a recuperação de energia (biogás), e reaproveitamento das suas características nutricionais através da disposição no solo. Com o intuito de elevar a eficiência energética, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimular a produção de metano em reatores anaeróbios em batelada de lodo granular adaptado, alimentados com vinhaça de usina sucroalcooleira, por meio da adição de metais traço. Foram avaliadas as suplementações da vinhaça com Co, Zn, Mo, Ni, Mn e W. Na Fase 1 foram realizados 4 ensaios, os reatores foram analisados individualmente nas concentrações 200 &#956;g.L-1, 350 &#956;g.L-1, 500 &#956;g.L-1 e 800 &#956;g.L-1. Na Fase 2 verificou-se o comportamento dos metais em conjunto, à concentração de 350 &#956;g.L-1 de cada micronutriente (Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cu e Mn). Os dados de produção acumulada de CH4 foram ajustados pelo modelo modificado de Gompertz, e foram obtidas as constantes cinéticas. Na Fase 1, verificou-se que a concentração de 200 &#956;g.L-1 de Co foi a mais adequada aos experimentos e apresentou a maior velocidade máxima de produção de CH4, 121,30 mL.d-1 (aumento de 17% na taxa de produção de metano). Nesta mesma Fase, o W apresentou indícios de inibição à concentração de 800 &#956;g.L-1, e os demais metais exibiram os melhores resultados nesta mesma concentração, a velocidade de produção (Rm) aumentou para o Mn (26%), Ni (25%), Cu (21%) e Mo (19%), e os rendimentos mais expressivos foram para Mo (0,267 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem), Zn (0,240 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem) e Ni (0,232 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem). A Fase 2 não apresentou resultados satisfatórios, as verificações não indicaram variação relevante entre os reatores do ensaio e controle. / Anaerobic processing of vinasse is presented as an alternative to energy recovery (biogas), and reuse of its nutritional characteristics through the provision on the ground. In order to increase energy efficiency, this study aimed to stimulate methane production in adapted anaerobic batch reactors with granular sludge fed with vinasse from sugarcane biorefineries, through the addition of trace metals. The supplementation vinasse were evaluated with Co, Zn, Mo, Ni, Mn and W. In phase 1 four essays were realized, and micronutrient were analyzed individually in concentrations of 200 &#956;g.L-1, 350 &#956;g.L-1, 500 &#956;g.L-1 and 800 &#956;.L-1. In phase 2 it was observed the behavior of metal together, with micronutrients concentration of 350 &#956;g.L-1 (Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cu e Mn). The data of methanes production were adjusted by Gompertz modified model and kinetics constants were obtained. In phase 1 it was verified that the concentration of 200 &#956;g.L-1 of Co was optimal for the experiments and showed the highest maximum production velocity of CH4, 121,30 mL.d-1 (increase of 17%). In this phase W showed evidence of inhibition at a concentration of 800 &#956;g.L-1, and other metals showed the best results in the same concentration. The velocity of production (Rm) increased to Mn (26%), Ni (25%), Cu (21%) e Mo (19%), and the most significant yields were to Mo (0,267 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem), Zn (0,240 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem) and Ni (0,232 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem). Phase 2 did not show satisfactory results.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo a avaliação do uso da banda de rodagem de pneus inservíveis triturada (BPIT) como suporte ao desenvolvimento de biofilmes em um reator anaeróbio de leito expansível (RALEx), em escala plena, com volume de 32m3, empregado no tratamento de esgoto sanitário. A utilização desse material como suporte apresentou-se como proposta inovadora, com grande potencial de aplicação. Para partida do sistema foram utilizados 6,0m3 de lodo proveniente do reator UASB da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto Jardim das Flores de Rio Claro – SP, tendo sido alcançado o equilíbrio dinâmico aparente após 80 dias de operação. A BPIT mostrou-se eficiente como recheio do RALEx, tendo em vista que promoveu remoção média de 70% de matéria orgânica, em termos de DBO (amostras não filtradas), quando operado com tempo de detenção hidráulico médio de 3,2h, velocidade ascensional média de 5,7m/h (sem recirculação do efluente), e carga orgânica volumétrica média de 5,4kgDQO/m3.dia. A remoção média de sólidos em suspensão no sistema foi de 65% (com teor residual no efluente de 95mg/L) e a porcentagem de metano no biogás manteve-se próxima a 65%. Assim como os demais reatores anaeróbios, verificou-se que a remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo no RALEx foi relativamente baixa, com valores inferiores a 10%. Avaliou-se também a perda de carga no leito de BPIT, obtendo-se valores extremamente baixos para todas as granulometrias testadas, em torno de 4cm/m de leito, e determinou-se a velocidade mínima de fluidificação em 39m/h. Nos ensaios preliminares, verificou-se que o diâmetro equivalente das partículas de BPIT foi de 4,3mm, com coeficiente de desuniformidade de 1,61 e massa específica de 1,14g/cm3. A BPIT mostrou-se competitiva também no aspecto econômico, tendo em vista que o custo de aquisição foi 12,8 vezes inferior ao do carvão ativado granular e 1,6 vezes superior ao da areia (materiais comumente utilizados como recheio de RALEx). / The present research had as objective the assessment of granulated tread of scrap tires (GTST) as support for the development of biofilms in an expanded bed anaerobic reactor (EBAR), in full scale, with a total volume of 32m3, employed for wastewater treatment. The use of this material as support was presented as an innovating proposal, with a high application potential. To start up the system 6.0m3 of sludge coming from the UASB reactor from Jardim das Flores Wastewater Treatment Plant, Rio Claro – SP, were used. The apparent dynamic equilibrium was reached 80 days after operating start up. GTST showed itself as efficient in the packing of the EBAR, where it removed an average of 70% of organic matter, in terms of BOD (non-filtered samples), when operated with hydraulic detention time of 3.2h, mean ascension velocity of 5.7m/h (without effluent re-circulation), and mean volumetric organic load of 5.4kgCOD/m3.day. The mean suspended solids removal in the system was of 65% (with 95mg/L of residual content in the effluent) and the percent of methane in biogas was close to 65%. Likewise in other anaerobic reactors, it was seen that nitrogen and phosphorous removal in the EBAR was relatively low, with values below 10%. Headloss was also assessed in the bed of the GTST, where extremely low values were obtained for all tested granulometry, around 4cm/m in the bed. In the preliminary essays, it was verified that the equivalent diameter of GTST particles was of 4.3mm, with disuniformity coefficient of 1.61 and specific mass of 1.14g/cm3. GTST was also competitive in the economical aspect, where the acquisition cost was 12.8 times lower than granular activated carbon and 1.6 times higher than sand (materials commonly used as EBAR packing material).

Dentro do escopo de estudo de aspectos fundamentais e tecnológicos, este trabalho foi direcionado à avaliação do comportamento da estabilidade e da eficiência de um reator anaeróbio contendo biomassa imobilizada em espuma de poliuretano para o tratamento de água residuária sintética com concentração de aproximadamente 500 mgDQO/L. O reator, de 6 litros de volume nominal, mantido à temperatura de 30 +/- 1ºC e sob a agitação mecânica de 500 rpm, foi operado em bateladas seqüenciais com a renovação de apenas parte do volume de água residuária tratada por ciclo, ou seja, a descarga do reator não foi completa, mas apenas parcial. Neste contexto, a principal característica operacional investigada foi a relação entre o volume de água residuária afluente, o qual era alimentado a cada novo ciclo de operação, e o volume de meio contido no reator, o qual não era descarregado no ciclo anterior, mantendo-se a mesma carga orgânica volumétrica. Desta forma, foi possível verificar a flexibilidade operacional do sistema com relação ao volume de água residuária tratada a cada ciclo e o tempo de duração do ciclo para uma mesma carga orgânica. Os resultados indicaram que o reator pôde operar com diferentes relações entre o volume alimentado e o volume de meio reacional sem diminuição significativa do seu desempenho, permitindo-se, assim, maior flexibilidade operacional. Para as condições em que o volume renovado foi maior ou igual a 50% do volume de meio do reator (ciclos de 4 a 8 horas), as eficiências de remoção de matéria orgânica filtrada e não filtrada mantiveram-se no patamar de 84 e 79%, respectivamente, enquanto que nas demais condições de maior diluição inicial do afluente (ciclos de 1 e 2 horas), essas eficiências foram ligeiramente menores, em torno de 80 e 74%, respectivamente. A alta velocidade de formação de material viscoso de aparência polimérica, nas condições de maior diluição inicial do afluente, dificultou a manutenção do volume de meio reacional do reator constante. / An assessment was performed on the stability and efficiency of an anaerobic reactor containing biomass immobilized on polyurethane foam for the treatment of synthetic wastewater with organic loading of approximately 500 mgCOD/L. The reactor had a total volume of 6 L. Batch operation took place at a temperature of 30 +/- 1ºC and an agitation rate of 500 rpm. During operation only part of the treated wastewater was renewed per cycle, i.e., reactor discharge was not complete, but partial. The main operation characteristic investigated was the ratio between influent wastewater volume, which was fed at each cycle, and the volume of medium contained in the reactor, which had not been discharged in the previous cycle, maintaining the same volumetric organic load. This way, it was possible to verify operation flexibility of the system regarding treated wastewater volume in each cycle as well as cycle time duration for the same volumetric organic loading. Results indicated that the reactor was able to operate at different ratios between feed and reaction medium volume without significant loss in performance, allowing, hence, greater operation flexibility. For conditions at which renewed volume was greater than or equal to 50% of the reactor medium (cycles from 4 to 8 hours), filtered and non-filtered organic matter removal efficiencies were about 84 and 79%, respectively, whereas at conditions of higher initial influent dilution (cycles from 1 to 2 hours) these efficiencies were slightly lower, about 80 and 74%, respectively. The high formation rate of viscous polymer-like material probably of microbiological origin, at the conditions of higher initial influent dilution hindered maintenance of constant reactor medium volume.

High rate algae oxidation ponds (HRAOP) for domestic wastewater treatment generate biosolids that are predominantly microalgae. Consequently, HRAOP biosolids are enriched with minerals, amino acids, nutrients and possibly contain plant growth regulator (PGR)-like substances, which makes HRAOP biosolids attractive as fertiliser or PGR. This study investigated HRAOP biosolids as a starting material for a natural, cost-effective and readily-available eco-friendly organic fertiliser and/or PGRs. Various HRAOP extract formulations were prepared and their effect on plant growth and development was evaluated using selected bioassays. Initial screening included assessing the effect on change in specific leaf area, radish cotyledon expansion as an indicator of PGR-like activity, and seed germination index (GI). More detailed studies on fertiliser efficacy and PGR-like activity utilised bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Combined effects of sonicated (S) and 40% v/v methanol (M) extract (5:1 SM) had impressive plant responses, comparable to Hoagland solution (HS). Other potentially fertiliser formulations included 0.5% M, 1% M, 2.5% S and 5% S formulations. The 5:1 SM and 5% S showed greater PGR-like activity, promoting cotyledon expansion by 459 ± 0.02% and 362 ± 0.01%, respectively. GI data showed that none of the formulations negatively impacted germination. Further investigation showed that the 5% S formulation increased leaf length, width and area by 6.69 ± 0.24, 6.21 ± 0.2 mm and 41.55 ± 0.2 mm². All formulated fertiliser extracts had no adverse effect on chlorophyll content and plant nutrient balance as indicated by C:N (8-10:1) ratio. In addition, plants appeared to actively mobilise nutrients to regions where needed as evidenced by a shift in shoot: root ratio depending on C, N and water availability. Furthermore, 5% S caused a 75% increase in tomato productivity and had no effect on bean productivity. Whereas, 5:1 SM and 1% M formulation improved bean pod production by 33.3% and 11%, respectively but did not affect tomato production. Harvest index (HI) however indicated a 3% reduction in tomato productivity with 5:1 SM and little or no enhancement in bean productivity with both 5:1 SM and 5% S treatments. Bean plants treated with 5:1 SM and 5% S produced larger fruits, which could be an indication of the presence of a PGR effect. Overall, HRAOP biosolids extracts prepared and investigated in this study demonstrated both fertiliser characteristics and PGR-like activity with performances comparable and in some cases exceeding that of commercial products. However additional research is needed to confirm presence of PGR-like activities and fertiliser efficacy.

Orientador: Cassiana Maria Reganhan Coneglian / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T10:40:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moretti_ErikaRabello_M.pdf: 3531369 bytes, checksum: 94f198c17a385f3b6c4cc8f79f3c5617 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho avaliou a ação de quatro porcentagens (0, 1, 5 e 10% - TC, T1, T5 e T10, respectivamente) de inoculo de rúmen bovino produzido por compostagem líquida contínua-CLC® no tratamento anaeróbio seguido de aeróbio de água residuária de suinocultura-ARSC. Em três experimentos, a ARSC foi tratada em reatores anaeróbios em batelada sequencial após adição de inoculo. No ultimo experimento, após 2 h de sedimentação, os efluentes anaeróbios passaram por tratamento aeróbio em batelada sequencial. No primeiro experimento anaeróbio, com TDH de 48 h, ocorreram remoções de DQO entre 20 e 30%, com maiores eficiências no reator T10; maior consumo de alcalinidade ocorreu com maior aplicação de inoculo indicando maior atividade microbiana. No segundo experimento removeu-se entre 35 e 55% de DQOtotal e os reatores T5 e T10 apresentaram os melhores desempenhos e maiores consumos de alcalinidade; avaliou-se TDH de 48 e 72 h e a última foi mais favorável ao tratamento anaeróbio. O terceiro experimento, com TDH de 72 h, indicou que o inoculo atua também na manutenção do equilíbrio do sistema frente a picos de carga; e a maior eficiência de 57% com relação à DQOtotal ocorreu novamente em T10. No experimento aeróbio realizado com os efluentes dos reatores anaeróbios ocorreu remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal, mais acentuada no reator T10. O sistema completo atingiu eficiências globais para DQO de 93% nos reatores TC e T1; e de 79 e 49% nos reatores T5 e T10, respectivamente. Para DQOtotal a etapa aeróbia removeu 49 e 79% nos reatores T10 e T5, respectivamente; e 90% em T1 e TC. No sistema completo, notou-se que as maiores taxas de inoculo desta vez não foram responsáveis pelas maiores eficiência nos sistemas aeróbios / Abstract: This work investigated the performance of inoculums in the treatment of swine wastewater (ARSC). The inoculums were an extract compost of cattle rumen content. The experiment tested four application percentages (0, 1, 5 and 10% - TC, T1, T5 and T10, respectively) in sequencing batch reactors operating in anaerobic followed by aerobic treatment. In three steps, the ARSC was treated in anaerobic sequencing batch after addition of inoculums. In the last experiment, 2 h after sedimentation, the anaerobic effluent passed through aerobic treatment. In the first anaerobic step, with HRT at 48 h, COD removals was between 20 and 30%, with greater efficiencies in T10 reactor; higher consumption of alkalinity occurred with greater application of inoculums indicating microbial activity increasing. In the second step removed between 35 and 55% of total COD and T5 and T10 reactors showed the best performance and higher decreases of alkalinity; it was also evaluated both 48 and 72 h HDT and the last one was better to anaerobic treatment. The third step, with HRT at 72 h, indicated that the inoculums is also active in maintaining the system balance when peak loads occur; and greater efficiency of 57% to total COD occurred again in T10. In the aerobic treatment of anaerobic treated effluent was observed ammonia nitrogen removal. It was more significant in T10 reactor. The overall efficiencies for COD in the complete system reached 93% in TC and T1 reactors, and 79 and 49% in T5 and T10 reactors, respectively. Just the aerobic way accounted a total COD removal of 49 and 79% in T10 and T5, respectively, and 90% in T1 and TC. In the complete system (anaerobic and aerobic), it was noted that the highest rates of inoculums were not responsible for the highest overall efficiency / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia