Orientador: Adriano Luiz Tonetti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T09:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonel_LaysPaulino_M.pdf: 2123587 bytes, checksum: f2f21f542524435e2023085c25b3381d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Diante do enorme problema de saúde pública que são as doenças de veiculação hídrica e do grande déficit sanitário existente no Brasil, principalmente nas cidades com população inferior a cinquenta mil habitantes e nas periferias dos grandes centros urbanos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de um sistema simplificado, composto por filtro anaeróbio, preenchido com anéis de bambu, associado a filtro de areia, na remoção de cistos de Giardia spp. e ovos de helmintos. O filtro anaeróbio foi operado com fluxo ascendente e tempo de detenção hidráulica de 12 horas, o efluente proveniente deste reator era aplicado sobre a superfície do leito de areia em oito cargas de 25 L m-2, totalizando uma taxa de aplicação de 200 L m-2dia-1. As amostras de efluente eram coletadas em três pontos, P01 (esgoto bruto), P02 (efluente do filtro anaeróbio) e P03 (efluente do filtro de areia), mensalmente, durante 12 meses. Nos últimos quatro meses, foram realizadas análises para detecção de cistos de Giardia spp. no lodo do filtro anaeróbio e de ovos de helmintos no leito do filtro de areia e também no lodo. O sistema também foi avaliado quanto à remoção de E. coli e quanto aos parâmetros físicos e químicos. O filtro anaeróbio foi capaz de remover 99,5 ± 28,7% da concentração estimada de cistos presentes no esgoto bruto, já o filtro de areia removeu 56,25 ± 31,6% dos cistos presentes no efluente anaeróbio, sendo a eficiência de remoção total do sistema igual 99,7%. Ovos de helmintos foram detectados em apenas três amostras de efluente anaeróbio, em uma concentração média de 1,5 ovos/L, sendo alcançada a remoção de 100% dos ovos após a passagem pelo filtro de areia. O sistema também proporcionou a redução de 4 unidades logarítmicas da concentração de E. coli presente no esgoto bruto, além do mais, o efluente produzido apresentou baixas concentrações de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (52 ± 24 mgL-1) e Sólidos Suspensos Totais (17 ± 20 mgL-1) e, baixos valores de turbidez (3 ± 4 UT), comprovando assim, a eficiência do sistema simplificado proposto tanto na remoção de patógenos quanto na adequação dos parâmetros físicos e químicos / Abstract: In the face of the enormous public health¿s problem that are the waterborne diseases and the big Brazilian sanitary deficit, especially at cities with less than fifty thousand inhabitants and big cities¿ peripheries, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a simplified system, composed by an upflow anaerobic filter, filled with bamboo rings, associated with a sand filter, in the removal of Giardia cysts and helminths eggs. The anaerobic filter was operated with hydraulic retention time of 12 hours, the effluent from this reactor was applied to the sand bed surface in eight loads of 25 L m-2, with a total application rate of 200 L m -2 day-1. The samples were collected at three different points, P01 (raw sewage), P02 (anaerobic filter effluent) and P03 (Sand filter effluent), monthly, during 12 months. In the last four months were performed analysis to detect Giardia spp. cysts in the anaerobic filter sludge and helminths eggs in the sand filter bed and, as well, in the sludge. The system was also evaluated relating to the E. coli removal and for physical and chemical parameters. The anaerobic filter was able to remove 99.5 ± 28.7% of the estimated concentration of cysts present in raw sewage, while the sand filter removed 31.6 ± 56.25% of the cysts present in the anaerobic effluent, making the system total efficiency¿s removal of 99.7%. Helminth eggs were detected in three anaerobic effluent samples, in an average concentration of 1.5 eggs/L, and after the effluent passes through the sand filter there was a removal of 100% eggs. The system also provided a reduction of 4 log units of E. coli concentration existing in raw sewage, in addition the effluent produced showed low concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand (52 ± 24 mg L - ) and Total Suspended Solids (17 ± 20 mgL -1) and lower turbidity values (3 ±4 UT), proving then, the simplified system proposed efficiency both in removing pathogens, as the adequacy of physical and chemical parameters / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Adriano Luiz Tonetti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T10:04:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JeniferClarissePereirada_M.pdf: 2338520 bytes, checksum: 3b813a7bd30065fc1d8de4c21453a377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O nitrogênio é um nutriente essencial para crescimento dos organismos, pois é parte da estrutura de proteínas e base do DNA. Liberado no meio aquático, este elemento pode causar diversos problemas como eutrofização de lagos, intoxicação de peixes e sua forma oxidada pode causar a meta-hemoglobinemia. A desnitrificação é uma alternativa de remoção de nitrato presente em efluentes. Nesta pesquisa foi estudada a desnitrificação utilizando um filtro anaeróbio com recheio de cascas de coco verde (Cocos nucifera), trabalhando com Tempo de Detenção Hidráulico (TDH) de 16 horas. A matriz avaliada era composta por efluente nitrificado em filtros de areia juntamente com esgoto bruto, que servia como fonte de carbono. A pesquisa foi dividida em 5 etapas: Etapa 1 - Somente aplicação de esgoto bruto no reator desnitrificante; Etapa 2 ¿ Aplicação de 87,5% de esgoto bruto e 12,5% de efluente nitrificado; Etapa 3 ¿ Aplicação de 75,0% de esgoto bruto e 25,0% de efluente nitrificado; Etapa 4 ¿ Aplicação de 62,5% de esgoto bruto e 37,5% de efluente nitrificado; Etapa 5 ¿ Aplicação de 50,0% de esgoto bruto e 50,0% de efluente nitrificado. O filtro anaeróbio fomentou a desnitrificação em todas as porcentagens de aplicação de efluente nitrificado com remoção de 67% de nitrogênio total e 98% de nitrato, bem como remoção de DQO de 72% (média de remoção de todas as etapas conjuntamente). O filtro anaeróbio também apresentou rápida aclimatação da biomassa desnitrificante com remoção de 49% de ?"N-NO" ?_"3" ^"-" na primeira semana de aplicação do efluente nitrificado / Abstract: Nitrogen it is an essential nutrient for growing organisms, because comprises the proteins structure and DNA basis. In case nitrogen is released into aquatic environment, it can cause eutrophication of lakes as well as fish poisoning and nitrogen in oxidized form can lead to methemoglobinemia. Denitrification remains an alternative for the removal of this compound. Thus, in this research we studied the denitrification in an anaerobic filter filled with green coconut husks (Cocos nucifera), operated with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 16 hours. Its influent consisted of nitrified effluent came from intermittent sand filters, and raw effluent used as carbon source. We conducted the research in 5 steps: Step 1 ¿ Application of only raw effluent in the denitrifying reactor; Step 2 ¿ Application of 87.5% of wastewater and 12.5% of nitrified effluent; Step 3 ¿ Application of 75.0% of wastewater and 25.0% of nitrified effluent; Step 4 ¿ Application of 67.5% of wastewater and 37.5% of nitrified effluent; Step 5 ¿ Application of 50% of wastewater and 50% of nitrified effluent. The anaerobic filter allowed the removal of 67% of the total nitrogen and 98% of the nitrogen in the nitrate form as well as 72% COD removal (average removal in all steps). Denitrifying bacteria were quickly acclimated because in the first week denitrification, occurred 49% ?"N-NO" ?_"3" ^"-" were removed / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Orientadores: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour, Ariovaldo José da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T02:24:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gimenes_Guilherme_M.pdf: 1688310 bytes, checksum: c47bb53b0e7201268e36438676a927e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A busca por soluções viáveis para a disposição adequada do lodo de Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA), tem se mostrado uma preocupação crescente de diversas empresas e companhias de saneamento. Uma das alternativas é o lançamento na rede coletora de esgoto. No entanto, deve ser avaliada criteriosamente a capacidade da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) em receber tal resíduo. Nesta linha de raciocínio, o presente trabalho visou avaliar o impacto do lodo de ETA, da qual utilizou PAC como coagulante, para a biomassa anaeróbia de um reator UASB por meio do ensaio da Atividade Metanogênica Específica (AME) e verificar também a evolução da concentração de alumínio e carbono orgânico total (COT) no lodo da ETE após a mistura com o lodo da ETA. Os ensaios de AME foram realizados segundo a metodologia adaptada de Aquino et al. (2007). Foram testadas concentrações de lodo de ETA de 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12,5, 15, 20 e 30 g SST.L-1 e o frasco controle (sem lodo de ETA) como elemento de comparação. Como resultados foi possível observar que, estatisticamente, não houve diferenças significativas no valor da AME entre o frasco controle e as concentrações de 1, 2, 4 e 6 g SST.L-1. Já para as concentrações acima de 6 g SST.L-1 houve uma redução considerável do valor da AME, comparadas com o frasco controle. Quanto à concentração de alumínio, foi verificado que conforme aumentou a dosagem de lodo da ETA, aumentou também a concentração de alumínio no lodo, desta forma, contribuindo para a hipótese de que o alumínio pode provocar impacto negativo à biomassa do reator UASB, pois quanto maior a concentração de alumínio, menor o valor da AME. Também foi observado que o aumento da concentração de lodo de ETA diminui a porcentagem de carbono orgânico total. Por fim, pela metodologia proposta, foi demonstrada a viabilidade de lançamento do lodo das ETA na ETE, de forma que a concentração de lodo de ETA no reator UASB se limite a 6 g SST.L-1 para não provocar impacto significativo na atividade biológica / Abstract: The search for viable solution to disposal of sludge from water treatment plants (WTP) has shown a growing concern for many businesses and sanitation companies. One alternative is to launch in the sewage disposal system. However, it should be carefully evaluated the ability of WWTP to receive such waste. This line of reasoning, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of WTP sludge, that used PAC as a coagulant for the anaerobic biomass of a UASB reactor using assay of Specific Methanogenic Activity (SMA) and also check the evolution of the aluminum concentration and TOC in the WWTP sludge after mixing with the WTP sludge. Assays were performed in Duran flask of 250 mL according to the methodology adapted from Aquino et al. (2007). WTP sludge concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12,5, 15, 20 and 30 g SST.L-1 and the control flask (without WTP sludge) as a comparator were tested. As a result it was observed that, statistically, there were no significant differences in the SMA value between the control flask and the concentrations of 1, 2, 4 and 6 g SST.L-1. Compared to the control flask, concentrations above 6 g SST.L-1 there was a considerable reduction in the value of SMA. On aluminum concentration, was checked that rising the dosage of wtp sludge also rise the concentration of aluminum in the wwtp sludge, thereby contributing to the hypothesis that aluminum can cause negative impact on the UASB reactor biomass, because how higher is aluminum concentration, lower is the SMA. It was also observed that with increasing concentration of WTP sludge decreases total organic carbon percentage. Finally, by the proposed methodology, the feasibility of launching the WTP sludge in WWTP was demonstrated, so the concentration of WTP sludge in the UASB reactor is limited to 6 g SST.L-1 not to cause significant impact on the biological activity / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Ronaldo Stefanutti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T00:18:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franca_JosueTadeuLeite_D.pdf: 5624209 bytes, checksum: 5cf73703ce197d3837470af4dd88e602 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da modificação concernente a um processo de tratamento "tanque séptico seguido de filtro anaeróbio", no Distrito Bom Retiro, município de Angatuba, região sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, por um modelo aerado, com aproveitamento integral das unidades existentes após pequenas adequações, visando atender a legislação e com baixo nível de operação. O sistema foi baseado em alguns parâmetros utilizados em lagoas aeradas e parcialmente aeradas. A remoção do lodo para a proposta é anual ou quando o sistema atingir os limites dos parâmetros de controle operacional: DBO efluente ? 60 mg O2 L-1 ou eficiência de remoção dos SST ? 80%. Após um ano de operação da proposta parcialmente concluída (sem tratamento preliminar), apesar de não atingir os limites máximos estabelecidos foram realizadas a quantificação e remoção do lodo gerado. O sistema de desaguamento foi realizado em uma série de "BAGs" verticais de polipropileno reutilizáveis por até 20 vezes, com capacidade para 2m³. Após as adequações, os resultados na segunda etapa do experimento com relação à DBO afluente e efluente, sólidos em suspensão total efluente (SST), residual de oxigênio dissolvido na saída do tanque de polimento, densidade de potência utilizada, custo de energia per capta (kWh ano-1) e custo de implantação per capta foram: DBO afluente e efluente teve como média e desvio padrão 674 ± 137 mg O2 L-1 e 22 ± 5 mg O2 L-1, respectivamente. A média aparada com relação ao residual de oxigênio dissolvido foi de 3,6 ± 1,2 mg L-1, a densidade de potência 42 W m-3, o consumo de energia foi de 56 kWh hab-1 ano-1 e o custo de implantação per capita foi de R$ 140,00. A proposta visa a adequação dos sistemas (tanque séptico + filtro anaeróbio) e implantação em pequenas comunidades, sem sistemas de tratamento de esgotos / Abstract: This work aims to evaluate the performance concerning the modification of the a treatment process "septic tank followed by anaerobic filter", in Bom Retiro district, municipality of Angatuba, and southwest of São Paulo, by aerated model with full use of existing units after minor adjustments, to meet the rules environmental and low level of operation. The system is based on some parameters used in aerated lagoons and partly aerated lagoons. The sludge removal is proposed for the year or when the system reaches the limits of the parameters of operational control: ? 60 mg O2 L-1 BOD effluent and TSS removal efficiency of ? 80%. After a year of operation of the proposed partially completed (without pre-treatment) did not reach the ceilings was conducted to quantify and removal of sludge generated. The dewatering system was conducted in a number of "BAGs" vertical polypropylene reusable for up to 20 times, with a capacity of 2 m³. After the adjustments results in the second stage of the experiment with respect to the influent and effluent BOD, total suspended solids effluent (TSS), residual dissolved oxygen in the tank outlet polishing, power density used, energy cost per capita (kWh year -1) and cost of deployment per capita were: influent and effluent BOD was mean and standard deviation 674 ± 137 mg O2 L-1 and 22 ± 5 mg O2 L-1, respectively. The mean residual trimmed with respect to dissolved oxygen was 3.6 ± 1,2 mg L-1, the power density 42 W m-3, the power consumption was 56 kWh. hab-1 year -1 and implementation cost per capita of R$ 140.00. The proposal aims adequacy of systems (septic tank + anaerobic filter) and deployment in small communities without sewage treatment systems / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T10:47:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_LucianaVechide_M.pdf: 1975697 bytes, checksum: c889d2b763a156ae4029456cdc836b88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A grande utilização de compostos tóxicos e o descarte dos mesmos sem o devido tratamento fizeram com que o ecossistema aquático recebesse grande quantidade de contaminantes, os quais, com o passar do tempo, tendem a estar presentes em maiores concentrações no sedimento dos rios e mananciais que recebem o efluente in natura. O fenol é um dos compostos que tem sido utilizado de forma descontrolada tanto pelas indústrias como também para fins domésticos, aumentando ainda mais a concentração deste nos efluentes sanitários. Desta forma, estudou-se a capacidade de um sistema de tratamento biológico combinado, anaeróbio/aeróbio, em reduzir a concentração de fenol presente em efluentes sanitários. O sistema foi composto por um filtro anaeróbio (FA) seguido por um biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS), monitorado por meio de análises físicas, químicas e ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Para os ensaios ecotoxicológicos foi iniciado o cultivo de dois novos organismos - Chironomus xanthus e Eisenia sp. - viventes no sedimento, para avaliação da resposta de ambos ao fenol, sendo esta a parte dos rios em que há o maior acúmulo de contaminantes Também foi utilizado Daphnia similis. A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas: Fase de adaptação, com duração de 106 dias, em que o sistema de tratamento recebeu o inóculo de um filtro anaeróbio testado para a remoção de formaldeído; Primeira Fase com a adição de 50 mg L-¹ de fenol, com duração de 207 dias, obtendo eficiências de remoção de fenol próximas a 100% com concentração média de fenol no efluente final de 0,16 mg L-¹ e eficiência de DQO acima de 90% e Segunda fase com duração de 115 dias em que a concentração de fenol aplicada foi gradualmente aumentada até o limite de 150 mg L-¹, determinado pela desestabilização do reator anaeróbio, Foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de fenol de 99,7% e de DQO 95,4% sem reduzir a nitrificação e resultando em um efluente final de acordo com as exigências para o lançamento segundo CONAMA 430/2011. O esgoto bruto contendo fenol foi tóxico para Chironomus xanthus e Daphnia similis com CL(50)/96h 60 mg L-¹ e CE(50)/48h 50 mg L-¹, respectivamente. Para o organismo Eisenia sp., os ensaios indicaram que não ocorreu toxicidade ao fenol. O efluente final tratado pelo sistema biológico combinado não apresentou e não causou toxicidade a nenhum dos organismos testes utilizados, indicando que a sua concepção e proposta de operação produziram um efluente que atende os padrões de lançamento para carga orgânica e fenol, sem prejudicar os índices para o nitrogênio amoniacal / Abstract: The great use of toxic compounds and its dispose without proper treatment, have caused a large concentration of contaminants on the aquatic ecosystem over the time, and the tendency is to be present in higher concentrations in the sediment of rivers and springs that hold the effluent in natura. The phenol, is one of the compounds which has been used in an uncontrolled fashion by both industry and also for domestic purposes, further increasing its concentration in the wastewater. This study shows the ability of a biological treatment system combined anaerobic/aerobic, reducing the concentration of phenol present in wastewater. The system consisted of an Anaerobic Filter (FA) followed by a Submerged Aerated Biofilter (BAS), monitored through physical chemical analysis and ecotoxicological tests. For ecotoxicological tests, the cultivation of two new organisms was started Chironomus xanthus and Eisenia sp. - living in the sediment, to assess the response of both to the phenol, being this the part of the rivers where there is greater accumulation of contaminants, was also used Daphnia similis. The study was performed in three phases: adaptation phase, lasting 106 days, where the Processing System received an inoculum of anaerobic filter, tested for the removal of formaldehyde, First stage with the addition of 50 mg L-¹ phenol, with duration of 207 days, obtaining phenol removal efficiencies close to 100%, with an average of phenol concentration in the final effluent of 0,16 mg L-¹ and efficiency of DQO higher than 90%. Second phase with duration of 115 days , where the phenol concentration applied was gradually increased to the limit of 150 mg L-¹ determined by the destabilization of the anaerobic reactor, were obtained efficiencies in phenol removal of 99.7% and 95.4% of DQO, without reduction the nitrification and resulting in an final effluent according to the requirements for launching as per CONAMA 430/2011. The raw sewage containing phenol was toxic to Chironomus xanthus and Daphnia similis with CL(50)/96h 60 mg L-¹ and CE(50)/48h 50 mg L-¹, respectively. For the organism Eisenia sp., the tests indicated that there was no toxicity to phenol. The final effluent treated by this combined biological system, did not show and did not cause toxicity to any of the test organisms used, thereby indicating that its design and proposed operation, were able to produce an effluent that meets discharge standards for organic load and phenol, while preserving the rates for ammonia nitrogen / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Orientadores: Edevar Luvizotto Junior, Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T12:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pim_Vanderlei_M.pdf: 7573689 bytes, checksum: d7840f9ac209c660c1efa3ccb0efc04f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As preocupações com o adequado destino dos lodos de esgotos fizeram da reciclagem uma alternativa de grande perspectiva de evolução no Brasil. O presente estudo visa avaliar o lodo da lagoa anaeróbia da ETE Pedregulho/SP, operada pela Sabesp, bombeado e acondicionado em bags, em relação a sua qualidade, visando disposição. Foram utilizados 3 bags diferentes e realizadas análises antes, durante e depois do bombeamento, percebendo que, durante o tempo, as permeabilidades dos bags não são constantes e que, houve alterações nas caraterísticas do lodo quando nos bags. Foram removidos 614 m3 de lodo da lagoa anaeróbia, havendo melhora na eficiência da ETE. A retração volumétrica do lodo nos bags permitiu constatar a interferência das chuvas no volume dos bags. Houve também uma avaliação do líquido que percolava dos bags. O lodo foi caracterizado como resíduo Classe II A (não perigoso, não Inerte) pela ABNT NBR 10.004:2002 e considerado possível de ser disposto em aterro sanitário; a técnica da respirometria associado à caracterização pela Resolução CONAMA 375/06 - MMA torna o lodo da lagoa anaeróbia passível de aplicação agrícola e, o atendimento às exigências do Ministério da Agricultura permite buscar o registro, especificação e classificação do lodo como fertilizante, biofertilizante ou condicionador de solo. A remoção teve um custo de R$159,92/m3. Considerando as condições avaliadas nesta pesquisa, conclui-se que a utilização agrícola é a forma mais viável de disposição final de lodo de esgotos / Abstract: Concerns about the appropriate destination of sewage sludge made recycling a great perspective of alternative development in Brazil. The present study aims to evaluate the sludge from the anaerobic pond ETE Pedregulho / SP, operated by Sabesp, pumped and stored in bags, in relation to its quality, aiming to disposal. Three different bags were used and analyzed before, during and after pumping, it was noticed that during the time the permeability of the bags are not constant and there were changes in the characteristics of the sludge when in the bags. 614 m3 of sludge from the anaerobic pond were removed, with an improvement in the efficiency of ETE. The evoluation of volumetric shrinkage of the sludge in bags revealed the interference of rain in the volume of bags. There was an evaluation of liquid that percolated. The waste sludge was characterized as Class II A (non-hazardous, non-Inert) by the ABNT NBR 10.004:2002 and considered possible to be disposed in landfill; the technique of respirometry associated to the characterization by Resolução CONAMA 375/06 - MMA makes the sludge of the anaerobic pond be applied for agricultural purposes compliance with the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture allows searching the record, specification and classification of the sludge as fertilizer, biofertilizer and soil conditioner. The removal had a cost of R$159,92 / m3. Considering the conditions evaluated in this study, it was concluded that agricultural use is the most viable form of disposal of sewage sludge / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

M.Tech. (Chemical Engineering) / The design process was carried out in two stages: feedstock analysis and system design. Under feedstock analysis, the study investigated the amount of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) generated at the study area which was situated at the University of Johannesburg’s Doornfontein Campus (UJ DFC) in downtown Johannesburg South Africa. Furthermore, the feedstock analyses involved characterisation studies on the target waste under which several laboratory tests were undertaken. The system design involved sizing of the suitable biogas digester to be used in the system applying mathematical models and feedstock parameters obtained from the feedstock analyses. Via the application of the Simple Multi-Attribute Rating (SMART) technique of multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) as a decision support tool, the most preferred option of biogas plant model was selected from a list of potential alternatives available on the market. And, in addition, a suitable site around the study area was selected by applying the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique of MCDA. Other system components and accessories such as the piping, scrubbers and valves were sized, selected, integrated into the system and finally layout drawings were produced using Inventor computer aided drafting (CAD) Software. Furthermore, feasibility assessments were conducted on the proposed system such as energy usage assessments and economic analyses using the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) techniques...

Experiences in treating wine distillery wastewaters (WDWs) contribute to the field of oenology as many oenologists are concerned with the selection, efficiency and economy of their wastewaters. Wine distillery wastewaters are strongly acidic, have high chemical oxygen demand (COD), high polyphenol content and are highly variable. Primary attention was focussed on sustainable biological treatment of raw wine distillery wastewater (RWDW) and fungally pre-treated wine distillery wastewater (FTWDW) by energy-efficient high rate anaerobic digestion (AD). This study also explored the development of a novel dual-stage anaerobic digestion ultrafiltration (ADUF) process, using a ceramic submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) in the treatment of both RWDW and FTWDW. The first stage was for the selection of microorganisms that were able to treat the toxic pollutants from WDWs. It was operated at a high feed-to-microorganism ratio. The second stage, a secondary digester, was operated like a typical membrane bioreactor at a low feed-to-microorganism ratio to sustain a stable efficient population for a long period. The characteristics of RWDW were as follows: pH 3.83, 15 000 mg/l soluble COD (CODs) and 5229 mg/l of phenols. After pre-treatment of RWDW with Trametes pubescens, starting parameters for FTWDW were as follows: pH 6.7, 7000 mg/l soluble COD (CODS) and 1440 mg/l of phenols. During operation of a high rate anaerobic digester for RWDW treatment, K2HPO4 was required for buffering the digester. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were <300 mg/l throughout the study, indicating degradation of organic acids present. Mean CODS removal efficiency for the 130 day study was 87 %, while the mean polyphenol removal efficiency was 85 %. Addition of 50 mg/l Fe3+ increased the removal efficiencies of CODS to 97 % and of polyphenols to 99 %. High removal efficiencies of CODS and polyphenols were attributed to the addition of macronutrients and micronutrients that caused pH stability and stimulated microbial activity. The CODS removal efficiency of high rate anaerobic digestion of FTWDW reached 99.5%. During FTWDW digestion, pH buffering was achieved using K2HPO4. A combination of a SMBR and a secondary digester was tested for the treatment of RWDW and FTWDW during a 30 day study. Results for RWDW showed that pH buffering was achieved by dosing the feed stream with CaCO3 and K2HPO4. Buffering proved to be significant for optimum performance of the system in removal of soluble CODS, and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Different batches of RWDW used for feeding the reactor had variable compositions with respect to concentrations of nitrates, ammonium and total phenolic compounds. Ammonium accumulated in the secondary digester after 14 days of system operation, indicated the time required for the establishment of anaerobic conditions in the system. Dosing of the SMBR treating FTWDW with CaCO3 and K2HPO4 buffered the pH; iii this proved significant for optimum performance of the system in removal of CODS. The system eliminated an average of 86 (± 4) % of CODS present in the FTWDW. The residual CODS levels in the effluent were approximately 400 mg/l, significantly lower than the concentrations observed when treating RWDW, indicating that fungal pre-treatment might have provided additional nutrients for removal of recalcitrant components of the wastewater. The resulting effluent was rich in nitrates and phosphates and might be used as a fertiliser. Alternatively, a membrane process, such as reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) could be applied to raise the water quality to meet the levels required for reuse. Biomass samples were obtained from the four treatment systems and population shifts characterization using phospholipids fatty acids (PLFA) and 16S rRNA analysis to provide an indication of limitations within the microbial population. The values of the concentrations of the individual PLFAs detected in the samples indicated that ten bacterial species were present, with the GC content of the 16S rRNA increasing from 1 to 10. Analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis DGGE data indicated that the composition of the archeal community changed the consortia used for both RWDW and FTWDW treatment. Changes in band intensities indicated the presence of different components of the archeal communities. The results were not conclusive in terms of species identity as cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were not performed, but they did indicate microbial population shifts and species diversity for high rate anaerobic digestion. The results also confirmed prevalence of relatively few species during operation of SMBRs for treatment of RWDW and FTWDW, which suggested that the microorganisms that survived were either tolerant of toxic components of RWDW and FTWDW or they were able to remove polyphenols.

An investigation of the biodegradation of complex hydrocarbon wastes, with emphasis on chlorinated aromatic compounds, in an anaerobic/aerobic bioprocess environment was made. A reactor configuration was developed consisting of linked anaerobic and aerobic reactors which served as the model for a proposed bioremediation strategy targeting subterranean soil/sediment/aquifer chlorinated phenol-contaminated environments. Here oxygen is frequently limited and sulphate is readily available, as occurs especially in marine sediment and intertidal habitats. In the anaerobic system the successful transformation and mobilization of the model contaminant, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, was shown to rely on reductive dechlorination by a sulphate-reducing dependent dechlororespiring co-culture. This was followed in the aerobic system by degradation of the pollutant and its metabolites, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol and phenol, by immobilized white-rot fungi.The strategy was initially investigated separately in laboratory bench- and intermediate scale reactors whereafter reactors were linked to simulate the integrated biodegradation strategy. The application of the fungal reactor to treat an actual waste stream by degrading complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in a waste oil recycling effluent was also investigated. The mineralization of phenol and 2,4,6-TCP by immobilized fungal cultures was studied in pinewood chip and foam glass bead-packed trickling reactors. The reactors were operated in sequencing batch format. Removal efficiency increased over time and elevated influent phenol and TCP (800 and 85 mg.L⁻¹) concentrations were degraded by > 98 % in 24 – 30 h batch cycles. Comparable performance between the packing materials was shown. Uptake by the packing was negligible and stripping of compounds induced by aeration had a minimal effect on biodegradation efficiency. Reactor performances are discussed in relation to sequencing batch operation and nutrient requirements necessary to sustain fungal activity in inert vs. organic material packed systems. It was shown that a co-culture consisting of sulphate-reducing and dechlororespiring bacteria established in fed-batch and soil flasks, as well as pine chip-packed fluidized bed reactors. Results showed reductive dechlorination of 2,4,6-TCP to be in strict dependence on the activity of the sulphate-reducing population, sulphate and lactate concentrations. Transformation to 2,4-DCP, 4-CP and phenol was enhanced in sulphate deficient conditions. Dechlororespiring activity was found to be dependent on the fermentative activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria, and the culture was also shown to mobilize and dechlorinate TCP in soils contaminated with the pollutant. Linking the systems achieved degradation of the compound by > 99 % through fungal mineralization of metabolites produced in the dechlororespiring stage of the system. pH correction to the anaerobic reactor was found to be necessary since acidic effluent from the fungal reactor inhibited sulphate reduction and dechlorination. The fungal reactor system was evaluated at intermediate-scale using a complex waste oil recycling effluent. Substantial COD reduction (> 96 % in 48 h batch cycles) and removal of specific effluent hydrocarbon components was shown in diluted, undiluted (COD > 37 g.L⁻¹) and 2,4,6-TCP-spiked effluents. Industrial application of the fungal reactor was evaluated in a 14 m³ pilot plant operated on-site at a waste oil processing plant.

In South Africa, wastewater disposal in the wine and distilling industry is undergoing a profound transformation as a result of fundamental changes in regulations and license requirements. To deal with this problem conventional Waste Stabilisation Ponding systems have been used by the industry together with irrigation and evaporation disposal practises. Although effective in the evaporation and containment disposal functions, these pond systems are generally not properly designed and/or managed, resulting in overloading and, at times, the generation of seriously offensive odour problems. Preliminary studies on the feasibility of utilising the Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponding System as a core treatment technology in winery wastewater treatment were conducted. Results indicated that specific problems had to be addressed before successful ponding treatment could be achieved. This research programme undertook an investigation of the performance of a demonstration ponding system treating household sewage, which formed the basis of the research due to limited experience reported on ponds treating wine industry wastewaters. Malfunctions identified were in correlation with the preliminary winery waste ponding survey, which included unstable fermentation pit functions and inadequate nutrient removal. Retrofitting the fermentation pit with a nylon net across the rising water column resulted in improved retention of active anaerobic sludge, especially during periods of system start-up and/or organic overloading. An investigation into nutrient removal utilising algal biomass provided a valuable contribution towards development of an independent nutrient removal system. Harvested algal biomass was passively manipulated to release polysaccharides under anoxic conditions, with subsequent use as a carbon source by denitrifying organisms. Following denitrification, the still viable algal cells were introduced into a High Rate Algal Pond raceway for photosynthetically produced alkalinity. This high pH environment resulted in induced calcium phosphate mineral formation and subsequent precipitation, as well as effective ammonia stripping from the water. Based on the novel positive research outcomes a decision was made to proceed to the construction of a pilot-scale integrated ponding system treating wastewater from a wine lees factory. The system linked the Anaerobic Baffle Reactor, for pre-treatment, with the improved Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponding System. The potential of this system has shown that a Waste Stabilisation Ponding system can be engineered to treat wine industry wastewaters and thereby effectively reduce the organic and nutrient loads, by using low-cost retrofitted upgrading unit operations. Valuable algal biomass may also be recovered as a by-product of the treatment process.