Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Pukasiewicz.pdf: 807504 bytes, checksum: 46c5fee11c6e26495932d6b13679bc20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-18 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / The process of anaerobic digestion is presented as an alternative for treatment of effluents from various industrial activities. In this case there is the conversion of organic matter to more stable compounds such as methane, which can be used to replace fossil fuels. This study evaluated the treatment of effluent generated by a processing company for animal feed flavors, which uses as raw material waste generated in the slaughter and processing of pigs, chickens and turkeys. It was used a biological upflow anaerobic filter, constructed of polyvinyl chloride with a volume of 980 mL and support material for biomass consisting of rings of polypropylene, with the goal of removing organic matter and produce biogas. The influent had average values with the following characteristics: 899.79 mg L-1 of COD, pH of 8.12, 377.31 mg L-1 of total nitrogen, 206.09 mg L-1 of ammoniacal nitrogen, 2.90 mg L-1 of oils and greases, 768.67 mg CaCO3 L-1 of alkalinity, 521.26 mg L-1 CH3COOH of volatile acidity and 15.11 mg L-1 content of phosphorous. The system was operated continuously at room temperature, organic loading of 0.077, 0.102, 0.154, 0.356, 0.536, 0.854, 1.083 kg DQO m-3 d-1, and HRT 240, 168, 120, 72, 48, 24 and 21 hours. The effluent had COD values between 14.43 and 849.43 mg L-1, pH between 6.32 and 8.34, total nitrogen between 95.23 and 742.14 mg L-1, ammoniacal nitrogen between 127,78 and 230.29 mg L-1, alkalinity between 268.83 and 2401.5 mg CaCO3 L-1 and volatile acidity between 27.66 and 415.30 mg L-1 CH3COOH and phosphorus content between 0 and 29, 26 mg L-1. The best results of COD removal were obtained with HRT of 24 hours, averaging 83% removal and, consequently, larger generation of biogas, 48.39 kg of methane per day. Concludes that, within the conditions employed, the anaerobic digestion process was efficient in removing COD. If the company uses the methane produced in power generation, can enter in the market of carbon credits and get an extra income. / O processo de digestão anaeróbia apresenta-se como uma alternativa para tratamento de efluentes de várias atividades industriais. Nesse processo há conversão da matéria orgânica a compostos mais estáveis como o gás metano, que pode ser utilizado em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o tratamento anaeróbio dos efluentes gerados por uma empresa processadora de palatabilizantes para ração animal, que utiliza como matéria prima os subprodutos gerados no abate e processamento de suínos, frangos e perus. Foi utilizado um filtro biológico anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente, construído de policloreto de vinila com volume útil de 980 mL e material suporte para a biomassa constituído por anéis de polipropileno, com o objetivo de remover a matéria orgânica e produzir biogás. O substrato possuía valores médios com as seguintes características: DQO de 899,79 mg L-1, pH de 8,12, nitrogênio total de 377,31 mg L-1, nitrogênio amoniacal de 206,09 mg L-1, teor de óleos e graxas de 2,90 mg L-1, alcalinidade de 768,67 mg CaCO3 L-1, acidez volátil de 521,26 mg CH3COOH L-1 e teor de fósforo de 15,11 mg L-1. O filtro foi operado por 196 dias, à temperatura ambiente, com cargas orgânicas de 0,077; 0,102; 0,154; 0,356; 0,536; 0,854; 1,083 kg DQO m-3 d-1, e TRH de 240, 168, 120, 72, 48, 24 e 21 horas. O efluente tratado apresentou valores de DQO entre 14,43 e 849,43 mg L-1, pH entre 6,32 e 8,34, nitrogênio total entre 95,23 e 742,14 mg L-1, nitrogênio amoniacal igual entre 127,78 e 230,29 mg L-1, alcalinidade entre 268,83 e 2401,5 mg CaCO3 L-1 e acidez volátil entre 27,66 e 415,30 mg CH3COOH L- 1 e teor de fósforo entre 0 e 29,26 mg L-1. Os melhores resultados de remoção de DQO foram obtidos com TDH de 24 horas, com média de 83% de remoção e, conseqüentemente, maior geração de biogás, 48,39 kg de metano por dia. Concluise que, dentro das condições empregadas, o processo de digestão anaeróbia foi eficiente na remoção de DQO. Se a empresa utilizar o metano produzido na geração de energia, poderá entrar no mercado de créditos de carbono e obter uma renda extra.

Primeiramente, esse trabalho pretende esclarecer a importância de pesquisas em modelagem, simulação e controle nos processos de tratamento de efluentes e apontar o atraso do Brasil nesta área de pesquisa comparado ao avanço das iniciativas internacionais. O trabalho apresenta o problema específico da modelagem dos processos anaeróbios e propõe uma nova ferramenta de simulação de regime permanente para esses sistemas, desde digestores de lodo a reatores UASB. O simulador se baseia no ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1), modelo proposto pela IWA em 2002, e está implementado em C++. A intenção é disponibilizar livremente um software de simulação com o diferencial de uma metodologia e interface gráfica amigável, capaz de trazer para o dia-a-dia do profissional da área toda a sofisticação de uma modelagem mais completa, tanto do ponto de vista microbiológico como físico-químico. A metodologia proposta se mostrou muito eficiente para a obtenção da condição de regime permanente, fazendo com que a caracterização do afluente se tornasse a etapa limitante do processo de simulação. O método desenvolvido é tão eficaz que permite que sejam realizadas simulações com afluentes e reatores hipotéticos, tornando possível estudos desvinculados da necessidade de análises laboratoriais complexas ou fora do comum. / First, this work intends to show the importance of research in modeling, simulation and control of wastewater treatment processes, and to point the delay of our country (Brazil) in this subject, compared to the advance of the international initiatives. This work presents the specific problem of modeling the anaerobic digestion and proposes a new tool to simulate the steady state condition in anaerobic reactors. The simulator is based on the ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1), developed by IWA in 2002, and is implemented in C++. The intention is to give free access to a new simulation software with the advantages of better methodology and friendly graphical interface. This tool should be able to bring to the professionals all the sophistication of a more complete modelling in the microbiological and physical-chemical point of view. The developed methodology revealed itself to be very efficient for the attainment of the steady state condition. Consequently, it makes the characterization of the influent the critic stage of the simulation process. The developed method is so efficient that allows simulation studies to be carried out using hypothetical influents and reactors. Thus, it brings independence for simulation studies with no need of complex or unusual laboratorial analyses.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The "classical" propionibacteria are used in a variety of natural dairy fermentations where they produce natural preservatives (propionic and acetic acids and bacteriocins) and large amounts of vitamin B12. The extracellular polysaccharide (ECP) producing ability of these bacteria also make them of special interest to the food and waste water management industries as the ECP has been illustrated to playa role in the initial granule formation in upflow anaerobic bioreactor systems. There is little known on the ECP production by propionibacteria and in this study different environmental conditions that influence ECP production were studied. Nineteen different Propionibacterium strains were examined in terms of ECP production and Propionibacterium strain 278 was identified as the best ECP producer. Further studies were only done on this strain because of its high ECP production and because it was originally isolated from an anaerobic digester. The influence of temperature, pH and sucrose concentration was determined through the measurement of ECP production and medium viscosity. It was found that more ECP was produced at temperatures lower than the optimum for growth with the optimum being between 22° and 25°C. Lower initial pH conditions of the growth medium (below pH 7.0) were found to inhibit ECP production and the influence when the initial pH values were between 7.0 and 8.5, was not significant. A higher carbon: nitrogen ratio, when 8% sucrose was added, was also found to enhance the ECP production. The upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) bioreactor process depends on the upward movement of soluble matter through a blanket of active methanogenic granular sludge. The long start-up times as a result of the slow granulation process, as well as the need for a speedy replacement of granules once they have been washed out of the system, are limitations that restrict the general application of this excellent waste water treatment technology. Full exploitation of this biomass immobilisation technique can thus not be realised until the granule formation conditions are defined and optimised. The precise nature of the mechanisms involved in the formation of granules and the reason for their stability, is still not fully understood. It was hypothised by Britz et al. in 1999 that, through the implementation of environmental 'stress' conditions, a shift in the population dynamics of the anaerobic community can be obtained. This results in a concurrent increase in ECP formation that appears to enhance aggregate formation. In the second study it was found that, when 'stress' conditions were applied to already formed granules, the Gram-positive lactate-utilising acidogenic population gained an advantage and more propionic acid producing bacteria were present. The propionic and acetic acid concentrations were also found to increase, and concurrently, a decrease in the growth medium pH occurred. This confirms part of the granulation hypothesis that, when granules are 'stressed', the acidogenic population dynamics change and the lactate-utilising population responds to the gradual decrease in pH and the more acid-tolerant propionic acid producing bacteria gain a competitive advantage resulting in the increase in the propionic acid concentration. When propionibacteria were added to raw sludge during the granule production process, the granules were found to be more active than when nopropionibacteria had been added. This was probably due to the ECP formation by the propionibacteria that enhances the aggregation of the granules. Enhanced granulation was thus found in the batch systems with the fatty acids formed in correlation with the model for granulation. A good correlation was evident between the hypothesis and the experimental data and the hypothesis was partially verified in this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die "klassieke" propionibakterieë word in 'n verskeidenheid van natuurlike suiwel fermantasies gebruik waarin hulle verantwoordelik in vir die produksie van natuurlike voedsel preserveermiddels (propioonsuur, asynsuur en bakteriosiene) en groot hoeveelhede vitamiene B12. Die Ekstra Sellulêre Pollisakkaried (ESP) produserende eienskap van hierdie groep bakterieë maak hulle ook van belang in die voedsel en afvoerwater beheer industrieë, aangesien gevind is dat ESP 'n rol speel in die aanvanklike granule formasie in anaerobiese bioreaktor sisteme. Daar is nog baie min bekend oor die ESP produksie van propionibakterieë en in hierdie studie is verskeie omgewings faktore wat die ESP produksie beïnvloed, bestudeer. Negentien verskillende Propionibakterium stamme was bestudeer in terme van ESP produksie en Propionibakterium stam 278 was geïdentifiseer as die stam wat die meeste ESP produseer. Verdere studies was op hierdie stam gedoen na aanleiding van sy hoë ESP produksie en omdat dit oorspronklik uit 'n anaerobiese verteerder geisoleer is. Die invloed van termperatuur, pH en sukrose konsentrasie was bepaal deur die meting van die ESP produksie en die medium viskositeit. Dit was gevind dat meer ESP geproduseer was by temperature laer as die optimum vir groei, met die optimum temperatuur tussen 22° en 25°C. Dit is ook gevind dat laer aanvangs groei-medium pH (laer as pH 7.0), ESP produksie inhibeer. Die invloed van die aanvangs groei-medium pH tussen 7.0 en 8.5 was egter nie betekenisvol nie. Dit is ook gevind dat 'n hoër koolstof tot stikstof verhouding, verkry deur die byvoeging van 8% sukrose, die ESP produksie verhoog. Die "upflow anaerobic sludge blanket" (UASB) proses vind plaas as gevolg van die opwaarste beweging van opgeloste organiese materiaal deur 'n granule bed van aktiewe metanogeniese granulêre slyk. Die lang 'start-up' tye as gevolg van die stadige granulasie proses, en die nodigheid om 'n vinnige verplasing van granules te hê nadat dit uit die sisteem gewas is, is beperkings wat die algemene toepassing van hierdie fantastiese afvoerwater tegnologie, strem. Volle implementering van hierdie biomassa immobilisereings tegniek kan dus nie plaasvind voordat die granule formasie gedefinieer en geoptimiseer is nie. Die presiese eienskappe van die meganismes betrokke en die formasie van die granules en die rede vir hul stabiliteit word egter nog nie ten volle verstaan nie. Volgens 'n hipotese deur Britz et al. (1999), vind 'n verskuiwing in die populasie dinamika van die anaerobiese gemeenskap plaas tydens die implementasie van omgewings 'stress' toestande. Die resultaat is 'n verhoging in ESP produksie en 'n gevolglike verbetering in die granulasie proses. In die tweede studie was dit gevind dat, wanneer 'stress' toestande op die reeds gevormde granulasie toegepas word, die Gram-positiewe laktaat-benuttende asetogeniese populasie voordeel geniet en meer propioonsuur produserende bakterieë was teenwoordig. Die propioonsuur en asynsuur konsentrasies het ook verhoog en met 'n gevolglike daling in die groei-medium se pH. Dit bevestig 'n gedeelte van die hipotese dat, wanneer die granules onder 'stress' geplaas word, die asetogeniese populasie dinamika verander en die laktaat-benuttende populasie reageer tot die gedeeltelike afname in pH. Die meer suur-tolerante propioonsuur produserende bakterieë verkry 'n kompeterende voordeel en gevolglik is daar 'n verhoging in propioonsuur konsentrasie. Propionibakterieë was gevoeg by die onbehandelde slyk gedurende die granule produksie proses, en daar is gevind dat meer aktiewe granules gevorm word as andersins. Dit is moontlik as gevolg van die die ESP produksie van propionibakterieë wat die granulasie versnel het. Verbeterde granulasie was dus verkry in die sisteme waar propionibakterieë bygevoeg is. Vetsuur analises het gedui dat die gevormde vetsure ook in korrelasie was met die model van granulasie. Goeie korrelasie was dus verkry tussen die hipotese en die eksperimentele data en die hipotese is gedeeltelik bewys in hierdie studie.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The wine industry significantly contributes to South Africa's water demand and subsequent pollution of the limited resource. Wastewater is produced throughout the year with an increase in volume and organic load during the vintage season. Anaerobic digestion (AD), specifically the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) technology has been shown to be feasible in the treatment of cellar wastewater. However, the legal standard for chemical oxygen demand (COD) for disposal in a natural water resource (75 rnq.L") is often not met. The aim of the study was to conduct a laboratory-scale investigation into the feasibility of combining pre- and post-ozonation processes with AD in order to achieve a final COD closer to the legal disposal limit. While acclimatising an UASB bioreactor containing mixed anaerobic granules to a cellar wastewater with a pH set at 8.0, stable-state conditions were not reached. Sucrose additions to the substrate, increased substrate loads, heattreatment of the substrate and an addition of isolated cellar effluent bacteria to facilitate degradation prior to AD, were all unsuccessful in maintaining stable-state in terms of COD removal efficiency. Once the substrate pH was re-set to 7.5, the reactor stabilised. The lowest efficient operational pH was found to be 5.73 resulting in a COD removal of 88% at a substrate COD < 5 000 rnq.L". At a substrate pH of 6.0, the lowest efficient operational hydraulic retention time (HRT) and corresponding organic loading rate (OLR) were 19.7 hand 9.75 kg COD.m-3d-1 , respectively, with the COD removal being maintained around 84%. The reactor effluent still had a final COD of 1280 rnq.L", which was well above the legal South African limit. Dominant bacteria were isolated from raw cellar wastewater and identified as Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Burkholderia cepacia and Cryseomonas luteola. In order to investigate the possibility that ozonation improved biodegradability, the growth of the isolates at 35°C was monitored over 24 h in sterile ozonated and non-ozonated substrates from the vintage and non-vintage seasons. All the isolates increased by at least 1.5 log cycles in the control substrates from both seasons. Ozonation of the wastewater batches for 10 min at a rate of 73 rnq.L" led to slightly increased growth of the inoculants in the substrate batch from the vintage season. For the substrates from the non-vintage season, ozonation had an inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth. A 5 min ozonation treatment at a concentration of 73 rnq.L" was found to be optimal for both a pre- and post-treatment to UASB-treatment of cellar wastewater. Both UASB treatment and ozonation were effective in reducing the COD by 85% and 20%, respectively. The COD reduction was improved to 88% when UASB treatment was combined with post-ozonation. The total reduction in total suspended solids (TSS) for the combined process was 97%, compared to 80% for UASB and 73% for an ozone treatment alone. The reduction for volatile suspended solids (VSS) was 98% compared to 81% for UASB and 73% for the ozone treatment alone. The total reduction when using a pre-ozonation UASB treatment combination was an average of 86% for COD. The TSS and VSS were both reduced by 95%. Biogas production increased from 1.4 L.d-1 to 3.8 L.d-1 when an ozonated wastewater was used as substrate. When the UASB treatment was combined with both a pre- and post-ozonation treatment process, the COD was reduced by 89% while TSS and VSS were both reduced by 99%. This study showed that pre- and post-ozonation treatment processes could successfully be utilised to improve UASB treatment of cellar wastewater. Although the legal limits for discarding into a natural resource were not met, significant progress was made in reducing COD levels. Cellar wastewaters do however, vary according to season and the wastewater composition could affect the efficiency of a pre-ozonation process. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wynindustrie maak "n beduidende bydrae tot die eise wat aan Suid-Afrika se waterbronne gestel word en gevolglik die besoedeling van die beperkte hulpbron. Afloopwater, wat in volume en organiese lading gedurende die parstyd toeneem, word reg deur die jaar opgelewer. Anaërobiese vertering (AV), spesifiek die "Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket" (UASB) tegnologie, is alreeds suksesvol gebruik om kelderafloop te behandel. Die wetlike vereiste vir chemiese suurstof behoefte (CSB) vir storting in "n natuurlike hulpbron (75 rnq.L"), word egter dikwels nie bereik nie. Die doel van die studie was om in "n laboratorium-skaal ondersoek AV te kombineer met voor- en na-osoneringsprossesse, om sodoende te poog om "n CSB nader aan die wetlike standaard te verkry. Terwyl"n UASB bioreaktor wat gemengde anaerobiese granules bevat het, geakklimatiseer is tot kelderafloop met "n pH gestel tot 8.0, kon stabiele toestande nie bereik word nie. Die byvoeging van sukrose tot die substraat, verhoogde substraatladings, hitte-behandeling van die substraat en die byvoeging van geïsoleerde kelderafloop bakterië om substraatafbraak voor AV aan te help, was onsuksesvol om stabiliteit in terme van CSB-verwydering, te handhaaf. "n Verstelling van die substraat pH na 7.5, het gelei tot reaktorstabiliteit. By die laagste doeltreffende bedryfs-pH van 5.73 en substraat CSB < 5 000 rnq.L", was die CSB-verwydering 88%. By "n substraat pH van 6.0 was die laagste doeltreffende bedryfs-hidroliese retensie tyd en -organiese ladingstempo 19.7 h en 9.75 kg CSB.m-3d-1, onderskeidelik, terwyl die CSB verwydering rondom 84% gehandhaaf is. Die CSB van die reaktoruitvloesel van 1 280 rnq.L", was steeds ver bo die wetlike vereiste. Dominante bakterië is uit kelderafloop geïsoleer en as Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Burkholderia cepacia en Cryseomonas luteola, geïdentifiseer. Die moontlikheid dat osonering bioafbreekbaarheid bevorder, is ondersoek deur die groei van die isolate by 35°C oor 24 h in steriele geësoneerde en ongeësoneerde substrate te monitor. Die substrate is berei vanaf kelderafloop wat in die parsseisoen sowel as die nie-parsseisoen versamel is. AI die isolate het met ten minste 1.5 log siklusse in die kontrole substrate van beide seisoene, vermeerder. Vir die kelderafloop wat in die parsseisoen versamel is, het osonering vir 10 min teen 73 rnq.L" gelei tot effens verbeterde groei van die innokulante. Osonering het 'n onderdrukkende effek op die groei van bakterië in die afloopwater versamel in die nie-parsseisoen, gehad. Osonering vir 5 min teen 'n konsentrasie van 73 rnq.L" is as optimum vir beide voor- en na-osoneringsbehandeling tot UASB-behandeling van die kelderafloop, gevind. UASB-behandeling en osonering het die CSB met 85 en 20% onderskeidelik, verminder. Die vermindering kon tot 88% verhoog word wanneer UASB-behandeling met na-osonering gekombineer is. Die vermindering in totale gesuspendeerde vastestowwe (TGV) vir die gekombineerde proses was 97%, in vergelyking met 80% vir UASB- en 73% vir osoonbehandeling alleen. Die vermindering in vlugtige gesuspendeerde vastestowwe (VGV) was 98% in vergelyking met 81% vir UASB- en 73% vir osoonbehandeling alleen. Die totale CSB verwydering vir 'n voor-osonerings UASB kombinasie was gemiddeld 86%. Die TGV en VGV is beide met 95% verminder. Biogasproduksie het ook vermeerder vanaf 1.4 L.d-1 tot 3.8 L.d-1 toe geosoneerde afloopwater as substraat gebruik is. Die kombinasie van UASB-behandeling met voor-osonering, sowel as na-osonering het gelei tot 'n CSB-verwydering van 89% terwyl TGV en VGV beide met 99% verminder is. Hierdie studie het getoon dat voor- en na-osonering suksesvol gebruik kan word om UASB-behandeling van kelderafloop te verbeter. Hoewel wetlike vereistes vir storting in 'n natuurlike hulpbron nie bereik is nie, is beduidende vordering gemaak in die verlaging van CSB-vlakke. Die verskil in die samestelling van kelderafloop gedurende die onderskeie seisoene, kan egter die doeltreffendheid van die voor-osoneringsproses beïnvloed.

Primeiramente, esse trabalho pretende esclarecer a importância de pesquisas em modelagem, simulação e controle nos processos de tratamento de efluentes e apontar o atraso do Brasil nesta área de pesquisa comparado ao avanço das iniciativas internacionais. O trabalho apresenta o problema específico da modelagem dos processos anaeróbios e propõe uma nova ferramenta de simulação de regime permanente para esses sistemas, desde digestores de lodo a reatores UASB. O simulador se baseia no ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1), modelo proposto pela IWA em 2002, e está implementado em C++. A intenção é disponibilizar livremente um software de simulação com o diferencial de uma metodologia e interface gráfica amigável, capaz de trazer para o dia-a-dia do profissional da área toda a sofisticação de uma modelagem mais completa, tanto do ponto de vista microbiológico como físico-químico. A metodologia proposta se mostrou muito eficiente para a obtenção da condição de regime permanente, fazendo com que a caracterização do afluente se tornasse a etapa limitante do processo de simulação. O método desenvolvido é tão eficaz que permite que sejam realizadas simulações com afluentes e reatores hipotéticos, tornando possível estudos desvinculados da necessidade de análises laboratoriais complexas ou fora do comum. / First, this work intends to show the importance of research in modeling, simulation and control of wastewater treatment processes, and to point the delay of our country (Brazil) in this subject, compared to the advance of the international initiatives. This work presents the specific problem of modeling the anaerobic digestion and proposes a new tool to simulate the steady state condition in anaerobic reactors. The simulator is based on the ADM1 (Anaerobic Digestion Model No 1), developed by IWA in 2002, and is implemented in C++. The intention is to give free access to a new simulation software with the advantages of better methodology and friendly graphical interface. This tool should be able to bring to the professionals all the sophistication of a more complete modelling in the microbiological and physical-chemical point of view. The developed methodology revealed itself to be very efficient for the attainment of the steady state condition. Consequently, it makes the characterization of the influent the critic stage of the simulation process. The developed method is so efficient that allows simulation studies to be carried out using hypothetical influents and reactors. Thus, it brings independence for simulation studies with no need of complex or unusual laboratorial analyses.

O processamento anaeróbio da vinhaça se apresenta como uma alternativa para a recuperação de energia (biogás), e reaproveitamento das suas características nutricionais através da disposição no solo. Com o intuito de elevar a eficiência energética, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimular a produção de metano em reatores anaeróbios em batelada de lodo granular adaptado, alimentados com vinhaça de usina sucroalcooleira, por meio da adição de metais traço. Foram avaliadas as suplementações da vinhaça com Co, Zn, Mo, Ni, Mn e W. Na Fase 1 foram realizados 4 ensaios, os reatores foram analisados individualmente nas concentrações 200 &#956;g.L-1, 350 &#956;g.L-1, 500 &#956;g.L-1 e 800 &#956;g.L-1. Na Fase 2 verificou-se o comportamento dos metais em conjunto, à concentração de 350 &#956;g.L-1 de cada micronutriente (Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cu e Mn). Os dados de produção acumulada de CH4 foram ajustados pelo modelo modificado de Gompertz, e foram obtidas as constantes cinéticas. Na Fase 1, verificou-se que a concentração de 200 &#956;g.L-1 de Co foi a mais adequada aos experimentos e apresentou a maior velocidade máxima de produção de CH4, 121,30 mL.d-1 (aumento de 17% na taxa de produção de metano). Nesta mesma Fase, o W apresentou indícios de inibição à concentração de 800 &#956;g.L-1, e os demais metais exibiram os melhores resultados nesta mesma concentração, a velocidade de produção (Rm) aumentou para o Mn (26%), Ni (25%), Cu (21%) e Mo (19%), e os rendimentos mais expressivos foram para Mo (0,267 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem), Zn (0,240 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem) e Ni (0,232 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem). A Fase 2 não apresentou resultados satisfatórios, as verificações não indicaram variação relevante entre os reatores do ensaio e controle. / Anaerobic processing of vinasse is presented as an alternative to energy recovery (biogas), and reuse of its nutritional characteristics through the provision on the ground. In order to increase energy efficiency, this study aimed to stimulate methane production in adapted anaerobic batch reactors with granular sludge fed with vinasse from sugarcane biorefineries, through the addition of trace metals. The supplementation vinasse were evaluated with Co, Zn, Mo, Ni, Mn and W. In phase 1 four essays were realized, and micronutrient were analyzed individually in concentrations of 200 &#956;g.L-1, 350 &#956;g.L-1, 500 &#956;g.L-1 and 800 &#956;.L-1. In phase 2 it was observed the behavior of metal together, with micronutrients concentration of 350 &#956;g.L-1 (Co, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cu e Mn). The data of methanes production were adjusted by Gompertz modified model and kinetics constants were obtained. In phase 1 it was verified that the concentration of 200 &#956;g.L-1 of Co was optimal for the experiments and showed the highest maximum production velocity of CH4, 121,30 mL.d-1 (increase of 17%). In this phase W showed evidence of inhibition at a concentration of 800 &#956;g.L-1, and other metals showed the best results in the same concentration. The velocity of production (Rm) increased to Mn (26%), Ni (25%), Cu (21%) e Mo (19%), and the most significant yields were to Mo (0,267 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem), Zn (0,240 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem) and Ni (0,232 mL CH4.mg-1 DQOrem). Phase 2 did not show satisfactory results.

Foram operados dois reatores UASB de bancada (volumes de 39,0 e 10,5 L) instalados em série, alimentados com águas residuárias de suinocultura com concentração de sólidos suspensos totais (SST), no primeiro reator, em torno de 5000 mg/L, com temperatura controlada (de 25 a 30 graus Celsius) e com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) no primeiro reator de 62 a 16 h e no segundo de 16 a 4 h. O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho e caracterizar física e microbiologicamente o lodo dos reatores UASB operados em dois estágios. Os resultados obtidos no ensaio 1, com TDH de 62 h no primeiro reator e SST no afluente de 5240 mg/L, mostraram eficiências de remoção de DQO total de 86% e 59% e SST de 82% e 57%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 1, foi de 95% e 94%. No ensaio 2, com TDH de 31 h no primeiro reator e SST de 5000 mg/L no afluente, observou-se eficiência de remoção de DQO total de 86% e 43% e SST de 85% e 58%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 2, foi de 92% e 94%. No ensaio 3, com TDH de 16 h no primeiro reator e SST de 5490 mg/L no afluente, observou-se eficiência de remoção de DQO total de 73% e 23% e SST de 65% e 20%, no primeiro e segundo reatores, respectivamente. A eficiência de remoção de DQO total e SST no sistema, no ensaio 3, foi de 79% e 73%. A TCOV aplicada no primeiro reator, no ensaio 1, foi de 4,55 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d, no ensaio 2 de 8,75 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d e no ensaio 3 de 18,65 kg DQO total/\'M POT.3\'.d. A produção de \'CH IND.4\' no primeiro reator foi de 17,50 a 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d e no segundo reator de 1,62 a 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d com a diminuição do TDH. Os reatores UASB instalados em série foram eficientes na remoção da fração dissolvida e, principalmente, da fração devido à concentração de SST do afluente. Para TCOV de 4,55 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d no primeiro reator, pôde-se obter eficiências de remoção de DQO total e de SST acima de 90% e de DQO dissolvida acima de 85%. Para TCOV de 18,65 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d no primeiro reator, as eficiências de remoção de DQO total e de SST foram acima de 70% e DQO dissolvida acima de 75%. As maiores produções específicas de metano foram obtidas com TCOV de 2,55 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d para o segundo reator e de 8,65 kg DQO/\'M POT.3\'.d para o primeiro reator. A operação dos reatores UASB com valores de concentração de SST no afluente em torno de 5000 mg/L foram prejudiciais ao processo de granulação do lodo. Os grânulos apresentaram distribuição dispersa das morfologias microbianas ao longo da parede, não caracterizando a divisão em camadas definidas. As arqueas metanogênicas predominantes foram as semelhantes à Methanosaeta. / Two bench scale UASB reactors (volumes of 39,0 and 10,5 L) were operated in sequence, fed with swine wastewater with total suspended solids (TSS) concentration around 5000 mg/L in the first reactor, with controlled temperature (from 25 to 30 Celsius degrees) and operating with hydraulic detention time (HDT) in the first reactor varying from 62 to 16 h and in the second reactor from 16 to 4 h. The objective was to evaluate the performance and to characterize physically and microbiologically the sludge from UASB reactors operated in two stages treating swine wastewater. The results obtained in phase 1, with HDT of 62 h in the first reactor and TSS in the influent of 5240 mg/L, presented total COD removal efficiencies of 86% and 59% and TSS reduction efficiency of 82% and 57%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in the system, in phase 1, was 95% and 94%, respectively. In the phase 2, using HDT of 31 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5000 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 86% and 43% and TSS reduction efficiency of 85% and 58%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The system removal efficiency of total COD and TSS in phase 2, was 92% and 94%, respectively. In phase 3, with a HDT of 16 h in the first reactor and TSS of 5490 mg/L in the influent, it was observed a total COD removal efficiency of 73% and 23% and TSS reduction efficiency of 65% and 20%, in the first and second reactors, respectively. The total COD removal efficiency and TSS reduction efficiency in the system, in phase 3, was 79% and 73%, respectively. The volumetric organic loading rate (VOLR) applied in the first reactor, in phase 1, was 4,55 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d, in phase 2 was 8,75 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d and in phase 3 was 18,65 kg total COD/\'M POT.3\'.d. The \'CH IND.4\' production in the first reactor was from 17,50 to 68,20 L \'CH IND.4\'/d and in the second reactor from 1,62 to 5,50 L \'CH IND.4\'/d decreasing the HDT in the experiment phases. The UASB reactor installed in sequence were efficient in the dissolved fraction removal and, mainly, to the fraction due to the TSS influent concentration. The total VOL value of 4,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d was measured in the first reactor, it was achieved TSS and total COD removal efficiencies above 90% and dissolved COD above 85%. For the OVL of 18,65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor the TSS and total COD removal were above 70% and dissolved COD above 75%. The larger methane specific production was obtained with a total VOL of 2,55 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the second reactor and 8.65 kg COD/\'M POT.3\'.d in the first reactor. The UASB reactors operation with the TSS concentration values of 5000 mg/L in the influent was prejudicing the sludge granulation process. The granules present a microbial morphology disperse distribution that doesn\'t characterize a layers defined distribution. The predominant metonogenic archeas were similar to Methanosaeta.

Thesis (Master of Environmental Management)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Fresh water is a renewable resource, but it is also finite, especially given environmental impacts from anthropogenic activities. Globally, there are countless signs that untreated industrial discharge into fresh watercourses is one of the main causes of ecosystem degradation. Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) amongst the main pollutants of fresh water sources. In recent years, the world’s pre-eminent researchers have developed innovative wastewater treatment processes to treat the large quantity of wastewater generated as well as to manage the environmental health concerns arising from PSW discharged into the environment. Furthermore, increasing wastewater treatment capital costs and the implementation of increasingly rigorous government legislation to mitigate environmental pollution whilst minimizing fresh water source contamination, requires that wastewater such as PSW, be adequately treated prior to discharge. In order to assist the small-scale poultry producers in South Africa (SA), process simulation for a small-scale poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant was proposed using Sumo Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) simulation software. Sumo is an innovative and most versatile wastewater simulation package on the market. The simulator is capable of modelling treatment plants of unlimited complexity, focusing largely on Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus removal; with digester, and side streams design options, being available. Considering the possible advantages in modelling and ongoing studies of implementing wastewater treatment to increase water management, anaerobic digestion of high strength wastewater such as PSW, warranted this research study. Model development from the simulation included the evaluation of numerous design options to assist small scale poultry producers, to have a variety of designs to choose from in their PSW WWTP designs. With the aid of Sumo, two models were designed in this study, namely a single-stage and a two-stage anaerobic digestion without a recycle. The PSW used as feed was obtained from a local poultry slaughterhouse (Western Cape, South Africa). Both model designs predicted the reduction of the organic matter (COD, BOD5) total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile suspended solids (VSS) in the PSW. The digester for the single stage anaerobic digestion system modelled was set to operate at steady state for 150 days under mesophilic temperature (35 ˚C) with a solid retention time (SRT) of 25 days. The COD, TSS, VSS and BOD removal efficiencies reached a maximum of 64%, 77%, 84%, and 94%, respectively, at an organic load rate (OLR) of 143.6 mg COD/L/day. A minute increase in the ammonia (NH3) and phosphate (PO3- 4) concentration was observed once the simulation was completed. As for the two-stage anaerobic digestion system, both digesters were set to perform at mesophilic temperatures (35 ˚C) and a SRT of 13 days in the first digester and 25 days in the subsequent digester. The two-stage anaerobic digestion showed better performance in comparison to the single-stage anaerobic digestion system. The COD, TSS, VSS and BOD5 removal efficiencies reached a maximum of 69%, 79%, 85%, and 96%, respectively, at an at an OLR of 143.6 mg COD/L/day. A similar trend regarding phosphate and ammonia removal was noticed in the two-stage anaerobic digestion, suggesting a tertiary treatment system to be in place for further treatment. Although, the two-stage anaerobic digestion demonstrated adequate performance, for the purpose of this study, the single-stage was the process recommended for PSW treatment, as it is less costly and will be suitable for small scale poultry producers; albeit biogas production is much higher when digesters are connected in series. The PSW treatment modelling for this study was successfully employed with the resultant effluent being compliant with the City of Cape Town (CCT) wastewater and industrial effluent by-law discharge limits. Although, both the PO3- 4 and NH3 were suggested to require further monitoring. Therefore, the poultry slaughterhouse from which the PSW was obtained will be able to safely discharge the treated wastewater proposed in this research into local water bodies, i.e. rivers in the Western Cape, SA; however, the treated PSW will not be suitable for re-use as process water.

Denna rapport presenterar resultat och analys av prestandan i ett pilotförsök om temperaturstegsrötning (TPAD). Pilotförsöket genomfördes på uppdrag av Käppalaförbundet. Resultaten jämfördes med en nedskalad mesofil process som simulerade den nuvarande fullskaliga rötningsprocessen på Käppala  avloppsreningsverk. Syftet var att utvärdera om TPAD kunde erbjuda fördelar jämfört med det mesofila systemet. TPAD har tidigare visat stor potential i pilotstudier och till viss del i fullskaliga implementeringar på avloppsreningsverk runt om i världen. Då prestanda och beteende vid rötningsprocesser dock är starkt beroende av lokal slamkomposition och processparametrar, behövdes en skräddarsydd pilotstudie för att utvärdera TPADs applicerbarhet vid Käppala avloppsreningsverk specifikt. Sammanfattningsvis visade TPAD något bättre metanutbyte än det mesofila kontollförsöket (MAD), och VSD ökade markant. Dessa fördelar erhölls trots den lägre totala retentionstiden för TPAD. Kvävemineraliseringen ökade dock också märkbart vilket potentiellt kan medföra ökade kostnader associerade med rening av kväve i rejektvattnet för avloppsreningsverket. Avvattningsprov på labbskala visade ett omfattande utsläpp av TSS i rejektvattnet efter det termofila rötningssteget. Detta förbättrades dock avsevärt (om än inte i samma utsträckning som MAD) efter det mesofila skedet. Mycket preliminära resultat indikerade att TPAD hade en utmärkt inneboende hygieniseringsförmåga tack vare det termofila skedet, och resulterade i ett slutgiltigt rötslam som uppfyllde hygieniseringsriktlinjer enligt Revaq. TPAD verkade uppvisa hög robusthet, utan någon uppenbar syrakollaps trots hög belastning i det termofila steget. Framtida stresstester föreslås för att tvinga fram en termofil syrakollaps, vilket skulle kunna ge en syra/gas-fasad TPAD, med potentiellt ytterligare ökad prestanda enligt mycket av den befintliga litteraturen. / This report analyzes the performance of a pilot scale temperature phased anaerobic digestion process (TPAD) undertaken on commission from the Käppalaförbundet wastewater treatment plant. Results from the newly initiated TPAD pilot were compared to those of a scaled down mesophilic process simulating the current full scale digestion used at Käppala, to evaluate whether TPAD could provide benefits over the mesophilic system. TPAD had previously showed great promise at pilot and full scale at other plants around the world, but given that anaerobic digestion performance and behavior are highly dependent on local sludge composition and process parameters, a bespoke pilot was needed to evaluate TPAD at Käppala WWTP specifically. In summary, the TPAD exhibited slightly better methane yields than the mesophilic control, and showed better removal of volatile solids. Such benefits were seen despite the lower overall retention time of the TPAD. Nitrogen mineralisation however also increased, potentially imposing increased costs associated with sludge liquor nitrogen purification. Dewaterability tests showed the thermophilic stage of TPAD releasing large amounts of problematic colloidal material, which however was reduced by the subsequent mesophilic stage. Preliminary results indicated the TPAD had an excellent inherent hygienization ability owing to the thermophilic stage, producing a final digestate which fulfilled Revaq hygienization guidelines. The TPAD also seemed to exhibit great robustness, with no acid collapse in the thermophilic stage apparent despite high loads and short retention times. Future stress tests are proposed to test an acid-gas phased TPAD, with potentially further increased performance as per much of the existing literature.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a worldwide health problem, resulting in untreatable infections and escalating healthcare costs. Wastewater treatment plants are a critical point of control between anthropogenic sources of pathogens, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARBs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and the environment through discharge of treated effluent and land application of biosolids. Recent studies observing an apparent resuscitation of pathogens and pathogen indicators and the widening realization of the importance of addressing environmental reservoirs of ARGs all lead toward the need for improved understanding of ARG fate and pathogen inactivation kinetics and mechanisms in sludge stabilization technologies. This research has investigated the fate of two pathogens, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli, and various ARGs under pasteurization, anaerobic digestion, biosolids storage, and land application conditions. Pathogen die-off occurs at a rate specific to each pathogen and matrix in ambient and mesophilic temperature environments. Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) states are initiated by thermal treatments, such as thermophilic digestion and possibly pasteurization, and allow the persistence of pathogen cells and any ARGs contained therein through treatment and into the receiving environment where resuscitation or transformation could occur. Raw sludge ARG content does affect digester effluent quality, although the predominant mechanisms of ARG persistence may be different in mesophilic versus thermophilic digestion. In both thermophilic and mesophilic digestion, a correlation was observed between raw sludge and digester ARGs associated with Class 1 integrons, possibly as a result of horizontal gene transfer. ARB survival was shown to contribute to ARG content in mesophilic digestion, but not thermophilic digestion. Thermophilic digestion may achieve a higher ARG reduction because of reduced microbial diversity compared to mesophilic digestion. However, it is evident that horizontal gene transfer still does occur, particularly with highly mobile integrons, so that complete reduction of all ARGs would not be possible with thermophilic digestion alone. Surprisingly, the experiments that introduced various concentrations of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and antimicrobial nanosilver did not induce enhanced rates of horizontal gene transfer. Finally, ARG concentrations in biosolids increased during cold temperature storage suggesting that there is a stress induction of horizontal gene transfer of integron-associated ARGs. / Ph. D.