A numerical implementation of the direct Boundary-Domain Integral Equation (BDIE)/ Boundary-Domain Integro-Differential Equations (BDIDEs) and Localized Boundary-Domain Integral Equation (LBDIE)/Localized Boundary-Domain Integro-Differential Equations (LBDIDEs) related to the Neumann and Dirichlet boundary value problem for a scalar elliptic PDE with variable coefficient is discussed in this thesis. The BDIE and LBDIE related to Neumann problem are reduced to a uniquely solvable one by adding an appropriate perturbation operator. The mesh-based discretisation of the BDIE/BDIDEs and LBDIE/LBDIDEs with quadrilateral domain elements leads to systems of linear algebraic equations (discretised BDIE/BDIDEs/LBDIE/BDIDEs). Then the systems obtained from BDIE/BDIDE (discretised BDIE/BDIDE) are solved by the LU decomposition method and Neumann iterations. Convergence of the iterative method is analyzed in relation with the eigen-values of the corresponding discrete BDIE/BDIDE operators obtained numerically. The systems obtained from LBDIE/LBDIDE (discretised LBDIE/LBDIDE) are solved by the LU decomposition method as the Neumann iteration method diverges.

In this thesis, we demonstrate the capability of power series, combined with numerical methods, to solve boundary value problems and Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems of ordinary differential equations. This kind of schemes is usually called the numerical-symbolic, numerical-analytic or semi-analytic method. In the first chapter, we develop an adaptive algorithm, which automatically decides the terms of power series to reach desired accuracy. The expansion point of power series can be chosen freely. It is also possible to combine several power series piecewisely. We test it on several models, including the second and higher order linear or nonlinear differential equations. For nonlinear problems, the same procedure works similarly to linear problems. The only differences are the nonlinear recurrence of the coefficients and a nonlinear equation, instead of linear, to be solved. In the second chapter, we use our semi-analytic method to solve singularly perturbed problems. These problems arise frequently in fluid mechanics and other branches of applied mathematics. Due to the existence of boundary or interior layers, its solution is very steep at certain point. So the terms of series need to be large in order to reach the desired accuracy. To improve its efficiency, we have a strategy to select only a few required basis from the whole polynomial family. Our method is shown to be a parameter diminishing method. A specific type of boundary value problem, called the Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem, is very important in science and engineering. They can also be solved by our semi-analytic method. This is our focus in the third chapter. Our adaptive method works very well to compute its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions with desired accuracy. The numerical results are very satisfactory.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Detta arbete handlar om hur den första undervisningen av läs- och skrivinlärning kan bedrivas. Utgångspunkter för undersökningen var att jag anser att det är av stor vikt att lära sig läsa och skriva i dagens samhälle och det är ett högt prioriterat mål i läroplanen. Eftersom jag i mitt yrke ska arbeta med läs- och skrivinlärning tänkte jag att jag behövde mer kunskap om hur den egentligen går till. Jag ville också veta hur man kan bedriva undervisning på ett sätt som gynnar alla elever, eftersom alla lär på olika sätt. Jag har undersökt hur pedagoger som arbetar med elever i förskoleklass och klass 1 kan bedriva sin undervisning i ämnet.</p><p>Min problemprecisering lyder:</p><p>Hur kan man utforma läs- och skrivundervisningen i förskoleklass och klass 1?</p><p>Detta område har i arbetet diskuterats utifrån olika litteraturstudier. Jag har också gjort intervjuer med tre pedagoger; en förskollärare, en lågstadielärare och en 1-7 lärare.</p><p>Det viktigaste som kom fram i min undersökning är att undervisningen kan bedrivas på flera olika sätt och att varje lärare måste hitta sin egen fungerande metod. Man bör dock använda sig av en blandning av syntetiska och analytiska metoder och arbeta med bokstavsljud istället för namnen på bokstäverna. Man bör också ha en undervisning som är varierande och lustfylld för eleverna och det är viktigt att man individualiserar undervisningen efter elevers olika behov.</p><p>Nyckelord: analytisk metod, läsinlärning, skrivinlärning, syntesisk metod, undervisning</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>This document is about how the first teaching of literacy learning can be done. I think that it is very important to learn how to read and write in the society of today and it´s clearly written in the curriculum that it is important for the pupils to learn how to read and write, this is the starting point of this examination. Since my profession means that I will be teaching literacy learning I felt that I needed more knowledge in the subject. I also wanted to know how to teach in a way that favour all pupils, since every child learn in different way. I did study how teachers that works with pupils in their first years at school can run their teaching in the subject.</p><p>My question at issue is:</p><p>How can the teaching of literacy learning be done with pupils in their first years at school?</p><p>This subject has in this document been discussed out of different literature. I have also done intervjues with three teachers.</p><p>The most important that I learned from this examination is that the teaching can be done in many different ways, every teacher needs to find their own way of working. You should however use a mixture of synthetic and analytic methods and work with the sounds of the letters instead of their names. You should also make the teaching varying and pleasurable for the pupils and it is important that you individualize the teaching to the different needs your pupils have got.</p><p>Keywords: literacy learning, synthetic method, analytic method, teaching</p>

Sammanfattning Detta arbete handlar om hur den första undervisningen av läs- och skrivinlärning kan bedrivas. Utgångspunkter för undersökningen var att jag anser att det är av stor vikt att lära sig läsa och skriva i dagens samhälle och det är ett högt prioriterat mål i läroplanen. Eftersom jag i mitt yrke ska arbeta med läs- och skrivinlärning tänkte jag att jag behövde mer kunskap om hur den egentligen går till. Jag ville också veta hur man kan bedriva undervisning på ett sätt som gynnar alla elever, eftersom alla lär på olika sätt. Jag har undersökt hur pedagoger som arbetar med elever i förskoleklass och klass 1 kan bedriva sin undervisning i ämnet. Min problemprecisering lyder: Hur kan man utforma läs- och skrivundervisningen i förskoleklass och klass 1? Detta område har i arbetet diskuterats utifrån olika litteraturstudier. Jag har också gjort intervjuer med tre pedagoger; en förskollärare, en lågstadielärare och en 1-7 lärare. Det viktigaste som kom fram i min undersökning är att undervisningen kan bedrivas på flera olika sätt och att varje lärare måste hitta sin egen fungerande metod. Man bör dock använda sig av en blandning av syntetiska och analytiska metoder och arbeta med bokstavsljud istället för namnen på bokstäverna. Man bör också ha en undervisning som är varierande och lustfylld för eleverna och det är viktigt att man individualiserar undervisningen efter elevers olika behov. Nyckelord: analytisk metod, läsinlärning, skrivinlärning, syntesisk metod, undervisning / Abstract This document is about how the first teaching of literacy learning can be done. I think that it is very important to learn how to read and write in the society of today and it´s clearly written in the curriculum that it is important for the pupils to learn how to read and write, this is the starting point of this examination. Since my profession means that I will be teaching literacy learning I felt that I needed more knowledge in the subject. I also wanted to know how to teach in a way that favour all pupils, since every child learn in different way. I did study how teachers that works with pupils in their first years at school can run their teaching in the subject. My question at issue is: How can the teaching of literacy learning be done with pupils in their first years at school? This subject has in this document been discussed out of different literature. I have also done intervjues with three teachers. The most important that I learned from this examination is that the teaching can be done in many different ways, every teacher needs to find their own way of working. You should however use a mixture of synthetic and analytic methods and work with the sounds of the letters instead of their names. You should also make the teaching varying and pleasurable for the pupils and it is important that you individualize the teaching to the different needs your pupils have got. Keywords: literacy learning, synthetic method, analytic method, teaching

The Pick–Nevanlinna interpolation problem, in its fullest generality, is as follows: Given domains D1, D2 in complex Euclidean spaces, and a set f¹ zi; wiº : 1 i N g D1 D2, where zi are distinct and N 2 š+, N 2, find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a holomorphic map F : D1 ! D2 such that F¹ziº = wi, 1 i N. When such a map F exists, we say that F is an interpolant of the data. Of course, this problem is intractable at the above level of generality. However, two special cases of the problem — which we shall study in this thesis — have been of lasting interest: Interpolation from the polydisc to the unit disc. This is the case D1 = „n and D2 = „, where „ denotes the open unit disc in the complex plane and n 2 š+. The problem itself originates with Georg Pick’s well-known theorem (independently discovered by Nevanlinna) for the case n = 1. Much later, Sarason gave another proof of Pick’s result using an operator-theoretic approach, which is very influential. Using this approach for n 2, Agler–McCarthy provided a solution to the problem with the restriction that the interpolant is in the Schur– Agler class. This is notable because, when n = 2, the latter result completely solves the problem for the case D1 = „2; D2 = „. However, Pick’s approach can also be effective for n 2. In this thesis, we give an alternative characterization for the existence of a 3-point interpolant based on Pick’s approach and involving the study of rational inner functions. Cole–Lewis–Wermer lifted Sarason’s approach to uniform algebras — leading to a char-acterization for the existence of an interpolant in terms of the positivity of a large, rather abstractly-defined family of N N matrices. McCullough later refined their result by identifying a smaller family of matrices. The second result of this thesis is in the same vein, namely: it provides a characterization of those data that admit a „n-to-„ interpolant in terms of the positivity of a family of N N matrices parametrized by a class of polynomials. Interpolation from the unit disc to the spectral unit ball. This is the case D1 = „ and D2 = n , where n denotes the set of all n n matrices with spectral radius less than 1. The interest in this arises from problems in Control Theory. Bercovici–Foias–Tannenbaum adapted Sarason’s methods to give a (somewhat hard-to-check) characterization for the existence of an interpolant under a very mild restriction. Later, Agler–Young established a relation between the interpolation problem in the spectral unit ball and that in the symmetrized polydisc — leading to a necessary condition for the existence of an interpolant. Bharali later provided a new inequivalent necessary condition for the existence of an interpolant for any n and N = 2. In this thesis, we shall present a necessary condition for the existence of an interpolant in the case when N = 3. This we shall achieve by adapting Pick’s approach and applying the aforementioned result of Bharali.

No description available.

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar e analisar um novo sistema de abastecimento de suprimentos que está sendo adotado por diversas indústrias automobilísticas nacionais, denominado Milk Run. Este sistema consiste na coleta programada de peças junto aos fornecedores das montadoras, e diferentemente do sistema de abastecimento denominado Convencional, no qual o fornecedor entrega suas peças na planta da montadora. A análise visa estudar se existirá redução de estoque na cadeia de suprimentos com o novo sistema implantado, quais os custos pertinentes a esta nova técnica, qual o papel do fornecedor, da montadora e do operador logístico (transportadora) no novo processo e suas vantagens em relação ao sistema Convencional. Para levantamento do problema em estudo, a adoção do sistema Milk Run, foram realizadas visitas nas indústrias automobilísticas nacionais. Alguns fornecedores, que participam deste sistema, também foram visitados para compreender como, na prática, é realizada a coleta programada, suas vantagens e desvantagens. Operadores logísticos, que executam a operação de transporte para as montadoras também foram visitado. Esta dissertação visa relatar que o sistema Milk Run adota uma concepção de trabalho com enorme ênfase na filosofia Just-in-Time, e procura seguir alguns de seus princípios como: redução do estoque de materiais, maior freqüência de abastecimento de suprimentos e maior integração entre as partes que compõem o sistema, montadora e fornecedor. A contribuição deste trabalho está em caracterizar e analisar o novo sistema, Milk Run, e propor uma comparação dos custos da nova abordagem, com os custos pertinentes ao sistema Convencional (no qual os fornecedores entregam suas peças diretamente na planta da montadora). Esta comparação baseia-se nos custos definidos pelas literaturas em função do tamanho do lote de aquisição de peças e uma análise de Trade-offs entre as variáveis destes sistemas em função da flutuação da demanda anual. No sistema Milk Run em estudo será utilizado o Kanban como ferramenta de gerenciamento de requisição de peças. / The objective of this dissertation is to feature and analyse the new systems of procurement in Brazilian vehicle industry called Milk Run. This study compares Milk Run, which is a scheduled pick up automobile parts program, picking up automobile parts from several suppliers and returning the reusable containers to suppliers, to Conventional system of procurement (each supplier delivery its automobile parts in the vehicle assembly plant). The analysis is to study the inventory cost in both cases Milk Run and Conventional systems. Another analysis is to understand the role of the supplier, automaker and the logistic provider in Milk Run system and its advantages. Many visits have been necessary to the automakers, suppliers and logistics providers to understand this new situation in Brazil. This dissertation shows that Milk Run system is very close to Just-in-Time system and adopt the same philosophy as: reduction of inventory, increase frequency supply and increase integration between both parts, automaker and supplier. This dissertation tries to contribute to understand the costs included in both system and propose a modeling to compare the costs inherent in Milk Run and Conventional system. This modeling uses the costs defined in the literature about inventory and transportation system depending on the shipment size and one analysis of the Trade-offs in both systems.

Neste trabalho, aplicamos um modelo de regressão binária com erros de medição na variável explicativa para analisar sistemas de medição do tipo atributo. Para isto, utilizamos o modelo logístico com erros na variável, para o qual obtemos as estimativas de máxima verossimilhança via o algoritmo EM e a matriz de informação de Fisher observada. Além disso, fizemos um estudo de simulação para compararmos o método analítico e os modelos logístico sem erros na variável (ingênuo) e logístico com erros na variável. Finalmente, aplicamos nossa metodologia para avaliarmos um sistema de medição passa/não passa da maior montadora de motores Diesel (MWM International). / In this work, we apply a study of binary regression model with errors-in-variable to analyze attributive measurement systems. For this, we use the logistic model with errors-in-variable to obtain parameter estimates of maximum likelihood through EM algorithm and the observed Fisher information matrix. In addition we do a simulation study to compare analytic method and the logistic model with and without measurement errors-in-variable. Finally, we apply our methodology to evaluate a attributive measurement system for the largest Diesel motor company of the world (MWM International).

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar e analisar um novo sistema de abastecimento de suprimentos que está sendo adotado por diversas indústrias automobilísticas nacionais, denominado Milk Run. Este sistema consiste na coleta programada de peças junto aos fornecedores das montadoras, e diferentemente do sistema de abastecimento denominado Convencional, no qual o fornecedor entrega suas peças na planta da montadora. A análise visa estudar se existirá redução de estoque na cadeia de suprimentos com o novo sistema implantado, quais os custos pertinentes a esta nova técnica, qual o papel do fornecedor, da montadora e do operador logístico (transportadora) no novo processo e suas vantagens em relação ao sistema Convencional. Para levantamento do problema em estudo, a adoção do sistema Milk Run, foram realizadas visitas nas indústrias automobilísticas nacionais. Alguns fornecedores, que participam deste sistema, também foram visitados para compreender como, na prática, é realizada a coleta programada, suas vantagens e desvantagens. Operadores logísticos, que executam a operação de transporte para as montadoras também foram visitado. Esta dissertação visa relatar que o sistema Milk Run adota uma concepção de trabalho com enorme ênfase na filosofia Just-in-Time, e procura seguir alguns de seus princípios como: redução do estoque de materiais, maior freqüência de abastecimento de suprimentos e maior integração entre as partes que compõem o sistema, montadora e fornecedor. A contribuição deste trabalho está em caracterizar e analisar o novo sistema, Milk Run, e propor uma comparação dos custos da nova abordagem, com os custos pertinentes ao sistema Convencional (no qual os fornecedores entregam suas peças diretamente na planta da montadora). Esta comparação baseia-se nos custos definidos pelas literaturas em função do tamanho do lote de aquisição de peças e uma análise de Trade-offs entre as variáveis destes sistemas em função da flutuação da demanda anual. No sistema Milk Run em estudo será utilizado o Kanban como ferramenta de gerenciamento de requisição de peças. / The objective of this dissertation is to feature and analyse the new systems of procurement in Brazilian vehicle industry called Milk Run. This study compares Milk Run, which is a scheduled pick up automobile parts program, picking up automobile parts from several suppliers and returning the reusable containers to suppliers, to Conventional system of procurement (each supplier delivery its automobile parts in the vehicle assembly plant). The analysis is to study the inventory cost in both cases Milk Run and Conventional systems. Another analysis is to understand the role of the supplier, automaker and the logistic provider in Milk Run system and its advantages. Many visits have been necessary to the automakers, suppliers and logistics providers to understand this new situation in Brazil. This dissertation shows that Milk Run system is very close to Just-in-Time system and adopt the same philosophy as: reduction of inventory, increase frequency supply and increase integration between both parts, automaker and supplier. This dissertation tries to contribute to understand the costs included in both system and propose a modeling to compare the costs inherent in Milk Run and Conventional system. This modeling uses the costs defined in the literature about inventory and transportation system depending on the shipment size and one analysis of the Trade-offs in both systems.

Les actinomycètes sont des bactéries ubiquitaires et certains sont reconnus comme potentiellement pathogènes pour l’Homme, dans l’air de certains lieux de travail. C’est notamment le cas dans l’air des plates-formes de compostage où les concentrations peuvent atteindre des valeurs relativement élevées. L’exposition des salariés à ce type de bioaérosols peut être la cause de pathologies diverses (notamment des pneumopathies d’hypersensibilité). Bien que le problème soit reconnu, la bibliographie démontre un manque de connaissances à propos de l’évaluation du risque : aucune méthode globale de prélèvement et d’analyse n’est, à l’heure actuelle, standardisée pour l’étude de ces bioaérosols, si bien qu’il n’existe aucune relation dose-effets pour la plupart de ces agents ni même de valeur limite d’exposition professionnelle. Les méthodes traditionnellement utilisées ne sont pas sans inconvénient (sous-estimation de la concentration réelle notamment) et le plus souvent non-spécificiques. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de la thèse, ici décrite, est le développement et l’évaluation de la technique de biologie moléculaire qu’est la PCR temps réel pour la quantification de bactéries dans ces bioaérosols. La méthode a tout d’abord été développée et optimisée notamment par le dessin d’oligonucléotides, par la comparaison de protocoles d’extraction d’ADN et par la réalisation de gammes étalons. Elle a ensuite été comparée aux techniques plus traditionnelles, encore largement utilisées, que sont le dénombrement du bacteries cultivable par mise en culture et l’épifluorescence, à la fois sur des cultures de cellules et sur des bioaérosols expérimentaux. Ce n’est qu’après l’avoir caractérisé qu’elle a été appliquée sur des bioaérosols prélevés en conditions réelles d’exposition, sur des plates-formes de compostage.La méthode développée, basée sur une extraction d’ADN et une PCR temps réel, permet la quantification de l’ADN de Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (basée sur l’amplification du gène GyrB), de Thermobifida fusca et T. alba (gène ecf) et des streptomycètes mésophiles (ARNr 23S). La PCR permet l’obtention de résultats fortement corrélés à ceux issus du dénombrement sur milieux gélosés mais offre de réels avantages par rapport à la culture. Comme ces quantifications prennent en compte n’importe quelle forme de la bactérie (cellules végétatives et spores), la PCR dépasse les inconvénients de sous-estimation liés aux méthodes traditionnelles. La technique a un réel avantage de spécificité, elle est répétable et sensible. Les campagnes de prélèvements effectuées sur 5 plates-formes de compostage en France ont permis de mesurer les concentrations en bactéries mésophiles et thermophiles par culture et d’établir celles en Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. et Streptomyces sp. par PCR. L’étude confirme que les activités de compostage sont génératrices de bioaérosols avec parfois des valeurs relativement élevées selon les points échantillonnés. Elle met également en exergue des informations comme la distribution granulométrique du bioaérosol ou l’adéquation entre le type de prélèvement effectué et l’analyse par PCR. Les travaux menés, du développement de la méthode qPCR appliquée au groupe des actinomycètes à son application sur des échantillons environnementaux, apportent de nombreuses données pour la quantification des actinomycètes aéroportés. Ils ont permis d’acquérir des éléments de validation concernant la méthode mise en place et ont livré les seules mesures de concentrations disponibles à l’heure actuelle, pour T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., et les streptomycètes mésophiles dans l’air des plates-formes de compostage / Actinomycetes are ubiquitous bacteria and some can be potentially pathogen for Humans in the air of some working areas. It’s notably the case in composting plants where bacteria concentrations can reach high values. Workers exposure to these inhalable bioaerosols can be source of various diseases (hypersensitivity pneumonitis notably). Although this problem is admitted, bibliography reveals a lack of knowledge about risk assessment: currently, none global method for bioaerosols sampling and analysis is standardized. So much that neither dose-effects relationship for most of these bacteria, nor Threshold Limit Value exists. Traditional methods, that are used, have some drawbacks (concentrations underestimation notably) and most often, aren’t specific.It’s the reason why the aim of the thesis, here described, is the development and the evaluation of the biomolecular technique of real time PCR for the quantification of bacteria in these bioaerosols. First, this method was developed and improved by oligonucleotides design, by comparison of many DNA extraction protocols and by the construction of standard ranges. Then, the method was compared to traditional widely used methods such as cultivable bacteria counting by cultures and epifluorescence microscopy, both on cells culture samples and experimental bioaerosols. After this characterization, the analytic method was applied on environmental bioaerosols sampled on real exposure conditions (composting plants).The method that we have developed, based on DNA extraction and real-time PCR, allows the quantification of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris DNA (based on gyrB gene amplification), of Thermobifida fusca and T. alba (ecf gene) and of mesophilic streptomycetes (rDNA 23S). The results obtained by PCR are strongly correlated with those obtained by counting on agar but PCR method offers more advantages than cultures. As PCR quantifies any form of the bacteria (vegetative cells and spores), the method goes over the drawbacks of traditional methods, like underestimation. The method has a real advantage of specificity, it’s also repeatable and sensitive. Sampling campaigns realized on 5 composting plants implanted in France have permitted measuring mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria concentrations by culture and establishing Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. and Streptomyces sp. ones by PCR. The study confirms that composting activities release bioaerosols. And according to the localization of the sampling, the values could be rather high. It also underlines some informations as particles size distribution of the bioaerosol or the adequacy between sampling apparatus and PCR analysis. The works carried out, from qPCR method development for actinomycetes group to its application on environmental samples, give a lot of datas concerning airborne actinomycetes quantification. It permit to validate the developed method and give the only currently available measures for T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., and mesophilic streptomycetes in the air of composting plants