Since the field of computer networks has rapidly grown in the last two decades, congestion control of traffic loads within networks has become a high priority. Congestion occurs in network routers when the number of incoming packets exceeds the available network resources, such as buffer space and bandwidth allocation. This may result in a poor network performance with reference to average packet queueing delay, packet loss rate and throughput. To enhance the performance when the network becomes congested, several different active queue management (AQM) methods have been proposed and some of these are discussed in this thesis. Specifically, these AQM methods are surveyed in detail and their strengths and limitations are highlighted. A comparison is conducted between five known AQM methods, Random Early Detection (RED), Gentle Random Early Detection (GRED), Adaptive Random Early Detection (ARED), Dynamic Random Early Drop (DRED) and BLUE, based on several performance measures, including mean queue length, throughput, average queueing delay, overflow packet loss probability, packet dropping probability and the total of overflow loss and dropping probabilities for packets, with the aim of identifying which AQM method gives the most satisfactory results of the performance measures. This thesis presents a new AQM approach based on the RED algorithm that determines and controls the congested router buffers in an early stage. This approach is called Dynamic RED (REDD), which stabilises the average queue length between minimum and maximum threshold positions at a certain level called the target level to prevent building up the queues in the router buffers. A comparison is made between the proposed REDD, RED and ARED approaches regarding the above performance measures. Moreover, three methods based on RED and fuzzy logic are proposed to control the congested router buffers incipiently. These methods are named REDD1, REDD2, and REDD3 and their performances are also compared with RED using the above performance measures to identify which method achieves the most satisfactory results. Furthermore, a set of discrete-time queue analytical models are developed based on the following approaches: RED, GRED, DRED and BLUE, to detect the congestion at router buffers in an early stage. The proposed analytical models use the instantaneous queue length as a congestion measure to capture short term changes in the input and prevent packet loss due to overflow. The proposed analytical models are experimentally compared with their corresponding AQM simulations with reference to the above performance measures to identify which approach gives the most satisfactory results. The simulations for RED, GRED, ARED, DRED, BLUE, REDD, REDD1, REDD2 and REDD3 are run ten times, each time with a change of seed and the results of each run are used to obtain mean values, variance, standard deviation and 95% confidence intervals. The performance measures are calculated based on data collected only after the system has reached a steady state. After extensive experimentation, the results show that the proposed REDD, REDD1, REDD2 and REDD3 algorithms and some of the proposed analytical models such as DRED-Alpha, RED and GRED models offer somewhat better results of mean queue length and average queueing delay than these achieved by RED and its variants when the values of packet arrival probability are greater than the value of packet departure probability, i.e. in a congestion situation. This suggests that when traffic is largely of a non bursty nature, instantaneous queue length might be a better congestion measure to use rather than the average queue length as in the more traditional models.

При выборе программного обеспечения, применяемого в технологиях информационного моделирования в области строительства, следует учитывать немало факторов: как возможности программного комплекса в среде разработки, так и способность выполнять специализированные расчеты и анализ по данным проекта. В диссертации рассмотрены нюансы построения корректной архитектурной модели в ArchiCAD, исследованы методы ее экспорта в ЛИРА-САПР для расчета несущих конструкций из сборного железобетона, разработаны методические рекомендации по созданию архитектурной модели, которые позволяют избежать ошибок и трудностей при передачи на расчет, а также помогают оптимизировать работу Научно-проектной компании «АСПект». / At the stage of selecting information modeling software in the field of construction, many factors should be taken into account such as the capabilities of the software complex in the development environment, and the ability to perform specialized calculations and analysis according to project data. The dissertation considers the nuances of correct architectural model building in ArchiCAD, researches the methods of its export to LIRA-CAD for calculating load-bearing structures from precast reinforced concrete, developed methodological recommendations for creating an architectural model that avoid errors and difficulties in transferring to calculation, and also help optimize the work of the Scientific and Design Company "ASPekt."

The presence of vegetation in open channel flow has a significant influence on flow resistance, turbulence structures and sediment transport. This study will evaluate flow resistance and scale velocity profile in depth limited flow conditions, specifically investigating the impact of vegetation on the flow resistance under submerged flow conditions. The resistance induced by vegetation in open channel flows has been interpreted differently in literature, largely due to different definitions of friction factors or drag coefficients and the different Reynolds numbers. The methods utilized in this study are based on analytical and numerical models to investigate the effects of vegetation presence on flow resistance in open channel flows. The performing strategy approach was applied by three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, using artificial cylinders for the velocity profile. This is to estimate the average flow velocity and resistance coefficients for flexible vegetation, which results in more accurate flow rate predictions, particularly for the case of low Reynolds number. This thesis shows different formulas from previous studies under certain conditions for a length scale metric, which normalises velocity profiles of depth limited open channel flows with submerged vegetation, using both calculated and simulated model work. It considers the submerged vegetation case in shallow flows, when the flow depth remains no greater than twice the vegetation height. The proposed scaling has been compared and developed upon work that have been influenced by logarithmic and power laws to present velocity profiles, in order to illustrate the variety of flow and vegetation configurations.

No description available.

В диссертации были изучены особенности использования методов машинного обучения в сфере страхования. Рассмотрены возможности архитектурного подхода в разработке модели машинного обучения. Осуществлен анализ тенденций цифровой трансформации сферы страхования. Осуществлена оценка результативности использования машинного обучения в страховании. Построена полная модель архитектуры ПАО СК «Росгосстрах». Разработана аналитическая модель машинного обучения в сфере тарификации страховой компании. На основе процессного подхода детально рассмотрены все фазы проекта по внедрению модели машинного обучения в деятельность страховой компании. Разработана и реализована имитационная модель управления проектом разработки и внедрения модели машинного обучения в деятельность страховой компании на основе различных сценарием. / The dissertation studied the features of using machine learning methods in the field of insurance. The possibilities of the architectural approach in the development of a machine learning model are considered. The analysis of trends in the digital transformation of the insurance industry has been carried out. The effectiveness of the use of machine learning in insurance has been evaluated. A complete model of the architecture of PJSC IC Rosgosstrakh was built. An analytical model of machine learning in the field of tariffing of an insurance company has been developed. Based on the process approach, all phases of the project to introduce a machine learning model into the activities of an insurance company are considered in detail. A simulation model for project management for the development and implementation of a machine learning model in the activities of an insurance company has been developed and implemented based on various scenarios.

[pt] A presente tese de doutorado tem como origem o projeto de pesquisa Aneel PD-0394-1905/2019, realizado a partir de uma colaboração entre Furnas e PUC-Rio. A principal meta desse grande projeto de pesquisa está no desenvolvimento do concreto reforçado com fibras visando sua aplicação em elementos estruturais que estão submetidos à fadiga na flexão ao longo de toda sua vida útil, como torres eólicas, pavimentos e elementos de pontes. Dessa maneira, ao longo de todo essa tese doutorado, a degradação mecânica do concreto reforçado com fibras sob fadiga é analisada em detalhe desde a escala da fibra em ensaios de arrancamento até a escala estrutural através de testes mecânicos de fadiga em larga escala. A primeira etapa desse estudo traz uma análise do comportamento à fadiga do concreto reforçado com fibras. A vida à fadiga desse material é estudada através de diferentes modelos estatísticos, que garantem avaliar a falha do material baseada em uma probabilidade falha. Já os ensaios de fadiga no arrancamento ajudam a explicar na escala interface fibra-matriz como ocorre a ruptura dos prismas sob carregamentos cíclicos. Uma segunda fase desse trabalho mostra a degradação mecânica de vigas armadas sob fadiga e o impacto da adição de fibras nos principais parâmetros de interesse. A adição do reforço fibroso é responsável por causar uma redistribuição de tensões na zona tracionada do elemento estrutural, diminuindo as deformações da armadura longitudinal e amenizando a degradação mecânica do concreto armado em termos de curvatura, deslocamento e rigidez. Além disso, a adição de fibras também é responsável por incrementar significativamente a aderência da barra de aço ao redor da matriz de concreto. Fator chave para explicar a melhora da resposta mecânica da estrutura sob fadiga e estudada nessa tese de doutorado através dos ensaios de arrancamento da barra aço. Por fim, uma nova solução analítica foi desenvolvida para avaliar a degradação mecânica dos prismas de concreto reforçado com fibras sob fadiga. As curvas analíticas propostas se adequaram de forma bem sucedida os resultados experimentais analisados nesse trabalho. A adição de fibras apresentou grande potencial visando uma diminuição da degradação mecânica das estruturas de concreto armado submetidas a carregamentos cíclicos. A redistribuição de tensões na zona tracionada devido às fibras promove uma maior rigidez da estrutura sob fadiga, uma melhora da aderência da armadura e uma maior capacidade de resistir aos ciclos de fadiga ao longo do tempo. Esse ganho mecânico com o reforço fibroso, portanto, pode garantir maior vida útil das estruturas em concreto armado. / [en] This doctoral thesis originates from the research project Aneel PD-0394- 1905/2019, carried out through a collaboration between Furnas and PUC-Rio. The main objective of this extensive research project is the development of fiber reinforced concrete for distinct structural application which are subjected to continuous flexural fatigue loading along their useful life, such wind tower endeavors, concrete pavements and bridge elements. The addition of fibers in the concrete mix has the potential to mitigate the mechanical deterioration along the continuous load cycles, enhancing, as a consequence, the durability and the fatigue life of the cited concrete structural elements. Throughout this doctoral thesis, the mechanical degradation of fiber reinforced concrete under fatigue is carefully analyzed, starting from the fiber scale with pull-out tests and going up to the structural scale through large-scale fatigue mechanical tests. The first stage of this study involves an analysis of the mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced concrete under fatigue loading. The material fatigue life is examined using different statistical models, which allow evaluating material failure based on a failure probability. Fatigue pull-out tests help explain, at the fiber-matrix interface scale, how the prisms rupture under cyclic loading. A second phase of this work demonstrates the mechanical degradation of reinforced structural beams under fatigue and the impact of fiber addition on key concerned parameters. The addition of fiber reinforcement causes a redistribution of stresses in the tension zone of the structural element, reducing the deformations of the longitudinal rebar and mitigating the mechanical degradation of reinforced concrete in terms of curvature, displacement and stiffness. Furthermore, fiber addition significantly improves the bond between the steel bar and the surrounding concrete matrix, a key factor in explaining the enhanced mechanical response of the structure under fatigue, as studied in this doctoral thesis through rebar pull-out tests. Finally, a new analytical solution was developed to assess the mechanical degradation of fiber reinforced concrete prisms under fatigue loads. The proposed analytical curves successfully fit the experimental results analyzed in this work. The addition of fibers showed great potential in reducing the mechanical degradation of reinforced concrete structures subjected to cyclic loading. The stress redistribution in the tension zone, caused by the fibers, promotes greater stiffness of the structure under fatigue, improves the bond with the reinforcement and enhances the ability to withstand fatigue cycles over time. Therefore, the observed enhancement of mechanical properties through fiber reinforcement can ensure a longer service life for reinforced concrete structures.

Denna studie har undersökt om förvärmning av luft är en bra metod för att undvika frostbildning i motströmsplattvärmeväxlare i luftbehandlingsaggregat. Frostbildning i värmeväxlare för ventilation är ett problem i kalla klimat och sänker den återvunna energimängden när potentialen för energiåtervinning är som högst.   Tidigare forskning i området har utförts för att bland annat: 1) Definiera säkra förhållanden utan frostbildning i värmeväxlare med laminär luftströmning.  2) Jämföra olika frostkontrollstrategier. 3) Analysera frostbildningens egenskaper och effekt på värmeväxlare i ventilation. Att forskningen inte är entydig för vilken frostkontrollstrategi som är bäst belyser vikten av detta arbete.   I en fallstudie kvantifieras empiriska värmeöverföringskoefficienter som används i en analytisk modell som förutspår energianvändningen för luftvärmning under olika driftfall för ett luftbehandlingsaggregat. Värmeöverföringskoefficienterna tas fram genom mätningar i ett luftbehandlingsaggregat lokaliserat i ett flerbostadshus. Mätobjektet har ett installerat värmebatteri före värmeväxlaren vilket värmer inkommande uteluft till konstant lufttemperatur.  Tillverkaren proklamerar att det sker turbulent luftströmning i den studerade värmeväxlaren. Vid olika lufthastigheter ändras värmeöverföringskoefficienten mer vid turbulent strömning än vid laminär strömning. Att olika lufthastigheter har betydlig inverkan på värmeöverföringskoefficienten överensstämmer med resultatet från mätningarna. Effektiviteten av den aktuella styrningen av förvärmaren har granskats och brister har upptäckts. En ny optimerad styrning föreslås för frostfri drift och minimerad energianvändning. Den optimerade styrningen jämförs sedan med en vanlig avfrostningsmetod och utförs med hjälp av flödesbalansstatistik från ett aggregat med sektionsavfrostningsstyrning. Resultatet visar att förvärmning av luft för frostfri drift använder mindre energi än vid sektionsavfrostningsstyrning.  Den föreslagna styrningen innebär att bypass-spjället öppnas då förvärmaren går på full effekt. Detta för att förhindra påfrostning vid extrema utetemperaturer, då förvärmaren inte ger tillräcklig effekt för att undvika påfrostning. Den föreslagna styrningen regleras utifrån daggpunkten, temperaturen på tilluften innan värmeväxlaren och temperaturen på avluften. Den framtagna värmeöverföringskoefficienten i studien tar inte i beaktning ökad koefficient under fuktiga förhållanden då daggpunkten i frånluften är över fryspunkten och det sker kondens. En framtida studie kan hitta värmeöverföringskoefficienter som förutspår yttemperaturen under kondensutfällning då daggpunkten är över 0°C vilket ger medel för att ta fram en ännu mera energieffektiv styrning. Detta kan utföras genom mätning i ett luftbehandlingsaggregat med hög temperaturverkningsgrad placerat i en fuktig miljö. / This study has analysed if preheating of air is a good method to prevent frost formation in a counter flow plate heat exchanger used in Air Handling Units. Frosting in heat exchangers used in AHU-systems is a problem in cold climates and lowers the energy recovery when its potential is the highest.   Previous research has been done to 1) Define safe operating conditions without frost formation in heat exchangers with laminar flow. 2) Compare different frost control strategies. 3) Analyse frost formation properties and its effects on heat exchangers in AHU-systems. That the research is not unambiguous for which frost control method is the best highlights the importance of this work. Empirical heat transfer coefficients are quantified in this study and are used in the creation of an analytical model of a counter flow heat exchanger that predicts the energy use for heating the air at different operating modes. The heat transfer coefficients are produced by measurements in an AHU-systems located in an apartment building. The AHU has an installed air heater before the heat exchanger which heats the outdoor inlet air to constant temperature.   The manufacturer of the AHU-system proclaims turbulent flow in the heat exchanger. Change of airflow has greater impact on the heat transfer coefficients during turbulent flow compared to laminar flow conditions. This is also derived from the results of the measurements. The effectiveness of the current control system is analyzed, and flaws are discovered. A new control system is therefore proposed for frost free operation and higher energy efficiency. The proposed control system is compared to a frequently used frost control system which uses bypass-dampers to redirect the inlet air to the reheater, to let the warm air stream melt formed frost on the warm air side. This comparison is accomplished by analyzing the usage of the bypass-dampers during different outdoor temperatures in a comparable AHU-system that have the mentioned frost control method. The results show that preheating of inlet air for frost free operation uses less energy than usage of the bypass-dampers to melt formed frost on the warm air side. The proposed control system needs the bypass-dampers to be used when the preheater is on full operation to prevent frost formation at extreme outdoor temperatures when the preheating may not be enough. The proposed control system is regulated by the dewpoint and the temperatures of the exhaust air stream and the supply air stream. The derived heat transfer coefficient that is used to predict the plate-temperature take no account for condensation on the warm air side during humid conditions when the dew point is above the freezing point. Future studies can derive the heat transfer coefficient during condensation which will improve the prediction of the plate-temperature. This would make the system more energy efficient during humid air conditions. This can be done by measurements in an AHU-system with high temperature efficiency placed in a humid environment.

Servo valves are used in a broad variety of flow modulation applications. In the field of aerospace, servo valves are used in aero engines to meter fuel flow. The existing valves are labour intensive to manufacture and highly optimised such that to achieve improvements in performance requires a novel design. This research investigates smart material actuators and valve concepts. Specifically, a prototype pilot stage nozzle flapper valve is developed for the purpose of actuating a main stage spool. The typical nozzle flapper type servo valve uses a torque motor to actuate the flapper. In this research project, the torque motor has been substituted for two piezoelectric ring bender actuators. A novel mounting mechanism has been developed to secure the ring benders within the valve. Analytical and finite element models have been made to understand the displacement mechanism of a ring bender and the effects of the mount on the displacement and force from a ring bender, and the results were compared with experiment. The mounting stiffness at the inner and outer edges was found to decrease the displacement of the ring bender and it was found that the stiffness of the mount at the outer edge has a greater negative effect on displacement than the stiffness of the mount at the inner edge. The displacement of a ring bender was tested across the operational temperature range of an aero engine. It was found that the displacement of the ring bender is reduced at low temperatures and increases at high temperature. The variation of stiffness of the elastomeric mount was also tested with temperature and it was found that the displacement of a ring bender is significantly reduced when the mounting elastomer approaches its glass transition temperature. A prototype valve was built to test the pressures and flows that could be achieved at two control ports by using a ring bender as actuator. A single ring bender and two ring benders, mounted in tandem to provide redundancy, have been tested. An analytical model was developed and the predictions are compared with experimental results for pressures and flow. The full stroke of the valve was 300m when mounted and reduced to 150m when mounted in tandem with an inactive ring bender. The hysteresis of the valve is +/-10%. The pressures and flow at and between the control ports of the valve are consistent with the predictions.

Les boucles diphasiques à pompage thermo-capillaire de type LHP (pour Loop Heat Pipe, en anglais), dont le fonctionnement s’apparente à celui d’un caloduc, permettent un transfert de chaleur particulièrement efficace et entièrement passif entre une source chaude et une source froide. Ce transfert s’effectue au moyen d’un fluide diphasique, mû grâce à la force motrice capillaire générée par un matériau poreux contenu dans l’évaporateur/réservoir de la LHP. Outre son rôle de barrière hydraulique entre les phases liquide et vapeur, ce matériau doit assurer une fonction de barrière thermique afin de favoriser l’évaporation du liquide. L’aptitude du matériau à remplir ses fonctions dépend étroitement de sa microstructure, elle-même liée à la méthode de fabrication. Dès lors, l’objectif de la thèse est d’associer la science des matériaux à celle de la thermique, pour améliorer les procédures de fabrication de structures capillaires existantes ou tester de nouvelles méthodes, et aboutir à des structures dont les caractéristiques sont en adéquation avec celles qui sont recherchées. / The capillary pumped loops (CPL) or loop heat pipes (LHP), whom the operating principle is similar to classic heat pipes, enable an efficient heat transfer between a hot source and a cold source without additional energy sources. Indeed, a porous structure provides a capillary force that enables a two-phase fluid to circulate around the loop, transferring the heat from the evaporator to the condenser. The porous structure acts as a hydraulic barrier between the two phases and as a thermal barrier enabling the liquid evaporation. The ability of the capillary structure to fulfil its mission depends on its microstructure, and thus on the manufacturing process. Therefore, the objective of the present thesis is to join the thermal sciences with the material sciences in order to improve the existing manufacturing procedure or even to test new ones. It aims at obtaining capillary structures corresponding to heat transfer applications.

Ce mémoire présente l’étude du comportement d’un flotteur bord à quai. Ce flotteur est constituéd’une bouée de section rectangulaire située à proximité d’une digue verticale. Un modèle analytique linéaire basé sur la théorie de l’écoulement potentiel est réalisé en profondeur d’eau intermédiaire. Un modèle numérique résolvant les équations de Navier-Stockes est développé. Des essais expérimentaux sont également mis au point pour des flotteurs de différentes dimensions et servent de références aux deux autres modèles. La comparaison de ces trois modèles permet de déduire le domaine de validité du modèle analytique, ainsi que la présence d’effets non-linéaires agissant sur le comportement du flotteur.Dans un premier temps, l’impact des dimensions du système sur le comportement du flotteur est quantifié. Les effets non-linéaires sont quantifiés en fonction des grandeurs du système puis une correction du modèle analytique est proposée. Par la suite, la correction du modèle est appliquée au comportement du système incluant un récupérateur d’énergie.Dans un second temps, l’effet du flotteur sur les franchissements de digue est étudié. Les franchissements de digue sont exprimés grâce à la hauteur de houle entre la digue et le flotteur (exprimée par le modèle analytique) et à la formule de Van Der Meer (2002). Ces franchissements sont également estimés de manière expérimentale. Il est montré que lorsque la longueur d’onde de la houle est importante et que le dégagement entre la digue et le flotteur est faible, les franchissements de digue sont réduits par la présence du flotteur. / The study of a quayside wave energy converter is proposed. A simplified model composed ofa rectangular buoy oscillating in heave motion and installed close to a vertical dike is developedusing three different models. An analytical model based on potential flow theory is developed inintermediate water depth. A numerical model resolving the Navier-Stokes equation is developed.Experimental tests are performed for different floater dimensions and are used as references for the two other models. The comparison between the three models presents the validity domain of the analytical model. The existence of non-linear effects acting on the floater behaviour is shown.At first, the impact of the system dimensions on the floater behaviour are highlighted and quantified. According to these results a correction of the analytical model is proposed. Moreover, the corrected analytical model is applied to the wave energy converter behaviour. Secondly, the overtoppings are expressed using the wave height between the dike and the floater (provided by analytical model) and the Van Der Meer formula (2002). These overtoppings are also estimated using experimental tests. The comparison of these two models shows the presence of strong load losses when the floater is close to the dike. In those cases the analytical model needs a correction taking into account these load losses. It is also shown that when at the same time the wave length is high and the toe clearance between the dike and the floater is small, the dike overtopping are reduced by the presence of the floater.