Liu Dan. / Thesis submitted in: December 2000. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-171). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / List of illustrations --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction: Research Issues and Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Questions Raised and Their Significance --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Review of the Study on Ancestral Hall --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Goal and Research Method --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Content of the Thesis --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5 --- Research Discoveries and References Concerned with Liukeng --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Liukeng Village and Its Ancestral Halls --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1 --- A Brief Introduction of Liukeng Village --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Ancestral Halls in Liukeng Village in Different Historic Periods --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Construction of Ancestral Halls in the Context of Social Development in Various Historical Periods --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter3 --- Architectural Character of Ancestral Hall and Its Cause --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1 --- Architectural Form of Ancestral Halls --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Reason for the Variety of Architectural Forms --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Zhuanci (Personal Sacrificial Hall) --- p.95 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Tradition of Building Zhuanci --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Function of Zhuanxi and Its Association with Residential Buildings 一 Integrated Architectural Complexes --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Changes of the Function of the Complex --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Ancestral Hall and Sublineage Living Units --- p.118 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- The Functional Shift of Ancestral Hall 226}0ؤ Ancestral Halls Used as Dwellings --- p.126 / Chapter 6.1 --- Rooms in Ancestral Hall --- p.126 / Chapter 6.2 --- "The Phenomenon ""Ancestral Halls Used as Dwellings"" from mid-Qing to the Republican Period" --- p.132 / Chapter 6.3 --- A Survey of the Residential Functions of Ancestral Hall --- p.137 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Behavioral Setting of Ancestral Hall --- p.145 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.151 / Appendix --- p.156 / Bibliography --- p.162

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 UaskaBS.pdf: 2080120 bytes, checksum: b16b535c47ed35cd6d738822bec1281d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The phylogeny is one of the main activities of the modern taxonomists and a way to reconstruct the history of the life through comparative analysis of these sequences stored in their genomes aimed find any justification for the origin or evolution of them. Among the sequences with a high level of conservation are the genes of repair because it is important for the conservation and maintenance of genetic stability. Hence, variations in repair genes, as the genes of the nucleotide excision repair (NER), may indicate a possible gene transfer between species. This study aimed to examine the evolutionary history of the components of the NER. For this, sequences of UVRA, UVRB, UVRC and XPB were obtained from GenBank by Blast-p, considering 10-15 as cutoff to create a database. Phylogenetic studies were done using algorithms in PAUP programs, BAYES and PHYLIP package. Phylogenetic trees were build with protein sequences and with sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA for comparative analysis by the methods of parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian. The XPB tree shows that archaeal?s XPB helicases are similar to eukaryotic helicases. According to this data, we infer that the eukaryote nucleotide excision repair system had appeared in Archaea. At UVRA, UVRB and UVRC trees was found a monophyletic group formed by three species of epsilonproteobacterias class, three species of mollicutes class and archaeabacterias of Methanobacteria and Methanococci classes. This information is supported by a tree obtained with the proteins, UVRA, UVRB and UVRC concatenated. Thus, although there are arguments in the literature defending the horizontal transfer of the system uvrABC of bacteria to archaeabacterias, the analysis made in this study suggests that occurred a vertical transfer, from archaeabacteria, of both the NER genes: uvrABC and XPs. According the parsimony, this is the best way because of the occurrence of monophyletic groups, the time of divergence of classes and number of archaeabacterias species with uvrABC system / A filogen?mica estuda os organismos atrav?s de an?lises comparativas das seq??ncias conservadas presentes em seus genomas visando encontrar alguma justificativa para a origem ou a evolu??o dos mesmos. Dentre as seq??ncias com elevado n?vel de conserva??o encontram-se os genes de reparo, pois s?o importantes para a conserva??o e manuten??o da estabilidade gen?tica. Por isso, varia??es em genes de reparo, como os da via de excis?o de nucleot?deos (REN), podem indicar uma poss?vel transfer?ncia g?nica entre esp?cies. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar a hist?ria evolutiva dos componentes do REN. Para isso, seq??ncias de UVRA, UVRB, UVRC e XPB foram obtidas a partir do GenBank por Blast-p, considerando-se 10-15 como limiar, com o fim de criar um banco de dados. Estudos filogen?ticos foram feitos utilizando algoritmos presentes nos programas PAUP, BAYES e no pacote PHYLIP. Foram constru?das ?rvores com seq??ncias prot?icas e com seq??ncias de RNA riboss?mico 16S para an?lises comparativas atrav?s dos m?todos de parcim?nia, verossimilhan?a e bayesiano. De acordo com a ?rvore de XPB, as helicases dos eucariotos s?o similares as das arqueobact?rias e apresentam comportamento semelhante ao longo da evolu??o, ou seja, compartilham um mesmo ancestral. Nas filogenias feitas para cada prote?na do sistema uvrABC, foram encontradas tr?s esp?cies da classe epsilonproteobacterias, tr?s esp?cies da classe mollicutes e arqueobacterias das classes Methanobacteria e Methanococci formando um grupo monofil?tico. Esse dado ? fortalecido atrav?s de uma ?rvore obtida com as prote?nas, UVRA, UVRB e UVRC concatenadas. Assim, embora existam argumentos, na literatura, defendendo a transfer?ncia horizontal do sistema uvrABC de bact?rias para arqueobact?rias, a an?lise feita neste estudo sugere que a transfer?ncia vertical, tendo arquebacterias como origem, tanto do sistema uvrABC quanto dos genes XP, seja o caminho mais parcimonioso, considerando a ocorr?ncia de grupos monofil?ticos, o tempo de diverg?ncia das classes e o n?mero de esp?cies e arqueobact?rias portadoras dos genes do sistema uvrABC

Orientador: Maria das Graças Sajo / Resumo: Esta tese está organizada em dois Capítulos que tiveram como objetivos: a. descrever e revisar a anatomia radicular na subtribo Pleurothallidinae, b. apontar caracteres anatômicos radiculares que possam identificar táxons, c. reconstruir a história dos caracteres radiculares usando dados genéticos da região ITS disponíveis no GenBank, e por fim, d. mostrar a ontogenia dos tilossomos em Anathallis sclerophylla. No primeiro Capítulo foi analisada a anatomia radicular de 82 espécies distribuídas em 29 gêneros, abrangendo oito das nove Afinidades dentro da subtribo Pleurothallidinae. Concluímos que o velame biestratificado é comum na subtribo, ocorrendo nas oito Afinidades e em mais de 75% das espécies amostradas. Ainda ocorre velame uniestratificado em Lepanthes calodictyon, e velames com três, quatro e cinco camadas em espécies das Afinidades Restrepia e Masdevallia. Reafirmamos a importância taxonômica dos espessamentos parietais do velame apresentando-os de forma detalhada na organografia do complexo velame-exoderme, sendo os padrões morfológicos e sua distribuição entre as camadas do velame uma rica fonte de informação para o reconhecimento dos gêneros na subtribo. Mostramos os tilossomos de 39 espécies e notamos que morfologias mais simples ocorrem nas Afinidades mais basais e morfologias mais complexas ocorrem nas Afinidades mais derivadas. Na exoderme, espessamentos em “O” ou em “∩” ocorrem principalmente nos gêneros mais basais, a exoderme de paredes finas pode ser inter... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis is organized in two Chapters that aimed: a. describe and review the root anatomy in the Pleurothallidinae subtribe, b. point out radicular anatomical characters that can identify taxa, c. reconstruct the history of root characters using GenBank genetic data from ITS region, and finally d. to show the ontogeny of tilosomes in Anathallis sclerophylla. In the first Chapter we analyzed the root anatomy of 82 species distributed in 29 genera, covering eight of the nine Affinities within the Pleurothallidinae. We conclude that bistratified velamen is common, occurring in the eight Affinities and in more than 75% of the sampled species. Single layered velamen still occur in Lepanthes calodictyon, in the same way three, four, and five layer occurs in Restrepia and Masdevallia Affinities. We reinforce the taxonomic importance of the velamen parietal thickening, presenting them in detail such a velamen-exodermis complex organogram. The morphological patterns and their distribution between the velamen layers are a rich information source for the genera recognition in the subtribe. We show the tilosomes of 39 species and note that simpler morphologies occur at the early divergent Affinities, and more complex morphologies occur in late divergent ones. In exodermis, “O” or “∩” thickening occurs mainly in basal genera, thin-walled exodermis can be interpreted as a derived apomorphic feature, and “U” thickened exodermis in Barbosella is the only synapomorphy found in the subtribe... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The training to become a traditional healer has been under scrutiny because of the symptoms that are experienced during ancestral calling. Ancestral calling usually presents itself in the form of a mysterious physical or psychological illness that will not ordinarily respond to western treatment. The Eurocentric perspective interprets the symptoms of ancestral calling and the resultant process to become a traditional health practitioner as a manifestation of some psychological disturbance. The researcher embarked on a journey with traditional health practitioners to understand their lived experiences and explored the psychological meanings of Vhavenda ancestral calling with a view to identifying and documenting the psychological meanings embedded in this culturally entrenched practice. A qualitative research method located within the interpretative paradigm was used. A descriptive phenomenological research design was adopted to explore the lived experiences of traditional health practitioners who have gone through the process of ancestral calling. Both snowball and purposive sampling methods were used to recruit 17 participants until saturation was researched in the findings. The six major themes that emerged are: a) signs of ancestral calling; b) meaning attached to ancestral calling; c) help-seeking pathway following an ancestral call; d) responding to the ancestral call; e) roles of the master healer; and f) post training realities and experiences. The findings of the study revealed that there are several symptoms that are indicative that one has an ancestral calling. These symptoms are often misunderstood and misdiagnosed when interpreted from the Eurocentric perspective. However, accepting the ancestral calling and going through training is linked with identity formation. The findings also revealed that ancestral calling is a life-transforming and therapeutic experience and a journey of self realisation / South African Humanities Deans’ Association and the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences

本文研究台灣民間信仰中的「祖廟」議題，試圖回答三個問題:首先，台灣民間信仰中的祖廟意識是什麼？其次，以祖廟意識為基礎所形塑而成的台灣民間信仰體系是什麼？祖廟呈現在台灣、中國、馬來西亞與新加坡華人民間信仰的樣貌為何？本文試圖從華人民間信仰區域研究的視野解讀台灣民間信仰廟際網絡組成的原則與特色。 本研究整合貫時性的歷史材料與區域性的田野觀察，透過祖廟現象以及環繞於中的儀式活動，討論於台灣民間信仰體系浮現的主體性論述。 一， 我們認為台灣民間信仰祖廟意識的形成，源自「移民」與「私誼」兩組概念。我們可以分別透過台灣廟宇到中國謁祖的活動、台灣在地發展的祖廟/子廟系統與儀式，以及各宮廟、神明會、私壇的交誼關係來觀察這兩組概念。 二， 我們提出祖廟權威論與台灣意識作為台灣祖廟主體性表述的論點。過去媒體與許多研究關注台灣廟宇往中國謁祖進香的活動，而本研究發現，台灣的祖廟以歷史權威、神物權威與儀式權威三者為基礎，建立台灣祖廟的主體性。本文說明在許多廟宇熱衷於前往中國進香之外，仍存在跳脫中國情結，無關正統之爭並以祖廟權威論奠定權威的「台灣祖廟」。 三， 我們透過中國、馬來西亞與新加坡華人民間信仰的案例，討論祖廟意識在不同華人的表現。經由區域比較，我們可以發現華人民間信仰之間的共通性、差異性以及獨特性，以及台灣祖廟以移植與擴散兩種方式影響中國及其他區域的廟宇儀式與廟宇關係，並透過這些國際間華人民間信仰的競合關係建立台灣祖廟的主體意識。研究也發現，中國民間信仰的祖廟意識存在地域差異，我們舉廣東與福建的例子以及香港福建人與廣府人的廟宇來說明這些差異。星馬兩國的多數華人廟宇祖廟意識淡薄，不過，有些廟宇經營者以正統與權威的概念，發展出跨國網絡的民間信仰運作型態，進而構建超越地域的祖廟意識想像。 四， 回應Watson提出以「神祇標準化」來看「是什麼使中國社會聚合在一起」的問題，我們認為當代華人民間信仰研究必須更具現代意義與並考量不同國家的政治脈絡，才能理解「是什麼使中國社會聚合在一起」這樣的問題在當代產生的變化，抑或是更反叛地，我們要進一步提出，在不同國家、地域、人群的組織與聚合影響下，民間信仰的樣貌、結構與背後的成因早已溢出「神祇標準化」或「儀式標準化」的概念。本論文透過歷時十年的觀察，不同國家的研究個案比較，歸納出台灣祖廟的主體性表述，並發展出「祖廟權威論」，目的即在說明，從當代華人的民間信仰現狀來看「是什麼使中國社會聚合在一起」問題，同時也是「是什麼使華人社會彼此不同」問題的對映，論文中點出廣府人與福建人在謁祖進香觀念上的差異就是一例。 最後，我們提出祖廟研究提供華人民間信仰跨國研究的取向，神明祖廟的跨境、跨國研究將提供中國史、東南亞區域史一種更為多元解釋觀點，並可作為理解我鄉我土的新視角。我們認為全球化脈絡下的民間信仰樣態是未來祖廟研究必須重視的議題與研究取向。透過祖廟的跨國研究、跨境比較的分析，將華人民間信仰的底蘊置放在一個更大的框架體系中解釋，從而理解全球化與跨國網絡下的祖廟與進香活動的樣貌。 關鍵詞：祖廟，分香子廟，祖廟權威論，台灣祖廟 / This thesis investigates the subject matter of “ancestral temples” within Taiwanese popular religions, attempting to answer three questions: firstly, what constitutes the consciousness of ancestral temples in Taiwanese folk religions? Secondly, what is the Taiwanese popular religious system that is based on such consciousness? Finally, how do ancestral temples manifest themselves within the folk religions of Chinese ethnics in Taiwan, China, Malaysia and Singapore? From the perspective of area studies on popular religions amongst Chinese ethnics, this thesis intends to explain the principles and characteristics of network formation in Taiwanese popular religions. This research combines panel and area studies by employing both historical materials and field observations. By examining the ancestral temples phenomenon and its surrounding ritualistic activities, the subjectivity emerged from the Taiwanese popular religious systems is explored. 1. We suggest that the consciousness surrounding ancestral temples in Taiwanese folk religions originates from two sets of ideas: immigration and personal alliance (personal relationships, friendships and identification with same deities that lead to the development of temple networks.)These concepts can be observed through the ancestor veneration and fenxiang (temple branching, literally dividing incense) activities of Taiwanese temple delegations in China, locally developed ancestral and satellite temple systems and rituals in Taiwan, and the social relations between different temples, deity associations and private alters. 2. We propose that together, an “ancestral temple authority discourse” and the formation of Taiwanese identity/consciousness formulate the Taiwanese ancestral temples subjectivity. While in the past, the media and the majority of research focused primarily on ancestor veneration and fenxiang activities in China, the present research argues that the Taiwanese ancestral temples subjectivity is constructed upon historical authority, deity authority and ceremonial authority. The thesis illustrates that while numerous Taiwanese temples actively involve in jinxiang (offering incense as tribute) trips in China, the notion of “Taiwanese ancestral temples” exists independently from sentiments towards China or disputes over authenticity; rather, its authority is determined by the proposed ancestral temple authority discourse. 3. Through case studies on popular religions amongst Chinese ethnics in China, Malaysia and Singapore, we discuss the manifestation of ancestral temple consciousness within different Chinese communities. Via geographical comparison, the similarities, differences and distinctness amongst these religions are explored. By way of transplantation and expansion, Taiwanese ancestral temples influence the rituals and inter-temple relationships in China and other areas, while constructing a unique identity amidst competing relations between popular religions of global Chinese communities. It is also observed that geographical differences exist within Chinese popular religions, examples being temples in Guangdong, Fujian, as well as those of Fujian and Guangfu communities in HongKong. In Singapore and Malaysia, the consciousness of, and identification with temples amongst Chinese ethnics are mostly weak, however, some temple owners employ the notions of authenticity and authority to develop international networks of popular religion operation systems, thus constructing consciousness and imagination of ancestral temples that transcend geographical boundaries. 4. In response to Watson’s question of “what held Chinese society together?” based on his idea of “standardizing the Gods”, we suggest that in order to understand how this question evolves in current times, contemporary research on Chinese popular religions must be more relevant to its times, and the political systems in different countries should be considered. We go further to say that under the influence of the ways different states, regions and peoples are organized and converged, popular religions’ manifestation and structures - and their underlying causes - have long surpassed the notions of standardization of Gods or rituals. With over ten years of research, observation and comparative case studies conducted in multiple countries, this thesis developed a formulation of Taiwanese ancestral temple subjectivity and the ancestral temple authority discourse, with the purpose of illustrating the following: given the current reality of contemporary popular religions of Chinese ethnics, the question of “what holds Chinese society together?” begs an additional question of “what distinguishes different Chinese societies from one another?” One example given is the differences in ancestor veneration and jinxing practices between the people in Guangfu and Fujian. Finally, we propose that ancestral temples research provides a cross-border approach in popular religion studies within global Chinese communities. The cross-regional nature of temples and related research offer a more diverse perspective and discourse orientation for the fields of Chinese history and regional history of South East Asia; in addition, this provides a new vantage point to understanding homeland-based cultural identity. We affirm that the manifestation and development of folk religions within a globalized context constitute an important subject and research direction in ancestral temples studies. Through cross-border research and cross-region comparative analysis, this thesis places and examines the essence of Chinese folk religions within the larger framework and system; as such, it facilitates the understanding of the reality of ancestral temples and jinxiang phenomenon within the context of globalization and cross-border networks. Key words: ancestral temples, fenxing satellite temples, ancestral temples authority discourse, Taiwanese ancestral temples.

LA-UR-09-02500A wide range of theories - resilience theory and the study of complex adaptive systems, for example - are advancing our understanding of anthropological systems. Recently, anthropologists have applied the panarchy framework to study socionatural systems. This framework allows researchers to assess growth, conservation, release, and reorganization in this nested-cycle model that operates simultaneously at multiple spatio-temporal scales. The long time-depth of the archaeological record is a critical factor in our ability to investigate human behavior within the panarchy's set of nested adaptive cycles.Archaeological investigation in the US Southwest has focused on processes of aggregation and culture change due to varying environmental and social conditions; the Pajarito Plateau, NM, has been the subject of archaeological research since the late 1800s. The Los Alamos National Laboratory portion of the Plateau has been thoroughly surveyed for cultural resources, but has received less attention by scholars than surrounding areas, including Bandelier National Monument. I use the panarchy framework to build a model of Puebloan settlement, land use, demography, and adaptation to assess the utility of the panarchy model for anthropological systems and fill a void in archaeologists' understanding of the Puebloan Southwest.I analyze patterns of residential and agricultural land use during the Rio Grande Coalition and Classic periods (A.D. 1150-1600) for the Pajarito Plateau. I conclude that there is no major change in the use of various landscape ranges between these periods. I reconstruct regional Puebloan momentary population and investigate recent evidence that supports a San Juan Basin source of the dramatic population increase during the Late Coalition. I also investigate aggregation into large plaza pueblos, the development of craft specialization, agricultural intensification, architectural change, and increased participation in the wider Rio Grande marketplace economy as responses of households, clans, villages, and the entire Pajarito population to the highly fluctuating climate of the local landscape. I address these results within the panarchy framework. Further, I argue that the Pajarito Plateau system continued after the population dispersed into the Rio Grande Valley below, to be closer to reliable sources of water and the growing Rio Grande economy.

The Pueblo III period marks a critical shift in settlement location of Ancestral Puebloan people within the Mesa Verde region. Community centers during the Pueblo I and Pueblo II periods were built on mesa tops, whereas canyon-rims and alcoves became the preferred settlement location during the Pueblo III period. Beginning in the Pueblo I period, community centers consisted of linear roomblock villages. By the late Pueblo II period great house community centers influenced by the Chaco culture system spanned the Mesa Verde region. The Pueblo III period hallmarks the transition to canyon-rim villages and cliff dwellings. The location of these Pueblo III centers is thought to be related to the need for a defensive position on the landscape, and access to water sources. This shift in settlement locations undoubtedly led to change in the access to resources, such as water, arable farmland, and wild food plants and game. This study aims to evaluate whether the change in community center location impacted the accessibility to arable farmland and water sources immediately available to Ancestral Puebloan people throughout time. Specifically, several variables related to farming potential and hydrologic potential, including soil type, soil moisture, elevation, cropland suitability, distance to water sources, drainage density, and hydrogeologic units were evaluated. Nine community centers within the McElmo drainage area in southwestern Colorado ranging in age from the Pueblo II to Pueblo III periods were included in this study.

The evolution of novel protein functions and protein families is a fundamental question within both evolutionary biology and biochemistry. While many gene families follow predictable patterns of molecular tinkering, many protein families exist with completely novel functions now essential. The guanylate kinase protein interaction domain (GKPID) of the membrane associated guanylate kinases (MAGUK) represents a model system for the study of protein evolution in which a protein scaffolding domain has evolved from a nucleotide kinase ancestor. Here we elucidate the ancient mechanisms by which these new functions evolved by combining ancestral protein reconstruction with in vitro and cell-biological molecular experiments. We found that the GKPID's capacity to serve as a mitotic spindle-orienting scaffold evolved by duplication and divergence of an ancient guanylate kinase enzyme before the divergence of animals and choanoflagellates. Re-introducing a single historical substitution into the ancestral guanylate kinase is sufficient to abolish the ancestral enzyme activity, confer the derived scaffolding function, and establish the capacity to mediate spindle orientation in cultured cells. This substitution appears to have revealed a latent protein-binding site, rather than constructing a novel interaction interface, apparently by altering the dynamics or conformational occupancy of a hinge region that determines whether the binding site is exposed or hidden. Three further substitutions also conveyed a measure of ligand specificity to phosphorylated Pins, which is necessary in metazoan spindle orientation pathways. These findings show how a small number of simple, ancient genetic changes caused the evolution of novel molecular functions crucial for the evolution of complex animals and laid the groundwork for an entirely new family of metazoan scaffolding proteins. This dissertation contains previously unpublished, co-authored material.

San Juan Red Ware was widely distributed throughout the Four Corners region of the U.S. Southwest between about AD 750 and 1100. Prior research indicates this ware is a marker of identity and was likely associated with feasting and other communal activities. A study of the distribution of this ware indicates that it was traded widely, but with significant variation in relative quantity between sites. This variation is likely caused by unequal access to this ware due either to a lack of access to the necessary exchange networks or by a conscious decision to not participate in the exchange of this ware. San Juan Red Ware became more widely dispersed after the first century of production, which may be indicative of increased integration between social groups. Several methods were used in this analysis, including inverse distance weighting, hexagon binning, fall-off curves, distance diagrams using Typenspektren, and social network analysis. An evaluation of these methods indicates some are more effective than others for this analysis, although the use of several complementary methods is recommended to provide a more comprehensive analysis.

A persistent trend in the tourism field is the emergence of different types of niche markets. One niche form of heritage tourism that has gained popularity in Scotland since the Millennium, is ancestral tourism. Ancestral tourism is defined as choosing to travel to a host country based on one’s ancestral origins and genealogical interest. This paper traces the nature and importance of ancestral tourism for Canadian Scottish descendents in Ontario, Canada. Based on a social constructivist and multiple methods approach, the ancestral tourism initiative was reviewed within the perspectives of both the demand and supply side. The demand side findings revealed that Canadian Scottish descendents identified with and participated more in their social heritage at the local level, than in their personal heritage in the homeland. The degree to which the descendents were involved in Scottish heritage and ancestry was dependent on a variety of factors such as the emigration date of the respective ancestor, life-changing circumstances, and external stimulants. The majority of Canadian Scottish descendents were characterized as supplementary ancestral tourists and revealed that traveling to Scotland, for an ancestral tourism experience, would be one of many motivations for traveling to the homeland. Supply side findings characterized ancestral tourism as being “embryonic and full of potential”. A few challenges for those involved in the facilitation and marketing of the ancestral tourism experience were also highlighted. Characteristics associated with the ancestral tourism product were diverse and the changing nature of the genealogical resources utilized by descendents was reviewed. A shortfall of marketing the ancestral tourism initiative to only international visitors was examined, despite healthy promotional efforts such as the “Ancestral Tourism Welcome Scheme”. Key recommendations for parties interested in the ancestral tourism initiative included increased coordination among stakeholders at a regional level, increased funding and functioning capacities for the volunteer sector, re-examining current marketing strategies to include the domestic level, expanding marketing activity in the Canadian context, and maintaining ancestral tourism as a modest and “intimate” trend.